Biology Exam 5
About this much of the human genome is made of protein-coding sequences?
1%
In 2010, scientists at the JCVI were able to create the first "synthetic" cell. Place the steps in their approach in the correct order starting at the top.
1) the genome of the synthetic bacterium was designed using a computer.2) The DNA was chemically synthesized.3) The DNA was assembled into a chromosome inside yeast cells.4. The synthetic genome was transferred to a bacterial cell, whose genome had been destroyed.
Arrange the following events in the proper sequence for gene cloning.
1. Isolate DNA from organism containing desired gene. 2. Fragment DNA with restriction enzyme. 3. Incorporate gene into bacterial plasmid. 4. Incorporate cloned gene into bacterial cells.
Put the steps in the process of creating a physical map of a chromosome based on STSs in the correct order.
1. amplify cloned DNA with STS specific primers.2. separate PCR products on an electrophoresis gel.3. identify and align STSs contained in each clone.4. create a contig
What percent of the world's population is currently sustained by wheat?
30%
Humans have only this many genes that have no counterpart in the mouse genome.
300
The smallest currently known genome of a living cell is about?
500,000 nt
Which of the following best describes the the 1000 Genomes Project?
80 million genetic variants in humans identified Intended to produce a comprehensive catalog of common human genetic variants Genomes of over a thousand individuals from 26 different populations sequenced
Where along a chromosome is the constitutive heterochromatin found?
Around the centromere region Near the telomeres of the chromosome
What does functional genomics study?
Connections between the genotype and the phenotype of an organism
How are restriction endonucleases used to construct a restriction map of a chromosome?
DNA is cut with one or a combination of several restriction enzymes and the patterns of the generated fragments are used to construct a map.
PCR doest require?
DNA ligase
Which of the following are genetic markers used in the construction of genetic maps?
DNA sequence that can detected through restriction endonuclease digestion DNA sequences that can be detected by PCR Genes detected by phenotypic differences
Which of the following are applications of comparative genomics?
Determine the relatedness of organisms Predict the function of a gene in an organism based on the function of a similar gene in another organism Determine how different organisms perform similar biological functions
In massively parallel next generation sequencing technologies, how are sequencing reactions read?
Directly as they are run by the sequencing equipment
Choose information that is typically part of the annotation of a gene.
Gene function Gene product (RNA or protein) Evidence about how the gene function was determined
How can you characterize cDNA?
Genes that are expressed in an organism
Why do plants infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens by genetic engineers not form tumors?
Genetic engineers have removed the tumor-causing genes.
How are the complexity of an organism and the number of genes in its genome related?
In general (but not always) more complex organisms have more genes.
Where is the DNA that encodes for miRNAs found?
In noncoding regions of DNA previously called junk DNA.
Choose all features common to most next generation sequencing technologies.
Millions of sequencing reactions are performed simultaneously Sequencing reactions are directly read instead of using electrophoresis Conventional cloning is not required prior to sequencing
Which of the following accurately describe the human genome project?
Produced a reference sequence that represents the genome of a single individual
What are some features of the proteome that make it more difficult to characterize?
Proteins can be modified post-translationally to produce very different functional forms. Proteins form quaternary structure and interact with each other. A single gene can code for more than one protein.
Inactive genes that have lost function due to mutation are called?
Pseudogenes
What type of patterns can be seen when chromosomes are stained?
Reproducible banding patterns.
What are transposable elements (TEs)?
Segments of DNA that move to new locations within the genome
the best definition of coding sequences.?
Sequences that are used to produce a protein
What are the two ways in which transposons move around the genome?
Some transposons are excised without duplication and insert themselves elsewhere in the genome. Some transposons are duplicated and then the duplicated DNA moves to a new place.
You are an expert witness in a murder trial. The defendant has a DNA fingerprint identical to that of a sample from the scene of the crime. How strong is this evidence linking the accused to the scene?
Strong, because it is highly unlikely that two people will have the same fingerprint, unless they are closely related.
In 2005 researchers published the procedure of sequencing and reconstructing the 1918 influenza virus. Despite mixed opinions in the scientific community, why did the researchers decide to publish their results?
Studying the reconstructed virus could allow for the production of vaccines that help to prevent future pandemics.
Why is Taq DNA polymerase used in PCR reactions rather than a 'normal' DNA polymerase?
Taq polymerase is stable at the high temperatures that are used in the PCR reaction.
Which deadly virus was reconstructed by researchers based on recovered fragments of the viral genome?
The 1918 influenza virus
Why is DNA fingerprinting possible?
The number of repeats in a tandem repeat sequence is highly variable from one individual to another.
Why are the 'sticky ends' produced by restriction enzymes important to this process?
The sticky ends allow the target DNA to complimentary base pair with the bacterial plasmid DNA.q
Which of the following are features of miRNAs?
They are never translated They are produced through post-transcriptional modification. They are 21-23 nucleotides long
How are DNA microarrays used in a study of gene expression?
They are used in hybridization experiments with labeled mRNA.
Which of the following are features of open reading frames?
They begin with a start codon They have to be long enough to encode a functional protein. They end with a stop codon
Why do we need to be able to correlate genetic maps with physical maps?
To find physical sequences of genes that have already been mapped genetically.
A scientist wants to create a transgenic plant that is more nutritious than the standard variety. Which would be the best feasible approach?
Use a Ti plasmid to create a strain carrying a gene that increases vitamin levels.
A DNA microarray is best defined as?
a small slide that is dotted with many different small DNA fragments, often corresponding to genes.
