Biology Final Exam

Name what should be "clicked" to determine if your computer has all of the necessary software for the Connect website.

"Troubleshooting"

In 2010, India had a population of 1,170,000,000, a birthrate of 0.027, and a death rate of 0.013. What was the per capita rate of India's population?

0.014

Using the graph below, calculate the average temperature change between 1975 and 2000. If this rate of increase continues, how much do you estimate the average temperature will rise between 2010 and 2060?

0.8 degrees C

Which type of bond would form under the following circumstances? Match each bond type to its correct description.

1 ionic bonds - two extremely electronegative atoms are attracted to each other and the electrons from one atom are transferred to the other atom 2 nonpolar covalent bonds - two atoms that are not very electronegative are attracted to each other and they share electrons 3 hydrogen bonds - one polar molecule is attracted to another polar molecule 4 polar covalent bonds - an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom and they share electrons

The energy needed to raise 1 kilogram of water from 14.5oC 15.5oC under controlled conditions is

1 kilocalorie.

Since the settling of North America by Europeans, only about _____ of the original temperate forest area survives.

1%

As an overall average, about _____ of the energy at one trophic level is available to the next-highest rank in the food chain.

10%

A nerve impulse travels about __________ times faster when it leaps between nodes of Ranvier than when it travels along an unmyelinated axon.

100

If there are 10,000 calories of net primary productivity in a field, how much on average will be available to a secondary consumer?

100 calories

If there are 10,000 calories of net primary productivity in a field, how much on average will be available to a primary consumer?

1000 calories

(7 Nitrogen N 14.0067) Given this information from one element in the periodic table of elements, the number of neutrons and protons is

14, which is the atomic mass indicated.

In glycolysis the net number of NADH produced is

2

For every one hour spent in the classroom, how many hours are recommended that you spend (doing coursework) outside of the classroom

2 - 3 hours

A 20-kilogram river otter (a tertiary consumer) requires the energy harnessed by about ______ kg of primary producers. Assume that 90% of the energy at each trophic level is lost as heat.

20,000

Earth has a constant tilt of _____ on its axis from its plane of orbit.

23.5°

During fermentation, ___ ATP can be produced per glucose, compared with ____ by aerobic respiration.

2; 36

During fermentation, ___ ATP can be produced per glucose, compared with theoretical a yield of____ by aerobic respiration.

2; 36

Where do lipids, a class of organic compounds, fit on the hierarchy of biological organization? Select the correct box.

2nd step (looks like DNA)

Life apparently originated on Earth about

3.5 billion years ago.

Deep sea hydrothermal vent pressure is ___________ times greater than on the surface of the earth.

300

A population of otters (tertiary consumers) lives in an ecosystem in which mercury is at a concentration of 0.004 g/kg in primary producers. What is the approximate concentration of mercury in otters? Assume that 90% of the energy at each trophic level is lost as heat and that no mercury is excreted or breaks down through the food web.

4 g/kg

Each time you depress the RESET button in the lab simulation _______ arthropod specimens were selected out of a pool of ________ specimens.

4, 9

If the total magnification is 400X and ocular lens is 10X, what is the power of the objective lens?

40X

You have counted 30 organisms in your culture on Day 4. The concentration of organisms in this culture is:

60 cells/mL

Water covers about ____ of Earth's surface

70%

Suppose that a population of 200 finches contains 100 large-beaked birds and 100 small-beaked birds. If 85% of the birds with small beaks die such that there are only 115 birds left, what percentage of the population is now composed of large-beaked birds?

87%

A serving of 30 grams of almonds may have 190 calories listed on a nutrition label. This represents enough energy to raise the temperature of

90 kilograms of water 1°C.

Since the 1950s, _____ of the ocean's large predatory fishes have disappeared.

90%

For the Photosynthesis Chromatography Experiment: Imagine that instead of using spinach to "draw" a line on the paper strip, that you used a acetone-soluble marker instead. The results would allow you to see what separate pigment molecules were used in creating the marker ink. If the top-most color on the marker chromatography strip was pink, and the bottom-most color was blue, what could you determine?

