Biology Final 2021

At a point in the cell cycle, chromosomes have aligned near the middle of a cell. Which sequence of events will the cell need to complete to produce two identical daughter cells?

A

Which table of information correctly distinguishes between the statements?

A

A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed, the rate the enzyme catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement best describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme?

A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape.

Which population description is most likely represented by the graph?

A population of birds quickly increases but then becomes stable due to limiting factors in the environment.

The DNA Replication diagram is incomplete. Which nucleotide sequence accurately shows the DNA strand that would be produced during DNA replication?

AGGT

A protein in a cell membrane changed its shape to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients. Which molecule was most likely used by the protein as an energy source?

ATP

Which of the following is essential to proper functioning of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?

ATP

Which mutation would most likely affect the organism's phenotype?

AUG-GCU-UGA

Which statement describes a cell process that is common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Both cell types use ribosomes to carry out translation.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two major processes of carbon cycling in living organisms. Which statement correctly describes one similarity between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Both include reactions that transform energy.

Which statement describes how cloning is different from selective breeding?

Cloning results in offspring genetically identical to the parents.

Which statement best compares eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not.

A group of students measured a ten-square-meter section of a pond ecosystem and recorded observations. Which statement is a testable hypothesis?

If the frogs are startled, then they will jump into the water.

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the cell, and it is often classified as rough or smooth, depending on whether there are ribosomes on its surface. Which statement best describes the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell?

It aids in the production of membrane and secretory proteins.

The indicated protein is part of a cell membrane. What is the most likely purpose of this protein?

It allows passage of particles into and out of the cell.

Which statement correctly describes how carbon's ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules?

It forms large, complex, diverse molecules.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together in eukaryotic cells. What is one way that the rough endoplasmic reticulum assists the Golgi apparatus?

It packages new protein molecules into vesicles.

Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement best describes the role of an enzyme during this reaction?

It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.

A genetic mutation resulted in a change in the sequence of amino acids of a protein, but the function of the protein was not changed. Which statement best describes the genetic mutation?

It was a silent mutation that caused a change in the DNA of the organism.

Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide. Which statement best describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.

Which process best describes the assembly of proteins from amino acids?

Monomers are linked to form a polymer.

Overuse of antibiotics has caused antibiotic resistance in some bacteria in a population. Which statement describes the most likely impact of natural selection on the bacterial population?

More antibiotic-resistant bacteria have survived, resulting in more offspring with this trait.

Asian carp are an invasive species of fish. These large fish eat up to 40% of their body weight per day by feeding on phytoplankton. The carp also reproduce quickly. If these fish were to enter Lake Erie, how would the Presque Isle coastal ecosystem most likely be affected?

Most consumers in the ecosystem would face a shortage of food, and larger fish, such as walleye, would be unable to thrive.

A farmer observed that an increase in a field's soil nitrogen content was followed by an increase in producer productivity. What does this observation most likely indicate about the relationship between nitrogen and the producers in the field?

Nitrogen was a limiting factor.

Which statement best explains why cellular respiration in plants and other organisms is dependent on photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis provides the materials that fuel cellular respiration.

The genetic event shown in the diagram can occur during meiosis. Which statement best describes this type of event?

Segments of homologous chromosomes are exchanged, resulting in cells that will be genetically different.

A sodium-potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into or out of a cell. The movement of glucose into or out of a cell does not require energy. Which statement best describes the movement of these materials across a cell membrane?

Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by facilitated diffusion.

Which statement correctly describes how nitrogen in the soil returns to the atmosphere?

Soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.

Which student correctly compared the outcomes of meiosis and mitosis?

Student 3

Four students classified the main energy conversions that occur during photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Which student best classified the energy conversions that occur in the two processes?

Student 4

Which statement best compares a carbohydrate and a nucleic acid?

The bonds in a carbohydrate store energy, and the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid stores genetic information.

Which statement best describes the phase of the cell cycle shown?

The cell is in telophase of mitosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome.

Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly?

