Biology Exam 3

Archeopteryx, the first known bird, had some reptilian traits. List three:

-claws -teeth -bony tail

What are the levels of interactions in ecology?

-population -community -ecosystem -biosphere

Birds need feathers to fly, but feathers are also useful in other ways, like:

-the color of their feathers for mating -coat of feathers to keep them warm -hide from predators

Sir Richard Owen was the first scientist to notice what skeletal pattern?

1 bones, 2 bones, many bones, digits

In the first phylogenetic tree, how much does our DNA differ from that of chimpanzees?

1%

Structures involved in one function can evolve to serve new functions in organisms, a process called co-option or exaptation. Each of the structures in Table 2 has been modified from a preexisting structure (Table 1). Match the preexisting and novel structures below.

1. Fish fins- tetrapod limbs 2. Feathers not used in flight- flight feathers 3. Reptillian rib cage- turtle shell 4. Tetrapod forelimbs- bird wings

on average what percent of the energy at a trophic level is available to the next?

10%

How many wolves were released into Yellowstone?

14 wolves

For both the plots with the beetles added and the control plots (no beetles added), estimatethe mean tree leaf area per plot that the scientists recorded after running the experiment for 18 months

2,000 cm^2 are the control plots and 1,100 cm^2 for the plots of the beetles

How many fingers do people in the Hubbard family have

6 fingers

What is the K-T boundary?

A layer of dark sediment in the geological record separating the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods of Earth's history

Which statement do Letourneau and Dyer's results support?

Adding beetles reduced ant numbers and triggered a trophic cascade that decreased the mean leaf area lefton plants.

Where did modern humans appear?

Africa

What did Dr. Carroll mean at the end of the film when he said, "It's not always the survival of the fittest; sometimes it's the survival of the luckiest?"

All dinosaurs were wiped out, but enough mammals were left to repopulate the planet. Mammals were not necessarily more fit, but just happened to occupy niches that allowed them to survive harsh, pot-impact conditions.

How would you describe the structure of down, or downy feathers?

Allow insulation, are aerodynamic, and provide lift.

Which of the following statements describes the data in Figure 1?

An increase in sea urchin biomass is associated with more intense grazing

Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola have species of anole lizards with distinct body types, including the grass lizards, which have long tails; the canopy lizards, which have large toe pads; and the twig lizards, which have short legs. Anole species with each of these three body types exist on each of the four islands. The phylogenetic trees in the figure below illustrate two hypotheses for how these types of lizards may have evolved. Select the pair of statements in the tablebelow that accurately describe the phylogenetic trees in the figure above:

B Body types evolved repeatedly and independently on each island. Different body types evolved once, and then populations of individuals with those body types ended up on different islands.

What other traits were co-selected seemingly by accident?

Barking, Floppy Ears, and New Color Varieties

Explain why the scientific community was slow to accept the asteroid impact hypothesis.

Because geologists believed earth changed slowly and gradually, without major catastrophes. The hypothesis was also brought up by a physicist, which paleontologists weren't into.

Differences scientists saw in the foraminifera found in rock layers above and below the K-T boundary.

Below: foraminifera fossils were larger and more diverse. Above: most foraminifera fossils disappeared; surviving species were smaller.

Describe the categories of evidence for evolution that were available to Darwin. Give an example from each category.

Biogeography - galapagosFossils - horsesHomologies - anatomyDNA and proteins - human FGF2Mathematical Models - population simulation

Which fields of study contributed to the research that led to the impact hypothesis? Circle all that apply.

Biology, Geology, Math, Physics, Chemistry

The film concludes by stating, "Dinosaurs are still with us." How can this be true?

Birds are a group of dinosaurs just as humans are a group of primates. The classification of flight is a nested hierarchy.

The Denisovans are a third group of people discovered in Siberia. Who are their closest relatives?

Chimpanzees and Neanderthals

3 types of symbiotic relationships

Competition: harms both participants Mutualism: benefits both Commensalism: benefits one and does not affect the other. Parasitism, herbivory, and predation: harm one and benefit the other.

The image to the right is the famous "I think" sketch that appears in one of Darwin's notebooks.a. In one or two sentences, explain what this sketch represents.

Darwin thought that today's species are descended from older, extinct types. All species are connected to one another in a family tree. Any species can give rise to new species. Species come from other species just as naturally as children come from parents.

