Biology- Exam #2 review
Mammal-like reptiles arose during which period?
Carboniferous period
Which is the largest division of the geologic time scale?
Eon
Immigration rate
i
What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 1,000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 100 population?
+50
Based on the accompanying figure, which of the following age intervals has the highest death rate?
0−1
At what date were gymnosperms, large dinosaurs, and the first toothed birds common?
201 mya
Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point are there few environmental limits on the population?
A
What is a typical feature of K-selected organisms?
A low reproductive rate
Place the following organisms in order of appearance in the fossil record, beginning with the earliest. A. Ferns, green algae, flowering plants, gymnosperms B. Amphibians, reptiles, fish, mammals
A. green algae, ferns, gymnosperms, flowering plants B. fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
Which type of organisms were likely the first land animals?
Arthropods
Bacteria and cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, age of marine invertebrates, first chordates (time period)
Cambrian 542 mya
Which period of Earth represents when evolution was progressing at the most rapid rate, as evidenced by fossils such as those of the Burgess Shale?
Cambrian period
Forests of ferns, spread of ancient amphibians, first reptiles (time period)
Carboniferous 359 mya
Refer to the accompanying figure. How would the survivorship curve for elephants be represented?
Curve C (top)
Can cause an decrease in birth rate (Density independent or Density dependent?)
Density dependent
Competition (Density independent or Density dependent?)
Density dependent
Disease (Density independent or Density dependent?)
Density dependent
Predation (Density independent or Density dependent?)
Density dependent
Typically studied in laboratories (Density independent or Density dependent?)
Density dependent
Affect populations in unpredictable ways (Density independent or Density dependent?)
Density independent
Generally causes an increase in death rate (Density independent or Density dependent?)
Density independent
Severe blizzard (Density independent or Density dependent?)
Density independent
First forests, gymnosperms appear, wingless insects appear, fish with jaws, amphibians appear (time period)
Devonian 488 mya
The "Age of Fishes" is an informal name for which period?
Devonian period
Which statement about dinosaurs is FALSE?
Dinosaurs were all slow-moving, with relatively low metabolic rates
Which period would hold the record of the oldest fossils of multicellular animals, found in mountainous areas of South Australia, and parts of Canada and China?
Ediacarian
During the____________, there was an explosive radiation of birds, which acquired adaptations for different habitats.
Eocene epoch
An example of a density-independent factor is predation (T or F)
False
An exponential growth curve levels off at the carrying capacity (T or F)
False
Most insects and invertebrates are said to be iteroparous (T or F)
False
Oysters have a(n) Type-II survivorship curve (T or F)
False
Territoriality often results in clumped dispersion (T or F)
False
the most common spacing is random dispersion (T or F)
False
Amphibians evolved directly from which ancestral organisms?
Fishes
During the Pleistocene epoch, plant communities changed dynamically in response to which mechanism?
Fluctuating climates
What is the animal in the accompanying figure?
Ichthyosaur
Gymnosperms common, large dinosaurs (time period)
Jurassic 200 mya
Carrying capacity of the environment
K
Maximum number of individuals an environment can support
K
The logistic curve flattens out here
K
what is "x" in the equation dN/dt = rN[(x−N)/x]
K
Trees are often long-lived, strongly competitive, produce thousands of offspring, and disperse their offspring widely. Trees are therefore often best described as having traits that are characteristic of which of the following:
K-strategists.
Human ancestors appeared in Africa during the Late_____________ and Early Pliocene epochs
Miocene
Number of individuals in a population
N
What term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring?
Natality
Which of the following would increase population size?
Natality
During which period did shallow seas cover much of the land and another burst of evolutionary diversification occur?
Ordovician period
All major groups of plants (except angiosperms) and all animal phyla appeared; also associated with the largest extinction event
Paleozoic era
What feature of a dinosaur determines whether it is a saurischian or an ornithischian dinosaur?
Pelvic bone structure
Which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchical organization within ecology?
Population → community → ecosystem → biosphere
Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to uniform population dispersion?