A and B are both correct

Which of the following is correct when describing a predator-prey cycle?

A decline in the numbers of prey causes a decline in the number of predators.

What might be an example of fossil evidence of a transitional species between amphibians and reptiles?

A fossil suggests that the adults had scaly skin, but fossils of juveniles are found only in areas that were once covered in water.

Determine which of these cells has the largest problems due to surface area limitations.

A human egg cell is often 0.13 millimeters, and is spherical in shape.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A moss has a dominant gametophyte generation.

Which of the following is the definition of mutualism?

A symbiotic relationship in which both members of the association benefit, though not necessarily equally.

What describes the situation with the highest species richness?

A tropical rainforest contains thousands to millions of species.

Which of the following is not an important biogeochemical cycle on Earth?

ATP cycle

Review the section "Investigating Life: Hot Plants Offer Heat Reward." The image below shows a normally functioning mitochondrial electron transport chain. The alternative oxidase pathway mentioned in the Investigating Life section diverts electrons away from the transport chain before they reach the third and fourth membrane proteins. What are the consequences of diverting these electrons from the transport chain? (Select all that apply.)

ATP synthase generates fewer ATP per unit time. More energy is lost as heat.

The enzyme that forms a transport channel in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and uses the potential energy of the proton gradient to form ATP is the

ATP synthase.

Why are the leading causes of death in high-income countries heart disease, stroke, and cancer, while in low-income countries infectious diseases are the leading causes of death?

Access to sanitation, vaccines, and antibiotics is greater in high-income countries.

Classify each of the following as acidic, basic, or neutral.

Acidic - pH of 3, orange juice, H+ concentration of 10^-5 Neutral - pure water, pH of 7 Basic - 2:1 ratio of OH- to H+, soap

From the TED Talk Video, Dr. Terry Wahls: What population of humans best model the diet that Dr. Terry Wahls recommends?

Africans on the savanna and Inuits in the arctic exhibiting a hunter-gatherer diet

If the types of pollution were added to the diagram, classify the pollutants into whether they would be in the category "Air pollution" or "Water pollution."

Air pollution--CFCs, CO2, Sulfur oxides, smoke from burning fossil fuels Water pollution--Fertilizer, heavy metals, sewage, pesticides

Nematodes

All of the above are correct. (have a pseudocoelom, are bilaterally symmetrical, have a mouth and an anus)

Which of the following is a characteristic of the taiga biome?

All of the answer choices are characteristics of the taiga biome. (Seed or leaf-eating herbivores are plentiful, long, harsh winters, nutrient-poor soil, Conifers are the dominant tree)

You are dissecting an animal and notice a large store of fat. Based on this you can say that this animal contains abundant

All of the answer choices are correct (carbon, chemical energy, lipid, potential energy)

A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for

All of the answer choices are correct (maintenance, repair of tissues, growth, metabolism)

A theory differs from a hypothesis in that a theory

All of the answer choices are correct.

Scientific inquiry in biology is linked in a concept map with two sets of understanding researchers might pursue in experiments. Which of these is a good example of why concepts are linked between what is studied and how it might be studied?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following is an example of a characteristic of life?

All of the answer choices are correct.

If an experiment were done to see what would happen if the large intestine of a cow were removed, what would occur?

All of the answer choices are correct. (Minerals would not be reabsorbed in large amounts, Waste from the digestive tract would be watery, Digestion of bacteria from the cecum could not occur, The liver would have less work to do)

A cytoskeleton is

All of the answer choices are correct. (a structure that aids in the process of cell division, composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, a system of tracks used for intracellular transport, found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells)

Bacterial biofilms are important medically because they

All of the answer choices are correct. (are resistant to immune defenses, can create resistance to treatment with antibiotics, can form dental plaque, may form on catheters)

Steroid hormones

All of the answer choices are correct. (are typically lipid-soluble, typically do not bind to a surface receptor on a target cell, pass through cell membranes, typically alter gene expression)

Biofilms are organized aggregates of bacteria that may

All of the answer choices are correct. (form when bacteria settle and reproduce on a solid surface, communicate with one another, form structures with specialized functions, protect one another)

Some athletes abuse anabolic steroids to gain greater muscle mass. What are some long-term harmful side effects of using anabolic steroids?

