Biology Final
What is the purpose of warning coloration, such as the bright colors on coral snakes?
indicate that an organism would be unpalatable to predators
Under which physiological condition is the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) produced?
low oxygen levels
Identify which chamber of the heart performs each function.
receives oxygen-poor blood from body - right atrium pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs - right ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs - left atrium pumps oxygen-rich blood to body - left ventricle
Prokaryotic organisms are split between the two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. Why was it necessary to put these organisms in two different domains? -Some archaea reproduce through meiosis whereas bacteria reproduce through binary fission. -Archaea are found living in extremely salty environments that bacteria cannot tolerate. -The cell walls of archaea have no peptidoglycan, which is present in the cell walls of all bacteria. -Archaean ribosomal RNA is more like the ribosomal RNA of eukaryotes than of bacteria. -Several aspects of protein synthesis in archaea are different from baterial protein synthesis.
-The cell walls of archaea have no peptidoglycan, which is present in the cell walls of all bacteria. -Archaean ribosomal RNA is more like the ribosomal RNA of eukaryotes than of bacteria. -Several aspects of protein synthesis in archaea are different from baterial protein synthesis.
The body uses two types of digestion, mechanical, and chemical, to break down food into small components. Mechanical digestion physically breaks down pieces of food, whereas chemical digestion breaks down food on the molecular level. Why must food molecules be chemically broken down into smaller component molecules by the body? -They need to be broken down to make room for more food in the stomach. -They need to be broken down into molecules small enough to cross the cell membrane. -They need to be broken down into monomers to build new polymers that the body can use. -They need to be broken down into molecules small enough for enzymes to act upon.
-They need to be broken down into molecules small enough to cross the cell membrane. -They need to be broken down into monomers to build new polymers that the body can use.
Which of the statements are ways that fungi interact with the environment? -fix nitrogen out of the atmosphere into the soil for plants and animals to use -absorb heavy metals from soil caused by human pollution -release nutrients contained in dead organisms back to the soil -form symbiotic relationship with algae to improve both species' chances of obtaining nutrients
-absorb heavy metals from soil caused by human pollution -release nutrients contained in dead organisms back to the soil -form symbiotic relationship with algae to improve both species' chances of obtaining nutrients
Which modes of reproduction are utilized by protists? -budding -parthenogenesis -binary fission -pollination -sexual reproduction
-budding -binary fission -sexual reproduction
Select the constituents of a biofilm. -carbohydrates -proteins -anaerobic environment -microorganisms -extracellular DNA
-carbohydrates -proteins -microorganisms -extracellular DNA
Which traits are characteristics of fungi? -cells lack chloroplasts -are heterotrophic -cells lack a nucleus -are autotrophic
-cells lack chloroplasts -are heterotrophic
Which of the statements are true of endosymbiotic theory? -explains why mitochondria contain circular DNA similar to bacteria -explains the origin of some eukaryotic organelles, such as chloroplasts -states that an ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic protobacteria -explains the origin of all organelles found within a eukaryotic cell -provides insight about why mitochondria can survive outside of a eukaryotic cell
-explains why mitochondria contain circular DNA similar to bacteria -explains the origin of some eukaryotic organelles, such as chloroplasts -states that an ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic protobacteria
Which of the following are ways that humans use fungi? -fermentation in food production -genetic research -carbon sequestration through photosynthesis -production of therapeutic proteins
-fermentation in food production -genetic research -production of therapeutic proteins
Which are the major hormones produced by the pancreas? -glucagon -norepinephrine -estrogens -insuling
-glucagon -insulin
Ecologists approximate that the amount of chemical-bond energy available to a trophic level over time is only about 10 % of that available to the preceding level. The other 90% is transformed or transferred into which items?