Proteomics is a branch of functional genomics that studies?
all of the proteins in a cell at a particular time
Some people believe that _______ could result from the consumption of GM crops.
allergies
PCR can be used to?
amplify DNA from any source.
The addition of information to the sequenced genome, such as, for example, the number and positions of genes and their predicted functions, is called genome____?
annotation
After the genome of an organism is sequenced, gene sequences in it are identified by records containing different types of info (such as its structure, function and product). These records are called?
annotations
The best definition of a genetic marker is?
any detectable genetic difference between individuals
Human DNA cut with restriction enzyme A can be joined to?
bacterial DNA cut with restriction enzyme A.
When chromosomes are stained, reproducible______ patterns can be seen.
banding
A common concern of GM crops is that the genetic engineering techniques could result in a loss of_____?
biodiversity
During PCR, which primer anneals to DNA with its 3' end towards the center of the sequence to be amplified?
both the forward and reverse primers
Choose the two main approaches used in sequencing an entire genome.
clone-contig sequencing shotgun sequencing
In the broadest sense, what are the two types of sequences found in a genome?
coding and non-coding
In ____genomics, scientists use information from one genome to infer information about a second genome.
comparitive
Regions of chromosomes that remain highly condensed and untranscribed throughout the cell's cycle are called?
constitutive heterochromatin
In physical genome mapping a large contiguous segment of the genome is usually called a?
contig
Several pieces of DNA can be assembled together based on their sizes and landmarks on them; the resulting larger mapped segment of DNA is called a?
contig
The most immediate application of genomics for human health will probably be seen in?
diagnostics
A nucleotide that lacks a hydroxyl group at both the 2' and at the 3' carbon is known as a?
dideoxynucleotide
Which statement best explains why DNA fragments can be separated using gel electrophoresis?
dna fragments have a negative charge
Certain transposons are_____ before moving to a new place in DNA, while others are not.
duplicated
Within the noncoding regions of the human genome, blocks of 10,000 to 300,000 bp have______ and moved either within a _____chromosome or to a chromosome.
duplicated- nonhomologus
True or false: More complex organisms always have more genes than less complex organisms?
false
According to the ENCODE project, between 20 and 80% of the human genome contains?
functional DNA
It is believed that GM crops could transfer genes to wild plants through _____ and hybridization.
gene flow
Genes, detected by looking for phenotypic differences between individuals, are some of the most common markers used to construct____ maps.
genetic
The process of adding information to the genome sequence such as number and kind of genes present, as well as their functions in producing an organism's phenotype, is called?
genome annotation
In the shotgun assembly method for sequencing a genome?
genome fragments are sequenced and assembled at once
The main goal of functional genomics is to draw connections between the____ of an organism and the_____ of an organism,
genotype and phenotype
One way in which genomics can be applied to improve human life is to aid in?
hereditary disease research
The transcriptome and the proteome of a cell
highly dynamic
A better understanding of the wheat genome can help to (choose all that apply)
improve its drought resistance improve its disease resistance increase its yield
Using this procedure, it is possible to produce a transgenic plant that contains the gene of interest ________.
in all of the cells of the plant
How are distances between landmarks on a physical map measured?
in base pairs
Which statement best explains the role of a vector in recombinant DNA technology?
it carries a segment of recominant DNA
A dideoxynucleotide?
lacks a hydroxyl group at both the 2' and 3' carbon
The enzyme ______is used to attach DNA strands.
ligase
Genome mapping is important because it helps us?
locate genes
Fill in the blank question. Finding genes that have already been genetically mapped in the genome sequence is difficult because genetic maps are constructed at a much______ resolution.
lower
When constructing maps of the genome, scientists use genetic___which are any detectable differences between two individuals
markers
What percent of genes in Drosophila have counterparts in the human genome?
more than 50%
The majority of the human genome is made up of?
non-coding sequences
The recently discovered long________, RNAs in eukaryotes are likely involved in regulating gene expression, thus having important roles in physiology and development.
noncoding
A region of DNA that begins with a start codon and ends with a stop codon and is long enough to encode for a functional protein is called a(n)?
open reading frames
A restriction map of a chromosomes is a type of?
physical map
What type of genome map provides the absolute location of markers?
physical map
The human genome contains some genes that have lost their function due to mutation which are called?
pseudogenes
DNA is cut into fragments by ____________ enzymes.
restriction
Two types of physical chromosome maps are?
restriction maps sequence tagged site maps
A ______is a section of DNA recognized by a restriction endonuclease.
restriction site
A concern of herbicide-resistant plants is that weeds will experience ______ and also become resistant to the herbicide.
selective pressure
In physical mapping, fragments of DNA are assembled by finding overlapping regions in them. One way to do that is through the use of?
sequence-tagged sites
Restriction maps can generally be constructed only for DNA molecules>
shorter than 50 kb
One to 6 nucleotide long sequences that are repeated thousands of times are called?
simple sequence repeat
When describing the genome, the abbreviation SSR stands for?
simple sequence repeats
Restriction endonucleases that produce _______ are preferred for recombinant DNA technology.
sticky ends
What is the likely function of the recently discovered long, noncoding RNAs in eukaryotic genomes?
the two markers are likely far away from each other on the chromosome
Proteins are much more difficult to study than DNA because many proteins are modified after?
translation
A segment of DNA that moves from its original location to a new site in the genome is known as a(n)?
transposable element
How can genes be located on chromosomes?
using genome maps
Segmental duplication in noncoding regions of the human genome have occurred when large blocks of DNA (10,000 to 300,000 bp) have duplicated and moved (choose all that apply)
within a chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome