Biology Final 4

diatoms

A commercially important unicellular protist whose silica shells are used in filters, polishes, toothpaste, and various industrial processes are the:

All of the above provides evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory

Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory (Margulis, 1967) includes

a chytridomycete fungus

A wildlife pathologist is examining some skin tissue from a dead frog. She notes the presence of a fungus. She cultures the fungal cells and notices that some of the cells are flagellated. She concludes that the frog has a disease caused by

diatoms

Among protists below, which typically moves with one "tinsel" flagella and one "smooth" flagella?

Bacillus anthraxis

Anthrax

ascomycota

Aspergillus soyae, one of the fungi used comercially to make soy sauce, reproduces asexually via conidia but has no known sexual cycle. It is thus classified as one of the

Clostridium botulinum

Botulism (food poisoning)

an ergot

Claviceps purpurea infests grain like rye and produces _________, a precursor of LSD which, if accidentally ingested, can cause hallucinations and even death.

Amanita

Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus___________ can be fatal due to the irreversible inhibition of the enzyme RNA polymerase.

Colonial, flagellated protists similar to choanoflagellates

DNA and rRNA analysis indicates that modern fungi descended from

Amoebozoa

Entamoeba histolytica, a parasite that is the causative agent of Amoebic Dysentery, crawls through the small intestine of its victims via pseudopod formation. Based on this information, Entamoeba histolytica is a member of the clade

they have three lipid bilayers around their chloroplasts

Euglena and dinoflagellates show Secondary Endosymbiosis in that

infoldings of the plasma membrane

Even though bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

the mechanism of cell wall synthesis in Chara and all land plants the presence of homologous chloroplasts (chlorophylls a and b, as well as accessory pigments) in Chara and all land plants

Evidence that Chara is the direct ancestor of all land plants includes

plasmids, antibiotic resistance

Extrachromosomal circles of DNA in bacteria called ________ often carry genes involve in _________:

Neisseria gonorrhea

Gonorrhea

purple;peptidoglycan

Gram-positive bacteria stain_________ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of _________ in their cell walls

cilia

In paramecium and stentor, the surface of the cell is covered with thousands of short, hairlike_________:

soredia

Lichens reproduce primarily asexually by ________, which are fragments of the body of the lichen

endospore

Many Gram(+) Eubacteria like Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthraxis have the ability to survive harsh environmental conditions by protecting their DNA in a dormant structure called a(n)

a rigid cell wall

Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in hypotonic environment by

increasing absorptive surface area of roots

Mycorrhizal fungi benefits plants by:

cyanobacteria

Once they appeared on Earth, _________ forever changed the atmosphere on earth by the production of large quantities of oxygen gas.

Proteobacteria, cyanoacteria

Organisms that share the most DNA homology to mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively, are:

extreme halophiles

Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be the ________.

Giardia

Protists like __________ represent an intermediate stage in eukaryotic evolution when cells each had two haploid nuclei but fusion to become a true diploid organism had not occurred.

movement

Pseudopods are used by the members of clade Amoeboza for ingesting food as well as for:

the common edible mushroom

Puffballs and shelf fungi are most closely related to:

A mesh of branched filament produced by spores Formed of hyphae with chitin-reinforced walls A mycelium characterized by long hyphal cells with hundreds or thousands of nuclei. Characteristic of the zygomycota

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: A coenocytic mycelium is:

Are haploid Are called basidiospores

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The products of meiosis released by this fungus

Plasma membrane

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following cellular structures are shared by bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?

cloaking the cell with a watery capsule

Some bacteria avoid a host's immune system by means of:

Helicobacter pylori

Stomach ulcers

Clostridium tetani

Tetanus("Lockjaw")

chitin

The cell walls of fungi are composed of:

1=dilkaryotic 2=diploid

The cells in this mushroom are

the absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of the Archaea

The first indication that Archaea were different from the Eubacteria came from:

Gram(-) bacterium like Rickettsia

The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells most likely arose as a result of endosymbiosis between a eukaryotic cell and a

the small subunit (16S) rRNA sequence.

The most significant difference between the Archaea and the Eubacteria is:

mosquitos

The parasitic protist that causes malaria, Plasmodium, must spend part of its life cycle in a nonhuman host. What organism(s) serve(s) as the vector for this life cycle?

asci, conidia

The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called _________ and asexual reproductive structures called __________:

zygospores

The sexual spores produced by black bread mold, Rhizopus, are called

C-the capsule, I-the flagella

The structure in the accompanying figure labeled C(outermost layer) is -__________, and the structure indicated by the letter I is __________:

Extreme thermophile, methanogenic

The________Archaebacteria are typically found in extremely hot environments, whereas the __________ Archaebacteria are typically found in swampy environments lacking oxygen.

Superclade I: Excavata

Trypanosomes are eukaryotes that are currently classified in the SuperClade

to adhere to host cells, or other bacteria, or solid substrates to transmit DNA from one cell to another to exchange

What is the function of the structures labeled B?

all of the above

What makes rRNA (or another sequence) a good 'evolutionary chronometer'?

Cercozoans(Forams)

What type of protists have formed massive deposits of chalk, as seen in the White Cliffs of Dover?

Both lack, or have highly reduced, mitochondria

Which example below is a characteristic shared by all exavates (diplomonads and parabasalids):

Gram Positive Eubacteria

Which of the following groups of prokaryotes contains the genus Clostridium, responsible for the human diseases tetanus and botulism?

Proteobacteria

Which of the following groups of prokaryotes in the figure above contains the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, responsible for the human ulcers, and E. coli, beneficial intestinal bacteria in humans?

Extreme Halophiles

Which of the following groups of prokaryotes might be found in the Great Salt Lake, the Red Sea, the Dead Sea, but not necessarily in the ocean?

They capture prey through the use of thread-like pseudopods

Which of the following is true about Radiolarans?

dinoflagellates

Which organisms are capable of producing a "red tide", secreting a nerve agent toxic to humans?

Giaridia

Which parasitic protist has 2 haploid nuclei, 2 pairs of flagella, remnants of mitochondrial genes (but no intact mitochondria) and lives and reproduces in the small intestines of mammals?

Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination

Which pathway below generally represents the order of events during fungal sexual reproduction?

Amanita mushrooms-Ascomycota Corn smut- Ascomycetes

Which two of the following choices are mismatched?