After snakes are added, would you expect the amount of grass to increase or decrease?

Decrease, the snakes will cause a decrease in the Mice population, thus allowing for an increase in the Grasshopper population. More grasshoppers allows for more feeding on grass; therefore, there would be a decrease in grass.

What was the critical piece of evidence (a-g) that supported the hypothesis that an asteroid had struck Earth 66 million years ago?

Determing that rocks taken from the Chixclub crater are the same age as the K-T. boudary layer.

Dr. John Ostrom discovered a fossil of a claw from a small dinosaur called Deinonychus. How did this fossil change the way scientists viewed dinosaurs?

Dinosaurs had long been thought of as large, lumbering animals, unlike birds. John Ostrom's discovery showed that dinosaurs could also be warm blooded and quick moving, like birds.

The feathers that appear first in history, were they downy or vaned? What was their function?

Downy, used for insulation to keep warm blooded animals warm.

Provide one possible hypothesis that would explain the observed data. Be sure to include the following key words in your answer: "selection" (or "selective"), "fitness" (or "fit"), and "survival" (or "survive").

Due to the absence of predation pressure, having light- or dark-colored fur does not make a difference to an organism's overall fitness and therefore likelihood of survival. The two coat colors are equally suited to the environment, so natural selection does not change the frequency of these traits."

Compare the trends in mean tree leaf area per plot for both the plots with the beetles addedand the control plots over the 18 months of the experiment

During the 18 month period, the leaf area for the without beetles increased, whereas with beetles decreased the mean leaf area over time. Within the first few months (2-7) the without beetles actually fell, but then began to rise. In the first few months (2-7) the beetles being added to the leaf area rose but then fell within the 18 month period.

How could an asteroid impact kill off so many different species? Select one response.A. Debris from the impact orbiting around the Earth shields sunlight, halting photosynthesis. B. Tsunamis, landslides, and earthquakes caused by the impact killed organisms near the site of impact. C. The impact was so extreme that life at ground zero was vaporized. D. Both A and C are possible. E. A, B and C are possible.

E. A, B, and C are possible.

True or false, the apperance of dark-colored volcanic rock caused the mutation for black fur to appear in the. rock pocket mouse population.

False, the selective pressure doesn't cause mutations but rather determines whether a mutation is advantageous or deleterious in a particular environment.

What does Paabo mean when he says that the only phenotypic differences between Africans and non- Africans are "on the surface of our bodies?"

Features are determined by many different genetic variants, skin, hair, but also they way we metabloize food that we ingest.

Which piece of evidence (a-g) lead scientists to dismiss the supernova hypothesis?

Finding that an isotope of plutonium is not in the K-T boundary layer

neil's job

Fish paleontologist

What two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are formed when the lactase enzyme hydrolyzes lactose?

Glucose and galactose

Over many generations, natural selection favors those traits that enable populations to live successfully in a particular habitat. Ascientist discovered two species ofanole lizards that live in different habitats and display the characteristics listed in the table below. (The scientists based these observations on a sample of 20 lizards from each species.)

Habitat, High trunks and branches, Lower trunk and ground

The four working hypotheses for the Dead Zone are:

Hurrican Katrina •Pollution •Climate change •Overfishing

Describe an experiment that would test one of your hypotheses stated above.

Hypothesis - Longer limbs are an adaptation for living on the ground because it enables lizards to run faster. Method - Lizard races. Create a rectangular enclosure on the classroom floor and compare the running speeds of species A and species B.Prediction - Lizards with longer legs will run faster.

Using evidence presented in the film, explain the reasoning behind your answer in the question above (Part b). (lizard speciation)

In the film, Jonathan Losos and his colleagues sequenced the DNA of anoles from each island. The DNA revealed that the lizards on each island tend to be more closely related to each other than to similar-looking lizards elsewhere. That means that generally the same types of lizards evolved independently on each island.

which of the following best describes how Dr. Jack Horner's discovery of dinosaur nesting grounds supported the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs?

It provided evidence that, like birds, some dinosaurs cared for their young.

What evidence prompted researchers to abandon the hypothesis that a supernova caused the high levels of iridium in the K-T layer?

Lack of an isotope of plutonium in the K-T boundary layer

Cephalochordata

Lancelets (or Amphioxus) Inhabit coastal, warm, shallow waters Bury in sand with head exposed to filter feed. Look virtually identical to chordate ancestor. No eyes, no brain! Like a worm with notochord.

Which of the following statements about the transition from theropods to birds is most accurate?

Like most of the great transitions in evolutionary history, it happened in many small steps leading to many intermediate forms.

Why do we define the K-T event as a mass extinction event? Write 'yes' or 'no' next to each of the five possibilities. There may be more than one 'yes' response.

Many species of foraminifera went extinct: NoA large portion of species went extinct: YesThe extinction occurred in many habitats around the world: YesT-Rex went extinct: NoMany life forms near Gubbio, Italy were obliterated: No

Explain how the distribution of animals supported Wallace's evolution theory.

Marsupials on the eastern islands of the Malay Archipelago resembled animals from Australia, whereas mammals on the western islands resembled mammals from Asia.

Describe the similarities and differences between the terms microevolution and macroevolution.

Microevolution and macroevolution are similar in that both involve genetic changes in populations over time. Microevolution and macroevolution are different in that microevolution involves changes within populations that do not prevent breeding between one group and another. With macroevolution, changes within populations accumulate until individuals from one group no longer recognize individuals from another group as potential mates or they are no longer able to produce fertile offspring.

Traditional Classification of Animals

Multicellular animals, or metazoans, are traditionally divided into many distinct phyla based on shared anatomy and embryology

Near the end of the film, Dr. Sean B. Carroll states that "while mutation is random, natural selection is not." In your own words, explain how this is possible.

Near the end of the film, Dr. Sean B. Carroll states that "while mutation is random, natural selection is not." In your own words, explain how this is possible.

derived trait

New feature that had not appeared in common ancestors

Did we mix?

No denisovan DNA in siberians

List two lines of evidence that Jonathan Losos has gathered through observation and experimentation that support the theory of natural selection developed by Charles Darwin.

On each of the Caribbean's four largest islands, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Cuba, and Hispaniola, Losos observed the same distribution of similar-looking lizards. Each island has lizards with the same basic body types: slender grass-bush anoles with long tails, long- legged stocky trunk-ground anoles, small short-legged twig anoles, and canopy anoles with large toe pads.

describe two differences between the two species of anoles.

One difference is that species A lives high up on tree trunks and branches, whereas species B lives lower down on trunks and on the ground. A second difference is that the limbs of species A are relatively short and those of species B are long. The sizes of the two lizard species' bodies and toe pads are also different.

where did the paleontologists go for their first expedition

Pennsylvania highway - devonian

Why could milk have provided strong favorable selection for lactase persistence?

People are able to live off milk in the case of famine if they hold the lactase gene.

Is it possible to guess where one's ancestors came from by just analyzing their DNA?

People inside Africa have one letter, everybody outside Africa has another letter.

Draw the following of feather:

Raquis: central shaft. Vane: flat surface of feather. Barb: interlocking part of feather

As you saw in the film, rock pocket mice evolved to have dark-colored fur in certain habitats. In three to five sentences, explain how this trait increased in frequency in the population. Include the following key terms: "fitness" (or "fit"), "survival" (or "survive"), "selection" (or "selective"), and "evolution" (or "evolve").

Rock pocket mice with dark-colored fur were more fit on dark-colored volcanic rock because visual predators could not see them well; that is, natural selection favored individuals with dark-colored fur. As a result, more of the dark-colored mice survived and reproduced. This caused the population of rock pocket mice to evolve to have more individuals with dark-colored fur."

Which pair of characteristics (similarity and difference) are both correct comparisons of Darwin andWallace?

STUDY Flashcards Learn Write Spell Test Play Match Gravity When Charles Darwin set sail on his five-year journey on the HMS Beagle, both he and most of hiscontemporary scientists thought that each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time. Which pair of characteristics (similarity and difference) are both correct comparisons of Darwin andWallace? Both Darwin's and Wallace's ideasabout natural selection were revealedto the scientific community at the sametime.Darwin's ideas about natural selection were inspired bywhat he observed on the Galápagos Islands, whileWallace's ideas about natural selection were inspired bywhat he observed on the Malay Archipelago.

Provide an explanation for these observations. Be sure to include the following key words in your answer: "selection" (or "selective"), "fitness" (or "fit"), and "survival" (or "survive").

Sample answer (key terms are in italics): "In New Mexico, there is a selective advantage to having dark-colored fur. Dark-colored mice are less visible to predators. This makes them more fit in this environment and therefore more likely to surviveand reproduce. In Arizona, where there are fewer visual predators, there is no selective advantage to light- or dark-colored fur. Different colored mice are equally fit and therefore equally likely to survive and reproduce."

What is the explanation for these traits to linked to behavior?

Selecting for quality of tameness set off multiple other changes.

Why do raptors have a wishbone (fused clavicles)?

So they can catch their prey.

How do DNA similarities provide evidence for evolution?

Some living things may have come from the same ancestor but over time muations changed the DNA to be different in generations

Explain how the environment plays a role in changing the frequency of a mutant allele in a population.

Some traits are more advantageous (or deleterious) in certain environments than others. As a result, organisms with traits (and therefore the mutations that result in those traits) that make them better suited to a particular environment are more likely to have offspring and pass on their genes. Over time, this results in an increase in the frequency of mutations that encode beneficial traits for that environment (or, conversely, a decrease in the mutations that influence deleterious traits in that particular environment).

Did we mix? Where?

Southern Europe, yes

Which statement below explains why the muscles in Mukkaw Bay were able to quickly cover the rockface in Paine's experiment.

Starfish feed on mussels, so when the starfish were removed the mussels no longer had a predator and their populations grew unchecked

Suppose you are studying a new population of rock pocket mice in Arizona. These mice live on a recently discovered patch of dark-colored volcanic rock. This environment does not have nearly as many visual predators as in previously studied areas in New Mexico. You observed the following numbers of light- and dark-colored mice on this new patch of rock.

Students should note that the numbers of both light- and dark-colored mice are relatively stable over the observed time period.

If the rocks outside of Gubbio, Italy used to be at the bottom of an ocean, how are they now part of a mountain?

Tectonic forces uplifted the land.

Describe the impact of adding the beetles on each species in the food chain above.

The beetles will end up eating the ants. With less ants, more caterpillars will arise. More caterpillars causes more piper plants to be eaten.

How did the green world hypothesis differ from this "bottom-up" view?

The bottom-up view stated that the bottom of the tropic level controlled the top. However, later it was discovered that the top level were regulating the bottom levels by the green world hypothesis.

primary production

The enery trapped by producers and stored as food molecules that consumers can eat.

Which statement do Letourneau and Dyer's results support?

The experiment does supports the green world hypothesis because bringing in an apex predator helped control the environment. Without the beetle, the ants would take over and eat all the caterpillars and cause the piper plant population to increase drastically. The beetle allowed for homeostasis to be maintained.

Why would measuring blood glucose levels in an individual, 20 to 30 minutes after they drink a liter of milk, indicate whether they are able to digest lactose.

The fats and proteins in milk are digested by the body, causing glucose levels in the blood to increase.

Geneticists studying for lactase did not find any differences in the coding region DNA between people who could digest lactose and people who could not digest lactose. After they investigated further, they discovered that the difference between lactose tolerant and intolerant individuals was due to a mutation located in...

The genetic switch for the lactase gene

What was the "selective agent" in this process, meaning what was the requirement that humans were seeking for foxes to be bred further?

The least aggressive and more curious foxes were chosen to be bred further.

. In one or two sentences, summarize the data presented in the graphs above

The population of dark-colored mice in New Mexico is increasing while the population of light-colored mice is decreasing. In Arizona, there is little to no change in the light- and dark-colored mouse populations

current phylogeny

The traditional animal phylogeny is being reevaluated using molecular data.

Which observations led Wallace to understand how species change over time? List all the statements that apply.

The traits in a population vary from one individual to the next. Populations tend to produce more offspring in each generation than will survive. Individuals with traits that give them a slight advantage over other individuals in a population will survive, and over time individuals with those traits will outnumber other individuals.

n 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. In it, Darwin hypothesized that all major groups of organisms are connected through evolution. Just two years later, an important discovery was made that supported Darwin's hypothesis. What was it?

The transitional fossil Archaeopteryx

Did the characteristics you circled in Question 8 evolve in a simple linear sequence? What evidence supports your claim?

There are fossils that have different combinations of these traits, so they couldn't have evolved in a linear sequence. For example, one animal had a short tail but no teeth and claws, while another had teeth but no claws.

Which statement best explains why islands can be used as natural laboratories?

There are many small islands, meaning that researchers can repeat their observations and experiments on several similar islands.

