BIOLOGY DC TEST #1 (SEMESTER TWO)
The "Cambrian explosion" refers to:
The appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals
Which of the following is TRUE of bacterial reproduction?
The daughter cells are identical to the parent cell.
Mating rituals are an example of which type of reproductive isolation? __ ___.
behavioral Isolation
Two groups within a population begin using separate mating rituals. This would be an example of ____ ____.
behavioral isolation
The four-toed ancestor of the modern horse would have been well suited to life in the ____.
forest
A paleontologist studies ___.
fossils
A group of Trichechus manatus migrated from the Caribbean to Florida around 15,000 years ago, and is now genetically distinct from the Trichechus manatus still found in the Caribbean. This is an example of _____ _________.
founder effect
Most of the animals in the Hawaiian Islands came from one initial group that migrated to the islands. They represent an example of the
founder effect
There are two types of genetic drift:
founder effect and bottleneck effect
A male from species A mates with a female from species B. Male A's sperm swims and finds the egg, but the sperm is unable to penetrate the egg. This is an example of ___ ____.
gametic Isolation
____The gamete from a dog and a cat cannot unite to form a zygote
gametic isolation
An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals. Generation after generation, this ratio and population size remains basically the same. After a hurricane, 10,000 black moths are blown onto the island. This is an example of ___ ______.
gene flow
Because of global travel, a new strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria arising in China may soon appear in New York City. The introduction of the new antibiotic-resistant bacteria in New York would be an example of______ _______.
gene flow
Speciation is the formation of a new species. New species form when a strong barrier to ________________ _________________occurs between populations. That barrier might be ______________________ or ___________________________.
gene flow, physical, climatic
The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a population's ______ ______.
gene pool
The very limited gene pool of wild cheetahs is an example of _____ .
genetic bottleneck
The process by which new species originate is ____.
genetic divergence
Random changes in the genetic makeup of a population due to chance is
genetic drift
Genetic drift is like rolling the evolutionary dice. By simple ____________________ some survive and reproduce, and others do not. Those that pass on their genes are not necessarily more fit or better adapted: they are just ____________________.
chance, lucky
____________ Genetic drift
nonadaptive
____________Gene flow
nonadaptive
Gene flow is a type of nonadaptive evolution that does ___________ lead to a populations becoming more adapted to its environment. Unlike genetic drift, gene flow tends to ___________________________ genetic diversity.
not, increase
Over time, genetic drift tends to __________________________ the genetic diversity of a population (some alleles are lost and some rise to 100% frequency).
decrease
The similarities of vertebrate embryos can be explained by ___.
descent from a common ancestor.
The dissimilarities of the physical appearance of vertebrate adults can be explained by ___.
differential gene expression.
What is the hardy-Weinber equation?
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Genetic Drift is the __________________________________change in allele frequencies of a population between generations.
random
All of the following are tetrapods, EXCEPT.
ray-finned fishes
founder effects tend to ____________________ genetic diversity in the new population
reduce the
A series of strong storms opened a stream channel between two lakes. The western lake contains a large, diverse population of a species of minnow. The eastern lake has never been populated by fish. When the channel opened, a small group of fish migrated to the eastern lake. Soon after, the stream channel dried up and was never opened again. The fish in the eastern lake thrived and continued to reproduce, building a large population over time. Compared with the fish in the western lake, what characteristics would you expect the population in the eastern lake to exhibit?
reduced genetic diversity and a change in allele frequency
Bottleneck Effect: Occurs when a populations is suddenly _______________________ to a small number of individuals. _______________________ are lost from the population.
reduced, alleles
The long bones of a bat wing are homologous to ___.
the humerus of a human
Highest level of classification. The group that contains the majority of species.
domain
What is decreased as a result of stabilizing selection?
the range of phenotypic variation
Define allele frequency
the relative proportion of an allele in a population
Of the taxonomic categories below, which has the greatest number of organisms or most inclusive category?
domain
Drug-resistant populations of bacterial stains are a result of__.
drugs or other selective environmental pressures
Genetic bottlenecks can be caused by ___. A)flood. B)extreme temperatures. C)hunting. D)overfishing. E)All of the above.
E)All of the above.
Tiktaalik is an important fossil because it is a(n) ___. A)intermediate fossil. B)transitional fossil. C)link between fish and tetrapods. D)fish with useful terrestrial adaptations. E)All of the above.
E)All of the above.
Human birth weight is an example of__.
Stabilizing selection
_____________________________ Different mating activities such as the red and blue footed boobies dance.
behavioral isolation
Bacteria usually reproduce by___ _______.
binary fission
Animal fossils usually have these structures.
bony skeletons or hard shells
The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is
disruptive selection.