-growth of an organism -bodies of uneaten animals -heat
Identify the attributes of the skin that make it an effective barrier against pathogens. -has permanent, armor-like cells layered about two hundred cells thick -has epidermal white blood cells that deter microbial colonization -has a large population of good bacteria that deter pathogenic infections -ongoing regeneration of tough, elastic keratin-rich epidermal layer -production of antibiotic chemical agents by the sweat glands
-has a large population of good bacteria that deter pathogenic infections -ongoing regeneration of tough, elastic keratin-rich epidermal layer -production of antibiotic chemical agents by the sweat glands
In the last few decades, the use of antibiotics and antibacterial cleaning products has increased. What consequences are being seen now as a result of the overuse or misuse of antibiotics? -reduction in incidence of diseases caused by viruses -occurrence of unusually strong immune systems -higher rate of outbreaks of formerly rare diseases -appearance of bacteria that are immune to antibiotics
-higher rate of outbreaks of formerly rare diseases -appearance of bacteria that are immune to antibiotics
Identify the risk factors for atherosclerosis. -hypertension -diet rich in cholesterol -having unprotected sex -high HDL levels -low-level bacterial infection
-hypertension -diet rich in cholesterol -low-level bacterial infection
Which characteristics apply to the autonomic nervous system? -not under conscious control -divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions -activated by centers in the cerebral cortex -controls skeletal muscle throughout the body -composed of the brain and spinal cord
-not under conscious control -divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Which characteristics of mitochondria provide evidence for their prokaryotic past? -replicate by a process similar to prokaryotes -contain their own circular DNA -play a role in calcium signaling -have a double membrane -involved in cellular metabolism
-replicate by a process similar to prokaryotes -contain their own circular DNA -have a double membrane
Identify which conditions or substances related to fungi contribute to human disease. -ringworm caused by Tinea spp. -late potato blight caused by Phytophthora infestans -black mold caused by Aspergillus spp. -mycorrhial symbioses between various fungi and the orchid plant
-ringworm caused by Tinea spp. -black mold caused by Aspergillus spp.
Select all of the ways humans use protists. -serving as a model organism for studying cell interactions -helping create medicines due to antibiotic properties -serving as a porous medium for filtration systems -providing a food source, such as seaweed -decomposing organic material in the environment
-serving as a model organism for studying cell interactions -serving as a porous medium for filtration systems -providing a food source, such as seaweed -decomposing organic material in the environment
Why is it advantageous for some species of basidiomycetes (club fungi) to produce a showy and fleshy fruiting bodies? -allows fungus to perform photosynthesis -facilitates sexual reproduction between different fruiting bodies -signals the toxicity of the fruiting body to animals -attracts animals to facilitate spore dispersal
-signals the toxicity of the fruiting body to animals -attracts animals to facilitate spore dispersal
Identify the examples of physical barriers in the immune system. -tears -white blood cells -skin -lymphocytes -hairs in nose and ears
-tears -skin -hairs in nose and ears
Which statement best explains why air flows into the lungs during inhalation?
Contraction of the diaphragm increases the size of the chest cavity. The lungs expand as well and the resulting lower pressure draws air inward.
Which scenarios describe a keystone species?
An endangered species of predator becomes extinct. Shortly after, the community structure is disrupted and the species diversity is dramatically reduced. On one side of a river, a species of herbivore is found in small numbers. On the other side, it is absent. The side it is found on has 5 times the species diversity compared to the other side.
Determine which are characteristics of autoimmune diseases and which are characteristics of immunodeficiency diseases.
Autoimmune diseases immune system is overactive immune cells recognize and attack the body's own cells and tissues can be treated using immunosuppression Immunodeficiency diseases immune system is underactive can occur when B cells do not produce sufficient antibodies individual is at an increased risk of opportunistic infections
Classify each of the characteristics based on whether it describes autotrophs or heterotrophs.
Autotrophs make up the base of food chains make their own food using inorganic carbon and energy are producers Heterotrophs occupy the upper levels of food chains eat other organisms for food are consumers
Classify each major body section as part of either the axial region or the appendicular region
Axial region head trunk neck Appendicular region left arm right arm left leg right leg
Determine whether the statements describe B cells or T cells
B cells named because they are produced in the bone marrow produce antibodies against a specific antigen can differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells T Cells can recognize and destroy virus-infected cells named because they mature in the thymus can activate antibody-producing cells
Classify the protists as having either beneficial or harmful ecological effects.
Beneficial giant kelps saprobic protists Harmful large algal blooms Plasmodium species
Which statement best describes a mutualistic species relationship?
Both species gain some benefit from their interaction.
Complete the sentences about chemical digestion with the appropriate terms.
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the MOUTH with the enzyme SALIVARY AMYLASE. Protein digestion begins in the STOMACH with the enzyme PEPSIN. Nucleic acid digestion begins in the SMALL INTESTINE with the enzyme PANCREATIC NUCLEASE. Fat digestion begins in the SMALL INTESTINE with the enzyme PANCREATIC LIPASE.
Which hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, and which bind to receptors within the cell?
Cell-surface receptors oxytocin and other peptide hormones modified amino acids such as melatonin glycoprotein-based hormones such as luteinizing hormone Receptors inside the cell steroid hormones such as estrogen small, nonpolar thyroid hormones such as thyroxine, T4 arthropod steroids such as ecdysone
Many cells have cilia or flagella projecting from the cell surface. How are cilia and flagella different? What traits do cilia and flagella have in common?
Cilia are small, whisker-like projections can work together to move substances along the surface of a cell often cover the entire exposed surface of a cell Flagella are long, whip-like projections can work alone to move a cell in some species Both have a ring of nine groups of microtubules with two microtubules in the ring's center provide motion can move an entire cell
Species within a community interact with each other in a variety of ways. Match each scenario with the type of species interaction it describes.
Competition -doves and cardinals eating seeds from the same limited number of plants -mesquite and juniper trees both using the limited nutrients in soil on the same hillside Commensalism -orchids growing harmlessly on branches of trees Consumption -wolves catching and eating deer mice eating seeds from sunflowers
Classify each statement as describing endotherms or ectotherms.
Endotherms generate body heat through metabolic activity include mammals have high energetic needs Ectotherms primarily control body temperature through behavior include reptiles do not need to eat frequently
Select examples of chemical barriers to infection in the human body.
Enzymes in saliva break down pathogens entering the mouth. The acidic surface of the skin prevents bacterial growth. The low pH in the stomach kills pathogens entering the digestive system
Arrange the events in an antibody-mediated immune response in the order they occur
FIRST B lymphocytes (B cells) bind to antigen A T cell identifies the B cell-antigen complex and activates it B cells divide to form plasma cells plasma cells secrete antibodies antibody binds to a specific antigen antigen becomes inactive LAST
Animals process the food that they consume in four main stages. Arrange the stages of food processing in the order in which they occur.
FIRST STAGE the ingestion of food into the body the physical and chemical digestion of food into small molecules the uptake of small molecules derived from food by cells the elimination of waste materials from the body LAST STAGE
Place the components of the ailmentary canal in the order that food passes through them. Start with the site of ingestion and end with the site of elimination.
INGESTION mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus ELIMINATION
Classify the examples of humoral immunity as natural active immunity, artificial active immunity, natural passive immunity, or artificial passive immunity.
Natural active immunity A man becomes immune to rubella after contracting the disease. Artificial active immunity A child receives a rubella vaccine. Natural passive immunity A baby acquires antibodies from the mother during breast feeding.
Classify each condition according to how it affects breathing.
Increases breathing high carbon dioxide levels low blood oxygen levels low pH climbing stairs low blood hemoglobin level Decreases breathing low carbon dioxide levels high blood oxygen levels high pH
Classify the components of the immune system as either innate immunity or adaptive immunity
Innate immunity interferons complement proteins natural killer cells Adaptive immunity cytotoxic T cells B cells antibodies
Scientists advise people to only eat Albacore tuna and other large oceanic fish once a week because of their high mercury levels. Why do these animals have such high mercury levels in their tissues?
Large oceanic fish acquire and accumulate the mercury contained in the tissues of their prey.
Starting with the nasal passages and ending with the alveoli in the lungs, arrange the respiratory structures in order based on the path that air takes through them during inhalation.
NASAL PASSAGES pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles ALVEOLI
One way that the innate immune system helps protect the body is with an inflammatory response. Match the inflammatory responses with the appropriate description of how it helps protect the body.
Pain - signals to the brain to use caution around the wound and care for the wound Swelling - increases permeability of capillaries to allow white blood cells, antimicrobial peptides, and other signaling molecules to enter tissues Fever - increases rates of phagocytosis and chemical reactions that lead to tissue repair
Classify the interactions as either an instance of parasitism or mutualism.
Parasitism -fleas suck blood from deer -cuckoo bees are raised by a different bee species -tapeworms absorb nutrients from human digestive tracts Mutualism -ants protect scale insects that provide them with sugar secretions -algae provide glucose to the corals that give them carbon dioxide -bees spread pollen from flowers that they feed from
The table charts the effect on other trophic levels when one trophic level is completely removed from the food web.
Producers removed - decrease in herbivores, decrease in omnivores, decrease in carnivores Herbivores removed - increase in producers, decrease then increase in omnivores, decrease in carnivores Omnivores removed - increase in producers, increase in herbivores, decrease in carnivores Carnivores removed - decrease in producers, increase in herbivores, increase in omnivores
Classify each of the structures as containing primarily smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscles
SMOOTH MUSCLE vein intestine SKELETAL MUSCLE arm calf CARDIAC MUSCLE heart
Identify which characteristics best describe the small and large intestines of humans.