The diagrams to the right illustrate the bones in the forelimbs of four different organisms. Although these limbs all look different, they share some common patterns. These common patterns suggest that

These organisms share a common ancestor

Explain in one or two sentences, why biologists and paleontologists believe that birds are dinosaurs.

They slowly evolved and changed over time w/ the development of wings to birds.

One of Alfred Russel Wallace's motivations to travel to South America and the Malay Archipelago collectingplants and animals was to sell his specimens to museums and collectors. What was Wallace's other major motivation?

To understand the origin of species.

Which observations from the list below support the ideas presented in Darwin's sketch? List all the statements that apply.

Tortoises from different islands of the Galápagos have different shells. Fossils of extinct animals resemble animals living today. Mockingbirds on different islands of the Galápagos have different markings.

True or false, the same mutation could be advantageous in some environments but deleterious in others.

True, the environment or selective pressure. determines whether a mutation is beneficial.

True or false. "The discovery of feathered fossil theropods such as Sinosauropteryx and Caudipteryx supported the hypothesis that feathers were not initially involved in flight." Explain your answer in one or two sentences.

True. These theropods could not fly, but they had feathers. Therefore, feathers must have evolved before flight.

From a geological perspective, how did Wallace explain why placental mammals were found west of the line, and marsupial mammals were found east of the line?

Wallace concluded that the islands west of the line were at one time connected to the continent of Asia, while the islands to the east of the line had been connected to Australia, but that the western and eastern islands had never been connected to each other.

Define mutation

a change in an organism's. DNA sequence

Biomagnification

a chemical becomes most concentrated in organisms at the highset trophic levels

What does Molly possess that most humans do not

a gill

What is a law?

a known fact or statement of what happens.

food web

a more realistic description of the feeding relationships in a community

What is a hypothesis?

a prediction of what you think is going to happen.

What type of environment was the Canadian Arctic hundreds of millions of years ago?

a warm watery world

biosphere

all parts of the planet where life exists.

if you look at a fish and human embryo side by side, how similar do they look

almost identical

Which of the following events are possible sources of high levels of iridium in sediments?

an asteroid impact or a supernova

keystone species

are central to maintaining diversity in a community

How far back can we trace the Sonic Hedgehog gene

beginning of life

regulatory molecules

bind to the switches, recruit RNA polymerse to the genes promotor and cause an increase in the total number of messenger RNA transcripts.

symbiotic relationship

close interaction between species in which one species lives in or on the other

Where are fish gonads located

close to heart

Population

consists of interbreeding organisms of one species occupying the same area at the same time.

Complete the following sentence, Figure 1 illustrates that when orcas started eating sea otters, the sea otter population ________, the urchin population ________, the kelp population ________

decreased, increased, decreased

what did wolves hunt that. decreased the population rapidly?

deer

trophic level

describes its position on the food chain

Deuterostomes

develop the anus first from the blastopore

In the early stages of development, all animals begin as what?

embryo

Lactose intolerance is an allergy to milk and milk product

false

Milk is a healthy food for an adult cat

false

True or false: The entire scientific community accepted the asteroid hypothesis after Dr. Alvarez published his paper showing high iridium levels at the K-T boundary.

false

most human adults around the world can digest the lactose in milk , a middle of people cannot digest lactose

false

T/F: All members f a food web are equal in abundance and in their relative effects on one another

false, food webs tend to have fewer predators and more herbivores.

T/F: Every member of a food web is the prey of another member of the food web

false, in the food web there is a top predator that cannot be eaten by anything.

Which piece of evidence (a-g) lead scientists to conclude that the cause of the K-T boundary layer was extraterrestrial in nature?

finding high levels of iridium in the K-T boundary layer.

Instead of limbs fish have what?

fins

What is the most likely source of nitrogen in runoff?

fossil fuel emissions

5 causes of evolution

genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, non-random mating, and natural selection

Darwin and Wallace both gathered a large number of observations and facts on which they based theirtheories. Which of the following types of evidence was NOT part of the evidence they gathered?

genetic evidence

Select one of the observations from question 6b above and explain in one or two sentences how it supports the ideas presented in Darwin's sketch.

he observations that different islands of the Galápagos have different species of tortoises and mockingbirds indicate that these species descended from a common ancestor, but after many generations of living on different islands the populations changed in different ways. The fact that animals in the fossil record resemble animals living today suggests that present-day animals descended from species that existed in the past.