All of the answer choices are correct. (impotence, shrunken, infertility, growth of breast tissue)

Decomposers

All of the answer choices are correct. (include bacteria, return organic molecules to an inorganic form, include fungi, obtain nutrients from detritus)

Alcoholic fermentation

All of the answer choices are correct. (is carried out by yeasts, produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration, produces ethanol, produces carbon dioxide)

If you found a species of plant consisting of widely separated small populations, what might you expect?

All of the answer choices are correct. (low genetic diversity, bottleneck effects, increased likelihood of extinction, genetic isolation among subpopulations)

The process of phosphorylation

All of the answer choices are correct. (may energize the target molecule, may change the shape of the target molecule, removes a phosphate group from a molecule, adds a phosphate group to a molecule)

Members of Archaea are often referred to as extremophiles because many live in conditions of extreme

All of the answer choices are correct. (temperature, acidity, salinity, heat)

Which of the following can influence the carrying capacity of a population?

All of the choice (Availability of food, Availability of water, Competition, Build up of toxins)

Select all of the following that are true of the middle, lipid portion of the phospholipid bilayer.

Allows lipids and small nonpolar molecules through Is composed of nonpolar fatty acid chains

How might the nitrogen cycle change if nitrogen-fixing bacteria and archaea went extinct?

Almost all nitrogen would be trapped in the atmosphere.

Select all of the following that are true about a neuron's function.

An action potential occurs if the membrane potential exceeds the threshold potential. During the peak of an action potential, more sodium ions are found inside the axon than when it is at resting potential. During an action potential in one section of an axon, sodium channels first open, then delayed potassium channels open and sodium channels close.

Select all of the following that are true about enzymes.

An enzyme can catalyze the formation of one product from two substrates. The reactants bind to the enzyme at the enzyme's active site.

Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.

An isotope of carbon (C) has the same number of protons as elemental carbon. An atom with a neutral charge has an equal number of protons and electrons.

Match the descriptions on the left to the images on the right.

Anchoring junctions - these junctions are like "spot welds" forming a very durable strong sheet of cells Plasmodesmata - plant cells use these junctions for chemical communication with neighboring cells

What is the difference in motility between animals and fungi in general?

Animals move and fungi don't

Among numerous functions of common proteins, which of these pairs does not correctly match a protein with its function?

Antibodies regulate sweat to keep infections out of our skin pores.

Which statement is not part of the first law of thermodynamics?

Any energy transformation loses some energy to its surroundings as heat.

Match each of the descriptions, examples, or images with the proper domain of life.

Archaea - we are not members of this domain but it's the one most closely related to our own domain, a prokaryotic cell with a plasma membrane made of nonfatty acid lipids Bacteria - all three domains arose from a common ancestor this domain was the FIRST to appear, this domain contains the most abundant and diverse organisms Eukarya - fungi, nucleus

The domains that contain prokaryotes are

Archaea and Bacteria.

Drag the term, picture, or description from the left to the domain(s) of life in which it belongs.

Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya - contains species, single-celled organism Bacteria - a streptococcus bacterium Eukarya - single-celled organisms with a nucleus, fungi

The most successful phylum in regards to diversity and number of species is

Arthropoda

What does the graph show about the relationship between average global temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations?

As carbon dioxide concentrations are increasing, average global temperatures are also increasing.

Based upon your knowledge of evolution, which of the following statements is/are most likely true? (Select all that apply.)

At least one species has always been able to reach the nectar of the orchid. Moths with longer proboscises are more likely to have access to the orchid nectar and are therefore more likely to survive to reproduction. Orchids with deeper nectaries are more likely to have moths rub against their pollen, and are therefore more likely to reproduce, than orchids with shallow nectaries.

Drag the provided terms on the left to the boxes on the right in order of least inclusive (narrowest category) to most inclusive

Atom Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Community Ecosystem Biosphere

Cells having no nucleus would belong to the

Bacteria

Which of the following statements are true concerning the ecological significance of prokaryotes? (Select all that apply.)

Bacteria and archaea are an important food source for other organisms. Without prokaryotes living in and on you, you'd get sick more often. Bacteria help us produce cheese.

Review the section "Investigating Life: The Tiniest Compass." What survival advantage might bacteria with magnetosomes have?

Bacteria waste less cellular energy swimming to locations with optimal oxygen concentrations.

Context dependent behavior is:

Behavior that varies with environmental stimuli

If an individual has his/her gall bladder removed, he/she is typically put on a low-fat diet. Which of the following would explain this recommendation?

Bile acids cannot be released following a meal.

What is the difference between animals that exhibit radial versus bilateral symmetry?

Body components are arranged around a central axis in radial symmetry, but are arranged with a distinct left and right in bilateral symmetry.

The domain(s) that contain(s) prokaryotes is(are)

Both Archaea and Bacteria are correct.

How is tropical deforestation linked to climate change?

Burning the forests releases carbon dioxide, and transpiration by trees is diminished.

Which of the following pathways would be used for photosynthesis by corn plants found in a hot, sunny environment?

C4 pathway

Which plants keep their stomata open only at night?

CAM

In the Yeast Fermentation experiment, what is forming bubbles ?

CO2

For the Cellular Respiration Simulator in LearnSmart LABS: When data was collected, you graphed your data. What did you have to do to accurately produce this graph?

Calculate the measurements taken at 20 minutes in terms of what it would be per minute

For the Fermentation by Yeast Experiment: Yeast has been used to make leavened bread for centuries. When yeast undergoes fermentation, CO2 is trapped and causes the bread to rise. Ethanol, another byproduct of yeast fermentation, generates the alcohol content in beer, and the CO2 provides effervescence. What ingredients must be present in order for these processes to occur?

Carbohydrates

Categorize each description or graphic into the type of organic molecule to which it applies.

Carbohydrates - some are used in short term energy storage; others are used to build cellular structures Proteins - hemoglobin and enzymes are examples, wide range of functions from transport of substances to carrying out chemical reactions Nucleic acids - nucleotide, store genetic information and use it in cells, DNA and RNA are examples Lipids - hydrophobic

What element is always present in all organic compounds?

Carbon

Select the statement that correctly describes one of the bulk elements necessary for life.

Carbon (C) has four valence electrons and is likely to form covalent bonds.

Determine if each of the following hormones binds to receptors inside or on the surface of target cells.

Cell surface: Oxytocin, FSH, Insulin, Prolactin, Endorphins Within cell: Mineralocorticoids, Estrogen, Glucocorticoids, Testosterone

The brain and the spinal cord are the main parts of the

Central Nervous System

The scientist who published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859 was

Charles Darwin.

When clicking "How do I start my online class" in the Virtual campus area, what is the first thing listed that you should do when beginning an online class?

Check your email and log in

What criteria could be used to distinguish a bacterial cell from an archaean cell? (Select all that apply.)

Chemical composition of the cell membrane Ability to produce endospores

Centipedes are members of which class of arthropods?

Chilopoda

Two countries, _____ and _____, account for one-third of the human population.

China; India

A tunicate is in which phylum?

Chordates

Select all the statements that correctly describe an effect of increasing global temperatures.

Coastal ecosystems may experience flooding. Populations of high elevation species could become isolated. Polar habitats are shrinking.

Match each process of the nitrogen cycle with the form of nitrogen that is produced. Labels may be used more than once.

Combustion: NO2 Decomposition: NH4+ Nitrogen fixation: NH4+ Dentrification: N2 Nitrification: NO3- Absorption/Incorporation: Amino acids

_____ states that two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche.

Competitive exclusion principle

Which class of arthropods is noted for having 2 pair of antennae?

Crustacea

In the diagram below, click on the area of the cell where glycolysis occurs.

Cytoplasm

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor, the hormone-receptor complex binds to

DNA

Select all the structures that are found in all living cells.

DNA RNA Ribosomes Cell membrane Proteins

The comparison listed below that is not true in distinguishing DNA from RNA is that

DNA is a molecule that stores and regulates our genetics, while RNA is used for cellular energy storage and release for biological functions.

In order for a milk protein to be secreted in mammals, these events must happen in the correct organelle function sequence.

DNA transcription in the nucleus-passage of mRNA out of nucleus; translation of mRNA by the ribosome-packaging of proteins by the endoplasmic reticulum

From the TED Talk Video, Dr. Terry Wahls: Which of the following are NOT recommended components of the diet according to Dr. Terry Wahls?

Dairy products

Who was the first to compare life on the planet to a great tree?

Darwin

Select all of the following that are true about human activities and biodiversity.

Deforestation throws off the water cycle because it decreases the return of water to the atmosphere. Forests, prairies, and temperate grassland biomes are the biomes most affected by human agriculture. Corals and amphibians are among the groups of species most seriously threatened with extinction. Chipmunks that moved to higher elevations are losing genetic diversity and thus facing extinction due to climate change.

Drag the strategies into the appropriate columns to show what problem each strategy is designed to address.

Deforestation--preserving natural areas, restoring habitat Overexploitation--captive breeding of endangered..., hunting limits Invasive species--predator control

Classify each of the following situations as dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, or both by dragging it to the appropriate box.

Dehydration synthesis - Water molecules are produced, monomers are joined together, occurs when nucleotides are joined together during DNA replication Hydrolysis - water molecules are broken apart, polymers are broken apart, occurs in your stomach as part of digestion Both - enzymes are required

Which of the following is true of dehydration synthesis reactions? (Select all that apply.)

Dehydration synthesis reactions are required to synthesize polymers. Dehydration synthesis is involved in reactions that combine organic monomers to produce polymers. For each covalent bond produced in a dehydration synthesis reaction, a water molecule is created.

Until the late 1970s, there was no "Domain" of scientific naming as the broadest category in taxonomy. Kingdom Monera included similar microscopic organisms of Eubacteria and Archebacteria. Other kingdoms, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia were also named. Researchers proposed the Domain to account for distinction beyond existing differences discovered between the bacteria-like organisms. Which type of information led most directly to the support and adoption of the broader category of Domain, and subsequent Domains of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya?

Differences in DNA among the existing Kingdoms showed need for a broader naming category.

Until the late 1970s, there was no "Domain" as the broadest category in taxonomy. Instead, there were five kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, and Monera, which included all bacteria-like organisms. Researchers proposed the domains to distinguish between the bacteria-like organisms. Which information supported the domain level, and subsequent domains of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?

Differences in DNA among the existing kingdoms showed a need for a broader naming category.

What do the branches of the tree of life represent?

Different groups or species

Match each type of selection to its correct description.

Directional selection: Finches with larger beaks are able to crack tougher, thicker seeds. Over many years of drought, during which only thick seeds are produced by plants, the majority of the finches in the population have larger beaks. Disruptive selection: In an area of black lava interspersed with light-colored, sandy patches, mice vary in color; some are white, some are black, and some are grey. Owls prey on the grey mice more often because their coloration does not match either of the local habitats. Stabilizing selection: Squirrels in your neighborhood vary in size. You see foxes eating the largest squirrels and stray cats eating the smallest squirrels until almost no large or small squirrels are left.

Extreme thermophiles belong in what group?

Domain Archaea

Drag each label to all of the domains to which it applies.

Domain bacteria - prokaryotic cells, membrane composed of fatty acid lipids, typical size is 1 to 10 micrometers, membrane bounded organelles absent Domain archaea - prokaryotic cells, membrane composed of nonfatty acid lipids, typical size is 1 to 10 micrometers, membrane bounded organelles is absent Domain eukarya - membrane composed of fatty acid lipids, typical size is 10 to 100 micrometers, nucleus present in cells, organisms consist of one or more cells

Match each behavioral example with its correct category of behavior from the diagram above.

Dominance hierarchy Finding food Cooperation Mate selection

Members of this group of animals have the following characteristics: spines on surface; radial symmetry; marine habitats only; tube feet; and water vascular system.

Echinodermata

What statement correctly describes the relationship among endocrine glands, target cells, water-soluble hormones, and lipid-soluble hormones?

Endocrine glands secrete water-soluble hormones and lipid-soluble hormones that bind to target cells.

Which of these statements best expresses the common linkage among the life characteristics met in all organisms?

Energy is needed to build, regulate and conduct processes of life.

What is the relationship among births, deaths, and carrying capacity in equilibrium species?

Equilibrium species have a low birth rate and a low death rate and tend to stay near the carrying capacity.

Drag the label on the left to the coastal ecosystem it best describes.

Estuary--area where freshwater..., contains abundant life..., migratory fowl... Coral reef--one of the most...,found in tropical..., contain large deposits... Intertidal zone--sandy beaches..., is sometimes without water...

Many features of eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ. Drag and drop each phrase onto the image of the appropriate cell type. If a phrase applies to both cell types, drop it in the box that says "Applies to both."

Eukaryotes - has membrane bounded organelles, has mitochondria Prokaryotes - lacks an endoplasmic reticulum, has DNA in cytoplasm Applies to both - has ribosomes, has a cell membrane, makes its own proteins

Put the following processes in a logical order, starting with "Evaporation."

Evaporation Condensation Frozen precipitation Snow melts into river Absorption Transpiration

Which of the following is true with regard to organic molecules? (Select all that apply.)

Every monosaccharide, fatty acid, and nucleotide contains hydrogen and carbon.

Why would rapid change in climate potentially lead to ecological problems?

Evolution is unlikely to occur quickly enough to keep pace with biome changes.

Which part of the growth curve is characterized by rapid population growth?

Exponential growth phase

Does each image, equation, or description demonstrate exponential growth or logistic growth?

Exponential growth: growth rate increases over time, yr 1 pop=20 yr 4 pop=10,000 Logistic growth: yr 1=20 yr 4 pop=2300, competition reduces growth rate, s-shaped curve, a population remaining close to carrying capacity

'Life' is defined for any particle, substance or object as anything which is not dead.

False

A heterotroph obtains the energy that it needs to maintain homeostasis from the sun.

False

A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the R group of another amino acid.

False

All communities eventually reach the climax state, in which all components are consistent.

False

All living cells have a cell wall.

False

An internal membrane in chordates that protects the developing fetus is the notochord.

False

Anaerobic respiration uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.

False

Autotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms.

False

Cyanobacteria have chloroplasts.

False

Ethologists asking "why"-type questions in their studies are studying proximate causes of animal behavior.

False

Flatworms have complete digestive tracts.

False

In prokaryotic cells the electron transport system occurs in the mitochondria.

False

Lodgepole chipmunks have moved to higher elevations in the last century as temperatures at Yellowstone warmed.

False

Mammals that lay eggs are marsupials.

False

Most bacteria inside and on the human body cause disease.

False

Most individuals of one species will purposely mate with another closely related species.

False

Of the three domains of organisms, only the Bacteria are prokaryotes.

False

Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which neither member of the relationship benefits.

False

Presence of vertebrae is a shared characteristic among all chordates.

False

Proteins store the genetic information of the cell and transmit it to the next generation.

False

The "Kingdom" is the most all-inclusive taxonomic category.

False

The cells shown here are all part of the Eukarya domain. (Ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleoid [DNA], cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagellum)

False

The smallest scale of biological organization is represented by each organelle.

False

True or False? Invasive species increase biodiversity by introducing new DNA to an ecosystem.

False

Given that female cats produce few eggs relative to the number of sperm produced by males, which behavior would you predict?

Females would be more choosy about their mate.

Which of the following are characteristics or examples of sponges? (Click on all that apply.)

Filter feed Each animal produces both male and female sex cells True tissues are absent

Which of these is an incorrect comparison between flagella and cilia?

Flagella are used for propulsion, while cilia are used to attach cells to other cells or surfaces.

Leeches and earthworms belong to the phylum containing the

Flatworms.