Pressure from predation
Extinction of large mammals; age of Homo sapiens (time period)
Quaternary 2.6 mya
This period was characterized by the decline of some woody plants and the rise of herbaceous plants:
Quaternary period
What was the dominant life form of the Mesozoic era?
Reptiles
Which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to clumped population dispersion?
Severe competition among individuals
Vascular plants and air-breathing animals first appeared during which time period?
Silurian period
Which of the following periods occurred during the Paleozoic era?
Silurian period
Describe the distinguishing organisms and major biological events associated with the following geological time units. A. Paleozoic era B. Cenozoic era
The Paleozoic Era consisted of the distingushing organisms the origination of new animals during the cambrain period which consisted of rapid revolution. The Ordovician period brough Giant cephalopods, terrrestrial plants, jawless fish, and coral reefs because of another burst of evolutionary diversification. Silurian period brought jawed fishes and air breathing animals. Devorian period brought explosive raditation of fish with jaws (sharks, etc.) Carboniferous period brought lizards and mammal like reptiles. Permian period brought diversification of reptiles . The greatest mass extinction of all time occured during Peleozic Era. Cenozoic Era consisted of era of mammals, birds, insects, and flowering plants. Humans also appeared during this time, and the 6th largest mass extinction is occuring becasue of climate change.
Why is there very little physical evidence of life from rocks of the Archaean eon?
Those rocks have been deeply buried in most parts of the world
A killing frost is an example of a density-independent factor (T or F)
True
Eons are the largest divisions of the geologic timescale (T or F)
True
In Type-I survivorship, the young have a high probability of surviving (T or F)
True
The largest population that can be maintained in an environment for an indefinite period of time is called the carrying capacity (T or F)
True
The accompanying figure is representative of
Type II survivorship
Refer to the accompanying figure. A population that produces a large number of offspring, but the offspring must survive independently, would be represented by the curve labeled:
Type III survivorship
The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period was likely the result of:
a dramatic change in climate
Clumped dispersion is often influenced by
a patchy distribution of resources
Which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool?
a population
density independent factors are typically:
abiotic
Per capita birth rate
b
Natality
b (birth rate)
At zero population growth ("formula")
b = d
According to the data in the accompanying figure, the cause of the decline of the wolf population in 1982 was
cannot be determined from the data provided
Continued diversification of flowering plants, birds, insects, and mammals.
cenozoic era
What is perhaps the most common of the dispersal patterns seen in nature?
clumped dispersion
Mortality
d
The per capita rate at which organisms in a population die each year
d
The equation that would best describe the curve in the accompanying figure is:
dN/dt = rN
When the size of a population begins to approach K, we can expect that the growth rate will
decline
Based on the accompanying figure, the decline in the moose population in 1996 was most likely due to a(n):
decline in food supply
When r = −0.00057, the population size will:
decrease
Rate at which individuals leave a population
e
K strategists typically produce larger numbers of offspring (T or F)
false
The potential capacity to produce offspring is called
fecundity
The potential capacity to produce offspring is called:
fecundity
Which of the following species exhibits a mix of more than one type of survivorship over their life cycle?
herring gulls
The Holocene epoch marks the appearance of
humans
The best definition of population density is the number of individuals
of one species in a given area at a given time.
An example of a density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is:
parasites
Natural selection acts most directly on
populations
Equal to the birth rate minus the death rate
r
Per capita growth rate
r
What is "x" in the equation dN/dt = xN
r
Organisms such as oysters or fish that produce millions of eggs per year may be characterized as:
r-selected and having a type III survivorship curve.
which of the following is NOT a condition that is likely to lead to clumped population dispersion?
severe competition among individuals
Generally, r-selected organisms exhibit:
short life spans and early maturity
The logistic equation, does what?
takes into account the carrying capacity of the environment
the logistic equation:
takes into account the carrying capacity of the environment
When r = −0.00057, the population size:
will decrease.
When r = 0.00001, the population size:
will increase