In the film, you saw Jonathan Losos place a male and female trunk-ground anole on an island that did not have any trees but had short grass and shrubs. Losos and colleagues visited the island the following year. What had happened?

he two anoles reproduced and their offspring adapted to living in bushes.

The image to the right shows the bones found within the flippers of manatees. Similar bones are found in the flippers of whales. What did Wallace conclude from observing these seemingly useless structures and others like them?

hese structures made it clear to Wallace that every species is a modified form of an older species.

Are the human and fish Sonic Hedgehog genes homologous or analogous?

homologous

Which evidence supports the fact that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs? i.Birds and theropods could all fly. ii.Birds and theropods have wishbones. iii.Birds and theropods have hollow bones. iv.Birds and theropods have S-shaped necks. v.Birds and theropods have elongated fourth digits that support the wing.

ii, iii, and iv only

community

includes all populations, representing multiple species, in the same region.

What would be the effect of a mutation in the coding region of the lactase gene?

infants would not be able to digest milk

ecologists study what?

interactions at several levels.

ecosystem

is the biotic or living community plus the abiotic or nonliving environment

Ecology

is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment.

In the film, Paine recalls that a year after the starfish had been removed, the number of species decreased from 15 to 8, after 3 yeras the number went down to 7, and after another 7 years it was almost all only mussels. In the control plots the number and diversity of species was basically unchanged. Which statement best explains these results?

keystone species are critical to the diversity and stability of an ecosystem

In 1997, which species is the apex predator?

killer whales

What does the name Tiktaalik mean

large freshwater fish

ancesteral trait

more-primitive characteristic that appeared in common ancestors

what is a gene typically surrounded by?

multiple switches that allows the gene to be turned on at different times and places under the control of different signals and regulatory molecules.

5 conditions of Equilibrium

no mutation, no gene flow, large population size, random mating, and no natural selection

characteristic in each pair that is typical of modern birds.

no teeth, no claws on forelimbs, short, bony tail, fused fingers, and deep keeled sternum.

What is Sonic Hedgehog responsible for

number of digits formed

Consumer

obtain energy from eating producers or other consumers.

regulatory switches

parts of DNA that dont code for protein, instead they act as switches that determine where and when the gene turns on.

Draw the control.`

piper plants-> caterpillars-> ants

Draw the experimental.

piper plants-> caterpillars-> ants-> beetles

What are vestigial structures? Give two examples.

remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor- human appendix- pelvic bone of snake

Decomposer

return the inorganic nutrients in detritus to the environment.

Synapopmorphy

shared, evolutionary derived character states that are used to recover patterns of common descent among two or more species

4 features of phylum chordata

single dorsal nerve chord, notochord, Pharyngeal slits, post anal. tail

What gene involved in feather development is also required for limb development?

sonic hedgehog

What features does Tiktaalik have that fish typically do not

the do not have ribs

Explain why the down-pointing arrows on the left side of the figure look different from the arrows on the right side of the figure.

the left side shows how the population was before the killer whales, and the effect of not having killer whales in the ecosystem. The right side shows the population with killer whales and how the other species are being effected.

What is a theory?

the logical explanation of why something happens.

primary producers

use energy from an inorganic source to produce organic molecules

The feathers that appear later, were the downy or vaned? what was their function?

vaned, for flight

When the deer population decreased, what increased?

vegetation

Are feathers modified scales?

yes

If a skate (a fish) has Sonic Hedgehog, and humans do, do you think Tiktaalik had it too?

yes, since titaalik is transititonal species

General Features of Animals

•Heterotrophy •Multicellularity - Many have complex bodies •No cell walls •Tissues - Cells of most animals are organized into structural and functional units •Sexual reproduction •Embryonic development - Zygote to blastula to... •Active movement - at some point in life cycle •Diversity of form - microscopic to huge •Diversity of habitat

Phylum Cnidaria

•Most marine, few fresh water species •Diploblastic •Bodies have distinct tissues but no organs -No reproductive, circulatory, or excretory systems •No concentrated nervous system -Latticework of nerve cells -Touch, gravity, light receptors

Porifera

•Parazoa -Animals lacking tissues (and therefore organs) and a definite symmetry - •Thousands of marine species; over 100 freshwater species • •Among the most abundant animals in the deep ocean

Biomagnification happens for pollutants and other chemicals that share two characteristics:

•They dissolve in fat. They are not readily degraded and therefore persist in the environment

For rock pocket mice, which of the following contributes to selective pressure favoring dark-colored fur? Write "yes" or "no" next to eachof the four possible responses.