They increase the surface area of the lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange.

A plant cell uses the molecules in the list to synthesize a protein. What role do the ATP molecules play in the protein synthesis process?

They provide energy.

Whales have vestigial femurs and pelvic bones. Which statement explains why the vestigial structures are most likely present in whales?

Whales evolved over time from ancestors that lived on land.

Which statement best describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake?

When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below.

In a flowering plant species, red flower color is dominant over white flower color. What is the genotype of any red-flowering plant resulting from this species?

a red allele present on at least one of two homologous chromosomes

Agricultural runoff can carry fertilizers into lakes and streams. This runoff can cause algae populations to greatly increase. Which effect does this change in the algae population sizes most likely have on affected lakes and streams?

a reduction in dissolved oxygen needed by fish and shellfish

Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates?

ability to catalyze biochemical reactions

Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

ability to store hereditary information

A researcher observing an ecosystem describes the amount of sunlight, precipitation, and type of soil present. Which factors is the researcher most likely describing?

abiotic factors in a prairie

Some human diseases involve the unregulated growth of cells. Although some patients are not affected by these growths, many are harmed. Cells in harmful growths divide uncontrollably and can eventually invade other cells, tissues, and organs of the body. Some patients carry a mutation on one or more growth-suppressor genes (GSGs). GSGs help to repair damage to DNA. This mutation decreases the individual's ability to fight these harmful growths. Recently, researchers reported on the results of using a combination of two types of medicine to treat patients with unregulated growths caused by a lack of functioning GSGs. Given the properties of the medicine Y molecule, which mechanism is most likely responsible for medicine Y's entry into cells?

active transport

A mutation occurs in the genes that code for coat color in deer. Which change will most likely result from this mutation?

an increase in coat-color diversity in the population

Life functions are performed at many levels of biological organization. Which level of biological organization is the simplest level at which a structure can support life functions?

cell

The skeletons of mammalian forelimbs represent variations of a structure that was present in their common ancestor. What has most likely caused the variation in forelimbs?

changes in the genetic codes

Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What determines the direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move?

concentration gradient across the plasma membrane

The diagram shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers. What is this type of reaction called?

dehydration synthesis

A student wrote several observations in a field notebook. Which term best classifies all of the student's observations?

ecosystem

Which example is an activity that a fish most likely uses to maintain homeostasis within its body?

exchanging gases through its gills to regulate oxygen levels

Which sequence correctly describes the flow of energy between organisms in the marine food web?

from small fish to penguins to seals

Lungs and capillaries both have porous linings that allow certain substances to move into or out of the structures. Which function do these porous linings most likely serve in living organisms?

gas exchange

Using a microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy transformation most likely occurs first within the observed organelle?

light to chemical

The shivering mechanism in bumblebees often serves the same purpose as it does in mammals. During which condition will the action of shivering most help a bumblebee to maintain homeostasis?

low environmental temperature

The graphs illustrate change in a lizard population over time. Which process most likely led to the change in the lizard population?

natural selection acting on a beneficial trait

Which process helps to preserve the genetic information stored in DNA during DNA replication?

nucleotides lining up along the template strand according to base pairing rules

Blood type is inherited through multiple alleles. A child has type A blood. If the father has type AB blood, what are all the possible phenotypes of the mother?

phenotypes O, A, B, AB

Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

plasma membrane and cytoplasm

A species of snapping turtles has a tongue that resembles a worm. The tongue is used to attract small fish. Which best describes the interaction between the fish and the snapping turtle?

predation

In North America, the eastern spotted skunk mates in late winter, and the western spotted skunk mates in late summer. Even though their geographic ranges overlap, the species do not mate with each other. What most likely prevents these two species from interbreeding?

reproductive isolation

Which type of change in chromosome composition is illustrated in the diagram?

translocation

Genetic engineering has led to genetically modified plants that resist insect pests and bacterial and fungal infections. Which outcome would most likely be a reason why some scientists recommend caution in planting genetically modified plants?

unplanned ecosystem interactions