Populations that can interbreed with other populations have ________________________ allele diversity than isolated populations.
higher
Similar structures in different organisms inherited from a common ancestor and have the same embryonic origin are said to be _____.
homologous
The most direct evidence of evolution comes from ___.
homologous skeletons
The wing of a bird and the wing of a bat are
homologous structures
A mule is the sterile offspring of a horse and a donkey. This is an example of__ ___.
hybrid infertility
_____Zebroids
hybrid infertility
_______Goat and sheep can mate but zygote does not survive.
hybrid inviability
Mating between closely related individuals is known as
inbreeding.
Relative dating uses___.
indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings
The ____ were the intermediates between ray-finned fish and tetrapods.
lobe-finned fish
The order that includes humans is ______
Primates
Which of the following contributes to keeping allele frequencies constant in a population. A.mutation B. immigration C. genetic drift D. random mating
D. random mating
The "Age of Fishes" was the_______ period.
Devonian
The ____ was known as the Age of Fishes.
Devonian
If selection pressures remove all examples of one extreme phenotype from a population, this is _____ selection.
Directional
Which of the following groups contains the highest number of classified species?
animals
Fossils are ______.
any evidence of an organism more than 10,000 years old.
Although this group has the least number of identified and classified species, its diversity is really unknown.
archaea
A mass extinction caused by a large asteroid hitting Earth near the Yucatan peninsula occurred during the __ period which ended the Mesozoic era.
crestaceous
How old are the oldest known fossils?
3.5 billion years old
What percentage of life on the planet died off during the Permian extinction?
95%
What is a species?
a population whose members can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Overprescription of antibiotics and their improper use is a cause of __.
a rise in drug-resistant bacterial populations.
Which of the following is likely to result in the GREATEST loss of allelic diversity?
losing 50% of a population of 100 individuals
What is inbreeding?
mating between closely related members of a population
Incompatibility of mating organs is an example of which type of reproductive isolation?___ ___.
mechanical Isolation
The definition of a biological species developed by Ernest Mayr is still used today. State that definition.
"species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups"
Humans belong is which domain?_____
Eukaryote
____________ Mutation
adaptive
After bacterial asexual reproduction, the daughter cells produced __.
are identical to each other.
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1: 2pq represents:
# of herterozygous individuals
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1: p2 represents:
# of homozygous dominant
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1: q2 represents:
# of homozygous recesive
Population genetics is the study of how
-study of the genetic makeup of populations - study of how the genetic composition of a population changes over time - study of the total collection of alleles in a populations
The total number of classified species known to science is roughly ___.
1.5 million
In a comparison of DNA between two species, maximum homology and relatedness is indicated if ___.
100% of the DNA is the same in both coding and noncoding regions.
There are ____ domains.
3
Earth is estimated to be around
4.5 billion years
If a fossil is found on top of two layers of rock with relative dates of 570 mya and 530 mya, what is its approximate age?
530 mya
If a fossil is found beneath of two layers of rock with relative dates of 570 mya and 530 mya, what is its approximate age?
570 mya
How long ago did dinosaurs go extinct?
65 million years ago
A bacterial strain divides once every 30 minutes. After 90 minutes, a single bacterium can form a total of
8 bacteria.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occurs only in populations that meet five requirements. List these five.
A. No mutation introducing new alleles into the population, B.No natural selection favoring some alleles over others , C. An infinitely large population size (and, therefore, no genetic drift, D.No influx of alleles from neighboring populations (i.e., no gene flow), E. Random mating of individuals
The field of biogeography provides information about ___.
All of the above
The fossil record is in many cases incomplete because:
All of the above are correct
If all vertebrates have the same genetic sequence for a particular protein, what conclusion can be made?
All vertebrates have a common ancestor.
List two examples of founder effect.
Amish, French Canadians
The kingdom that includes humans is kingdom ______
Animalia
What is nonadaptive evolution?
Any change in allele frequency that does not by itself lead a population to become more adapted to its environment
Which of the following best describes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is evolving. B)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is not evolving. C)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are increasing. D)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are decreasing. E)Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are stable.
B
Which of the following increases genetic diversity in populations? A.genetic drift B. mutation C. natural selection D. founder effect E. all of these
B. Mutation
A scientist studying population genetics of a bird population inhabiting a group of islands finds that allelic diversity is highest on island C, lowest on island A, and island B has intermediate allelic diversity levels. What is the likely order in which these islands were colonized by this species?
C then B then A
Ecological isolation facilitates speciation by ______. A)decreasing natural selection B)increasing mutation rates C)decreasing gene flow D)preventing sexual selection
C)decreasing gene flow
The first diverse animal world appeared during the ___ explosion.
Cambrian
Current day is part of the_______ era.
Cenozoic
The mammals flourished during the _____ era.
Cenozoic
The origin of Humans was during the _____ era.
Cenozoic
Humans are currently living in which era?
Cenozoic Era
The father of the modern evolutionary theory is ___ ____
Charles Darwin
The scientist who published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859 was ___ _____.
Charles Darwin
A student who shares a dorm suite and bathroom with seven other students has contracted a skin infection caused by MRSA. Based on what you know about MRSA and about the student, where would you look first for the source of the bacteria?
Contaminated used soap and towels
Antibiotic resistance is an example of which pattern of natural selection?
Directional Selection
Which population would have the most loss of diversity from a genetic bottleneck? A)100 elephants B)1000 mice C)103 E. coli D)10 cats E)100 humans
D)10 cats
The number of differences between human cytochrome c and cytochrome c of some other organisms is as follows: Chimpanzee - 0 differences; Rhesus monkey - 1 difference; Pigeon - 12 differences; Fruit fly - 24 differences; Yeast - 42 differences. Since similarities in amino acid sequences for cytochrome c parallel the degree of relatedness between these species, this information tells us: A)That humans are more related to pigeons than fruit flies B)That humans are more related to fruit flies than yeast C)That humans are more related to chimpanzees than to Rhesus monkeys D)All of the above are correct
D)All of the above are correct
Plate tectonics influences ____. A)local climate. B)distribution of organisms. C)evolution of species on land. D)All of the above.
D)All of the above.
Which of the following populations is most likely to survive changing environmental conditions? A)a population of 50 individuals with low allelic diversity B)a population of 50 individuals with high allelic diversity C)a population of 1000 individuals with low allelic diversity D)a population of 1000 individuals with high allelic diversity E)allelic diversity does not matter, only the size of the population
D)a population of 1000 individuals with high allelic diversity
Islands provide ideal opportunities to study speciation because: A)They have small land areas that make it relatively easy to monitor their populations B)Organisms cannot easily move off of islands. C)Few organisms can cross long distances across oceans to reach isolated islands. D)all of these are correct
D)all of these are correct
A population of lizards lives on an island and has a large range of adult body sizes. A new predator is introduced to the island, and this predator prefers eating only small lizards. What pattern of natural selection would you expect the lizard population to experience as a result of this change in their environment?
Directional selection
MRSA in humans is an example of
Directional selection.
The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is
Directional selection.
Natural selection that favors survival of extreme phenotypes of a population is called __.
Disruptive selection
This can cause two different species to form from the original parent species.
Disruptive selection
Allele frequencies of a population can change by ___. A)natural selection. B)genetic drift. C)mutations in the gene pool. D)founder effect. E)All of the above.
E)All of the above.
During the building of the London subway system in the late 1800s, a species of aboveground-dwelling mosquito expanded its distribution to include the underground tunnels, where it successfully lived and bred. In the late 1990s, scientists comparing the two groups of mosquitoes discovered that they are now different species. The most likely mode of reproductive isolation for these two species is _____ ______.
Ecological Isolation
Reproductive isolation based on location or geography is referred to as ______________ ________.
Ecological Isolation
List two examples of organisms that have gone through bottlenecks.
Elephant seals, humans
Changes in individual allele frequencies in a population over time are best referred to as ____.
Evolution
Genetic change in a population over time defines ___.
Evolution.
True or False? The wings of a bird are homologous to the wings of a honeybee.
False
An example of this is the ________________ _____________________who used to mate with pumas in neighboring states where their ranges overlapped. This exchange of alleles enriched the local population's genetic diversity.
Florida Panther
Movement of alleles from one population to another is
Gene Flow
Evolution is more likely to occur in populations separated by geographical barriers because these interrupt
Gene flow
The total collection of alleles in a population is the
Gene pool
Random changes in allele frequency of a population between generations is the definition of
Genetic Drift
Inbreeding increases the proportion of ______________________ individuals.
Homozygous
A population of Australian wallabies is found to have many more homozygous individuals than expected. What does this result indicate?
Inbreeding is likely occurring.
What is the order after Domain ->
Kingdom ->Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species
Which of the following is NOT one of the main ideas behind Darwin's theory of Natural Selection? There is variation in populations., There is competition between individuals in a population., Individual organisms can acquire new characteristics and pass these characteristics on to their offspring., Inherited characteristics can increase an individual's survivability and reproductive success.
Individual organisms can acquire new characteristics and pass these characteristics on to their offspring
Which does NOT describe the body structure of Tiktaalik?
It had jointed fingers and toes
The first flowering plants, first true mammals, and first true frogs appeared during the___ period
Jurassic
The Age of the Reptiles was during the ___ era.
Mesozoic
The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the ___ era.
Mesozoic
The reptiles flourished during the ____ era.
Mesozoic
A species of small lizard has three color forms: pale gray, brown, and black. In its original range, the colors of the rocky environment were mixed from pale gray to very dark, and the population had an even mix of all three color forms. The blending of colors with the environment helps the lizards hide from predators. A group of these lizards ended up on an island with all gray rocks, and the island has no predators that eat lizards. What will the lizards look like in 50 years?
Mixture of all colors
The differential survival of individuals with specific genotypes in response to environmental change is called
Natural Selection
___ _ is the main mechanism for evolution.
Natural Selection
_______ ________ is the main mechanism for evolution.
Natural selection
When does speciation occur in sexually reproducing organisms?
No longer produce fertile offspring
A few birds, such as ostriches, have wings but cannot fly. Which of the following best explains this?
Ostriches evolved from a bird ancestor that flew.
_____ is the study of fossil remains.
Paleontology
The continents we recognize today used to be one supercontinent called __.
Pangaea
The first fossil remains are from this geologic time.
Pre-Cambrian
Every night when you put on your pajamas, you put that day's pants in the laundry basket first, then that day's shirt. You wash all your laundry on Sunday. After undressing on Friday, you realize you left your driver's license in your pants pocket on Wednesday. If each shirt is one layer and each pair of pants is also one layer, how many layers do you have to remove from the laundry basket to find Wednesday's pants?
Remove 5 layers, and the pants are layer 6
A thin-shelled crab can more readily move to escape a predator than can a thick-shelled crab, but it is more vulnerable to predators that drill through the shell. Because of these opposing forces, shell thickness for many types of crabs has remained within a narrow range over a long time. This would be an example of ___.
Stabilizing
When extreme phenotypes are selected against and disappear, which pattern of natural selection is at work?
Stabilizing selection
Natural selection that favors survival of an intermediate phenotype of a population is called
Stabilizing selection.
MRSA is caused by A DRUG RESISTANT FORM OF _____ ____.
Staphylococcus Aureus
What happened when the panthers were squeezed into an isolated region?
The panthers showed unmistakable signs of ill health
Why do we bother to apply the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
To figure out if genetic drift of natural selection is operating in a given population
True or False. The principles of Darwinian evolution operate in today's world.
True
True or False: Individuals adapt which leads to populations evolving.
True
True or false. Comparing amino acid sequences in cytochrome c can determine relatedness among organisms.
True
True or false. The increased rate at which bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics is compelling evidence for evolution.`
True
Populations evolve and individuals adapt.
True.
True or False? Founder effect describes a new population arising from a few individuals.
True.
True or False? Genetic drift may arise due to chance, bottleneck effect, or founder effect.
True.
True or false. Humans do not follow the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model and therefore the allele and genotype frequencies are changing. This results in the evolution of the human population.
True.
True or false. If the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are met, and allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time, then evolution is not occurring.
True.
What is inbreeding depression?
Two recessive harmful alleles coming together
If a structure has no apparent function in one species, yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species, this structure is termed:
Vestigial
Which of the following people are at the lowest risk of acquiring MRSA? a computer consultant who works from home, someone who works as a guard at a local prison, a rugby player on a successful team, a worker in a local daycare, a janitor at a major city hospital
a computer consultant who works from home
A number of mosquito populations today are resistant to specific insecticides, even though those insecticides were highly effective when they were first introduced. Biologists believe that insecticide resistance evolved in mosquitoes because __.
a few mosquitoes were probably resistant to the insecticide before it was ever used. These survived and passed that trait on to their offspring.
Which bacterial phenotype would have the highest fitness if it were cultured in a medium containing antibiotics?
a highly antibiotic-resistant variant
Which mutation would most likely be selected against during evolution?
a mutation in a coding region of a gene
Although ostriches use their wings in mating rituals, they are unable to use them to fly. As such, they would be considered _____.
a vestigial structure
Living in aquatic environments, fish, whales, and lobsters all have a functioning tail fin that enables them to maneuver efficiently. However, phylogenetically, these individual organisms are not closely related. As a result, the tail fin in each organism is likely _____.
an analogous structure
____________ Natural selection
adaptive
The similarity between the forearm of a human and an alligator suggests that ___.
alligators and humans share a common ancestor.
Staphylococcus aureus is a type of ___.
bacteria.