Alternation of __________________ occurs when a gametophyte alternates with a sporophyte.

Generations

What product of photosynthesis is synthesized using the one-carbon molecules that start the Calvin Cycle, and by making use of all of the light reaction products?

Glucose

How do the products of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle relate to the electron transport chain?

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle produce the molecules that shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain.

Review the section "Investigating Life: The Tiniest Compass." The figure below represents some of the experiments that researchers conducted. What tube shows bacteria finding their optimum O2 concentration level without a magnetic field? Click the box under the correct tube.

Going in all different directions (far right)

Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that arise from which of the following organelles?

Golgi apparatus

A technique which classifies bacteria by the type of cell wall they have is called:

Gram staining

It is believed that war vessels in World War II carried the brown tree snake to the island of _____. This invasive predator caused extinction of many local populations of birds and small reptiles.

Guam

What key adaptation distinguishes gymnosperms from ferns?

Gymnosperms produce pollen and do not require water to reproduce.

Blood pH is closely maintained at a pH of 7.4. A patient whose blood pH drops below 7.35 is suffering from metabolic acidosis and can go into a coma. What happens to the concentration of H+ ions in a patient with a blood pH of 6.4?

H+ concentration is increased 10-fold.

Classify each example into the threat to biodiversity it represents.

Habitat loss--dams, deforestation and overgrazing Overexploitation--unsustainable harvest, drastic reduction... Pollution--acid precipitation, smog, eutrophication Invasive species--Kudzu, European starlings, Gypsy moth

What does alternation of generations really mean? Identify the differences between plant and animal sexual reproduction by selecting all of the statements that are true.

Haploid plant cells can divide by mitosis to produce multicellular haploid stages. In its life cycle, the plant can exist in either a haploid or diploid state. Plants give rise to gametes by mitosis of haploid cells. Plants have a mature, multicellular diploid stage.

Which of the following was a government program mentioned in the video?

Healthier Cities

_________ are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the blood.

Hormones

Select all of the advantages that hormones have over neural signals.

Hormones can circulate in the bloodstream and affect many target cells. Hormones can have a prolonged effect. A hormone secreted in one place of the body can travel to target cells in another place.

Which of the following is a proximate question in regards to animal behavior?

How does a male songbird learn the songs that attract females of his species?

What is the largest object in the list in the "Cells Alive!" simulation?

Human hair

The chapter concept map links covalent and ionic bonds as chemical bonds that attract atoms or molecules. What is the chemical bond characteristic that contributes to the numerous important properties of water molecules for living organisms?

Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules, not requiring gain, loss, or sharing of electrons.

Which of the following is true of a hydrolysis reaction? Select all that apply.

Hydrolysis reactions are involved in the breakdown of organic polymers to yield monomers. A hydrolysis reaction involves the splitting of a water molecule each time a bond in a polymer is broken to yield a monomer. When you eat starch, your salivary enzymes quickly convert it into glucose using hydrolysis reactions.

Suppose that you are a scientist comparing the energy that orchids use for developing flowers to the energy that orchids use to produce nectar. Your research produces the following hypothetical graph. These data make you curious if orchids that allocate less energy to producing nectar (and therefore produce less nectar) reproduce less frequently. Which of the following might be your hypothesis?

If orchids produce less nectar, then their moth pollinators will not visit them as often.

Which of the following statements about acids and bases is true? (Check all that apply.)

If the ratio of protons (H+) to hydroxide ions (OH-) is ten to one (10:1), then the solution is acidic. Adding a base to an acidic solution will bring the pH of the solution closer to 7. Acidic compounds are those that release protons (H+) into solution.

Each of the sentences on the left explains part of an experiment in which temperature plays a role. Classify the sentences based on whether temperature is an independent, dependent, or standardized variable.

Independent - You determine the effect of temperature on the honey production of bees; You measure the heart rate of a lizard as its body temperature changes Dependent - You measure the boiling point of water at various altitudes; You measure the freezing point of water in the presence of various amounts of salt Standardized - You measure the change in activity of an insect due to light intensity changes???

How did Darwin describe natural selection? (Select all that apply.)