-genetic mutation -rock color

How much difference is there between two humans?

.1%

How much Neandertal DNA do non-Africans have, on average

.3%

When did the first mammals appear?

200 mya

How many base pairs are there in our genome?

3 X 10^9

How many differences are then, therefore, between any two humans?

3 million diferences

In the second tree, how long ago did we share an ancestor with chimpanzees?

5 million years ago

gene promotor

A DNA segment that allows region of DNA to be transcribed and helps RNA polymerase to find where a gene starts

Which discovery supports the hypothesis that evolution of the lactase persistence trait was driven by the use of milk in pastoralist cultures?

Ancient pots used to hold milk are about the same age as the lactase persistence mutation

Which observation led Wallace to conclude that all species are connected in a tree of life?

Around the globe, the more similar two species are, the closer to each other they tend to live.

Would you call this an example of natural selection?

Artificial Selection

Select which tree in the figure illustrates the most likely hypothesis for how the different species of anole lizards evolved on the Caribbean islands according to the film:

the tree on the left

Digesting lactose cause a person's blood glucose levels to increase

true

Lactose intolerance is a genetic trait

true

Lactose is a sugars in milk

true

Throughout human history , people have always consumed the milk of other animals

true

If there is more genetic variation within Africa than outside of Africa, does this mean that the genetic variation outside of Africa is a subset of African variation?

yes

What are mutations?

changes in the genetic material

what is a genetic switch?

collections of genes which act to switch each other on and off.

Suppose you are studying a recently discovered population of rock pocket mice with dark-colored fur that lives on volcanic rock. You take a DNA sample from a member of this new population and determine the DNA sequence of a gene known to play a role in fur color. The sequence you get is identical to that of the same gene in another rock pocket mouse population with dark-colored fur that lives on a different patch of volcanic rock. Which of the following could explain this observation?

d. Both (a) and (c) are possible.

Two organisms are considered to belong to different species if they

do not mate or produce fertile offspring

When Charles Darwin set sail on his five-year journey on the HMS Beagle, both he and most of hiscontemporary scientists thought that

each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time.

what is neil shubin looking for (Fish)

fish that carry the story of our bodies in them / fish fossils

Evolution is changes in

genes

How long did it take for the selection process to be considered successful?

10 years

When did modern humans appear?

100 to 200 years ago

Mathematically, would you think this is an example of partial negative selection, or 100% negative selection?

100% Negative Selection

What was the reason for wanting tamer foxes?

Easier to kill and make coats. Bred. for fur.

Where did Neanderthals live?

Europe and Asia

True or False? Mutations are caused by selective pressure in the environment.

False, the mutations disccused in this film occurred at random.

Before your experiment above, you take a DNA sample from one dark-colored mouse in each population and sequence a gene known to play a role in making mice dark colored. You discover that the dark-colored mice from Arizona have a different allele of this gene than the dark-colored mice from New Mexico. e. Design an experiment to test which population of dark-colored mice is more evolutionarily fit in an environment of your choice. You may want to use the above experiments as a guide. Be sure to state your hypothesis, as well as what type of data you will record.

I hypothesize that the population of dark-colored mice from Arizona is more evolutionarily fit than the population of dark-colored mice from New Mexico in a desert with black sand. To test this hypothesis, I will take 50 dark-colored mice from each population and place them in a black sand desert. Each population will be on a separate patch of black sand that is identical in every way, but I will keep them separate to prevent interbreeding. Every year for five years, I will count the number

Baby mammals Depend on Milk to survive

True

Formulate two hypotheses to explain why each of these differences may have evolved.

Using the differences mentioned above, students may say that (1) by living higher up on the trunks and in the branches of trees, species A avoids competition for resources with species B, and (2) longer limbs are an adaptation for living lower in the trees and on the ground because individuals with longer limbs can run faster and escape predators on the ground, whereas lizards with shorter legs can move more easily on thin branches high up in the trees. Another answer may argue that toe pads make it easier for lizards to climb on the slick surfaces of leaves.

What is the purpose of this fox farm?

Wanting tamer foxes

Fish were the first creatures with what trait?

bony skeletons