Antibiotics should only be prescribed for __.
bacterial and fungal infections.
Once a population has lost genetic diversity because of genetic drift, there are only two ways that genetic diversity can be reintroduced: _____ which continually introduces new alleles into a population and _________ in which alleles move between populations.
by mutation , by gene flow
Natural selection causes __.
changes in allele frequencies within a population.
Two types of fish live in a lake. They are extremely similar in size, shape, and body color so as to be indistinguishable. The two types eat slightly different size prey. To determine if they are different species a researcher should ______.
check to see if they interbreed successfully
Which organism would have the most similar DNA to humans?
chimpanzee
The type of reproductive isolation in which the two populations are separated due to their habitat is _____ _______.
ecological isolation
_____________________________The artic fox and the desert fox live in different places and never encounter each other.
ecological isolation
List two causes of a bottleneck:
environmental effects or human activity; predation
A change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is the definition of _.
evolution
Phylogeny is the study of ___.
evolutionary history among groups of organisms
A great example of speciation is in Darwin's _____________________ on the Galapagos Islands. The original came from the mainland of ______________________.The descendants then island-hopped creating ____________________________ populations on each island that adapted locally, by ______________________ _________________________. From the one ancestral species of finch have emerged _________ different species, each with a distinctive ______________ size and __________________ adapted to its unique environment.
finches, Ecuador, founder, natural selection, 13, beak, shapes
An organism's ability to survive and reproduce is called the organism's __.
fitness
The scientific name for every organism consists of the names of the _ and __.
genus and species
Which of the following places the classification levels of species in the correct order from broadest category to most specific?
kingdom→phylum→class→order→family→genus→ species
Which of these represents an example of a vestigial structure?
leg bones in whales
The remaining population will possess a ________________diverse gene pool
less-diverse
The ____ -finned fish gave rise to tetrapods.
lobe
Snail species A has a shell that spirals counterclockwise, but a mutation has caused some individuals to have a clockwise shell. The genitalia of the two versions are incompatible, leading some scientists to say that the clockwise snails are reproductively isolated. This is an example of ___ ____.
mechanical Isolation
_____________________________ Mating organs are not compatible.
mechanical isolation
Evolutionary changes in a gene pool can have lasting consequences for a population. They can result in the population becoming _____adapted to its environment (much like the bacteria in the last chapter).
more
Genetic drift tends to have __________________ dramatic effects in smaller populations than in larger ones.
more
___________________________ and ______________________ of individuals move alleles between populations.
mutation, geneflow
List the three causes of nonadaptive evolution.
mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow
The driving force behind the evolution of horses is ___.
natural selection
The process of ____ ____ was the mechanism Darwin described for weeding out less fit species.
natural selection
What is an allele?
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
Of the taxonomic categories below, which has the least number of organisms or least inclusive category?
order
This gas began to accumulate between 3 and 2.5 billion years ago.
oxygen
Members of a(n) ____ are LESS closely related to each other than members of a class.
phylum
The first organisms on land were
plants
The domain Eukarya includes ___.
plants, fungi, animals, and protists
The movement of Earth's crust is termed____.
plate tectonics
All the individuals of a single species living in a specific area compose a ____.
population
Evolution occurs at the _____ level as gene frequencies change.
population
Founder Effect: Occurs when a small group of __ splits off from a main populations and __________.
settlers (founders), establishes a new one
Rank the following in order of least reliable evidence of common ancestry to most reliable.
similarity of habitat, similarity of anatomy, similarity of DNA
Homology in comparative anatomy refers to ___.
similarity of structure and a common ancestor.
Members of a(n) ____ are MORE closely related to each other than members of a genus.
species
Which of the following is the smallest level of classification?
species
Two populations exhibit ______ isolation when they have different mating seasons.
temporal
Spotted skunks and striped skunks have overlapping habitat ranges, but no hybrid offspring are produced. Spotted skunks breed in the fall, striped skunks breed in the spring. This is an example of _____ _____.
temporal isolation
________Leopard frogs mate in the early spring and bullfrogs in the early summer.
temporal isolation
What is a gene pool?
total collection of alleles in a population
The fossil record could be improved with more of these.
transitional fossils
A 200-nucleotide sequence of DNA from humans and five other vertebrates were analyzed. Based on the following results, which is most closely related to humans?
vertebrates with 4 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA
A structure inherited from an ancestor that no longer serves a function is a ____ structure.
vestigial
Some snakes have small remnants of legs that they now use for clasping during mating. These leg remnants are ___.
vestigial characteristics.
A structure inherited from an ancestor that no longer serves a clear purpose in an organism is called a ___.
vestigial structure.