Small intestine excretes digestive enzymes digests food narrow and long Large intestine absorbs water from undigestable waste short and wide prepares waste for excretion
Classify the characteristics as pertaining to the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system.
Sympathetic nervous system The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is released by the neurons. Activation leads to pupil dilation. These neurons are activated in periods of stress. Parasympathetic nervous system The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released by the neurons. Activation leads to the stimulation of digestion. Activation of these neurons can occur during periods of relaxation
Which statements is true for all joints (articulations)?
They are sites where two or more bones meet.
Many species of protists are saprophytic. Saprophytic organisms are commonly known as saprobes. Identify the role of saprobe protists in an ecosystem.
They feed on dead organisms, returning nutrients to the ecosystem.
Antibiotics became widely used in the 20th century. Classify the statements about human use of antibiotic as true or false.
True It is possible to treat many life-threatening illnesses with antibiotics. Some disease-causing bacteria are resistant to several types of antibiotics. Antibiotics kill both harmful and beneficial bacteria. False The immune system stops fighting an infection once a person begins taking antibiotics. Antibiotics released into water bodies become inactive immediately and cannot kill bacteria in the environment. Supplementing livestock feed with antibiotics decreases the number of strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among the livestock.
Identify the definition of an invasive species
a non-native organism that negatively affects the ecosystem it inhabits
What is a hormone?
a signaling molecule secreted by the endocrine system that targets specific cells
What is the definition of a vaccine?
a substance made from a pathogen that increases immunity against that pathogen
What is an antigen?
any molecule that triggers the immune system's lymphocytes to mount a specific response to that molecule
What do bacteriophages, or phages, infect?
bacteria
Which statement describes all organisms that are extremophiles?
can survive in extreme environments
Which of these organelles is not found in a fungal cell? -nucleus -chloroplast -endoplasmic reticulum -mitochondria
chloroplast
Determine which protist causes each of the given diseases in humans.
cyptosporidosis - Cryptosporidium spp. malaria - Plasmodium spp. beaver fever - Giardia lamblia toxoplasmosis - Toxoplasma gondii Chagas disease - Trypansoma cruzi
What is the name of the extracellular fluid in the body that contains white blood cells and that circulates in specialized vessels where it is filtered by localized nodes throughout the body?
lymph
Select the statement that best describes homeostasis.
maintenance of a dynamic state of equilibrium within the human body.
Which phrase best describes the process of osmoregulation?
maintenance of salt balance by movement of water
Certain nutrients that are important for a healthy and balanced diet are considered essential nutrients. Which of the statements describes essential nutrients for the human body?
nutrients that the body cannot synthesize or does not produce in sufficient quantities
During an Ebola virus outbreak, some new patients are treated with whole blood or plasma from surviving patients. The immunity that the person receiving this transfusion acquires is an example of which of the following?
passive immunity
Some populations undergo regular cycles, rising and falling and falling in density over a consistent time period. An example of population cycling is the 10 year cycle of snowshoe hares and lynx in northern Canada. What is the most plausible explanation for why these cycles occur?
predator-prey interactions
One physiological process begins when the chest cavity expands and air is drawn into the lungs. Oxygen (O2) in the air then diffuses into the bloodstream and is carried to the body's tissues. Carbon dioxide (CO2), a cellular waste product, diffuses out of the tissues and is transported via the blood back to the lungs. Along with water, CO2 is then exhaled as the chest cavity relaxes. Which term best describes this series of events?
respiration
Which quality describes a trait that evolved for the primary purpose of deterring predators?
sharp quills on porcupines
What characteristic is common to all living organisms, but is not a characteristic of viruses?
the capability of autonomously carrying out biological processes
Identify the description of a capsid.
the protein shell that encases and protects the genome of a virus
Which of the statements describes the ailmentary canal?
the tubular passage through which food enters, is digested, and unused waste is excreted
Population dynamics is the study of
the variations in a population size over time and how those variations occur.
There are several methods by which genetic material can be exchanged between bacteria. Which of the terms describes the uptake of DNA from the environment by the host cell?
transformation
Viruses rely on a host cell to carry out metabolic functions. What molecule does a virus insert into a host cell that enables the virus to redirect the host cell's enzymes and ribosomes?
viral nucleic acids