Individuals with adaptations to their environment pass on their genes to more offspring. Natural selection acts on genetic variation of organisms in a population.

How did Darwin describe natural selection? Select all that apply.

Individuals with adaptations to their environment pass on their genes to more offspring. Natural selection acts on genetic variation of organisms in a population.

In the diagram below, click on the area of the cell where the electron transport chain is found.

Inner membrane

_________ lowers blood glucose, and _________ raises it.

Insulin; glucagon

Define hybridization:

Interbreeding between different species

In which coastal zone would you find a large number of crabs and mangrove trees along with moist soil?

Intertidal

Insulin is a peptide hormone. Which of the following would occur in a muscle cell exposed to insulin?

Intracellular second messenger molecule levels would increase.

Select all the reasons why invasive species can lead to biodiversity loss.

Invasive species outcompete native species. Invasive species are able to expand their range rapidly.

When Seymour and colleagues measured the temperature of Philodendron flowers, what hypothesis were they testing?

Is heat being used by Philodendron to attract pollinators?

Which of the following is not true about a hypothesis?

It can be proven to be true.

What is the advantage to the sphinx moth Xanthopan morgani by having an 8-inch-long tongue?

It can reach nectar that no other pollinator can reach.

The observation that Tiktaalik had both gills and lungs suggests which of the following?

It could absorb oxygen from both the air and water.

Tiktaalik either crawled or paddled in shallow tropical streams about 380 MYA, during the late Devonian period. These shallow waters often became anaerobic. What selective advantage would Tiktaalik have under these conditions?

It could lift its head out of the water and breathe air through its lungs.

Which of the following is not a true statement about the scientific method?

It does not apply to problems encountered in everyday life.

Meerkats live in large colonies and have various ways of defending themselves against predation. What is the most likely reason a meerkat colony responds differently to deadly snakes and Marshall eagles?

It is a learned behavior.

As you climb a mountain, why do the biomes change?

It is colder.

What first happens to the two-carbon molecule, acetyl CoA, as it enters the Krebs cycle?

It is combined with a four-carbon sugar to form a six-carbon sugar.

Which of the following best describes a plant?

It is multicellular.

In theory, yeast cells conducting alcoholic fermentation produce about 1 kg of ethanol for every 2 kg of glucose. Where does the extra kilogram of mass go?

It is released as carbon dioxide gas.

What is the role of tubulin during mitosis in eukaryotic cells?

It pulls a cell's chromosomes apart during cell division.

What will happen to the pH inside of a thylakoid that is exposed to light?

It will decrease.

Classify the following as domains, kingdoms, or neither.

Kingdom - Fungi, animalia Domain - Eukarya, the most inclusive taxonomic category, taxonomic group containing all bacteria Neither - Prokaryotes, taxonomic group containing all life on Earth

What were the results of the simulated experiment?

Leptin makes Plain toads want to mate with other species.

Drag each label to the type of microscope it describes. Each answer is used once.

Light microscope - provides the lowest level of magnification, provides the lowest level of resolution, allows for the viewing of live samples, provides true color images Transmission election microscope - could be used for observing the Golgi apparatus, provides the highest level of resolution Scanning electron microscope - requires sample to be coated in metal particles, can provide only surface images

Which type of organic compound is used for long-term storage of energy?

Lipids

Which of the following plant DOES NOT HAVE vascular tissues?

Liverwort

Select all of the following that are characteristics of life.

Living things are composed of cells. Living things use energy. Livings things can reproduce and grow.

For the Cellular Respiration Simulator in LearnSmart LABS: What did you have to do to collect data from your simulation experiment?

Measure the size of the air pocket trapped in the smaller tubes

Health care and fitness professionals claim moderate exercise yields heart health. In an attempt to study the effect of moderate exercise on heart health, you track four groups of fellow students through a semester. One group is a control, who are not to change their exercise patterns. The three other groups are assigned to a 30-minute exercise once, twice, or three times a week. Results at the end of the semester show that average blood pressure and pulse rates are nearly the same for the control group as the once-a-week exercisers. Average blood pressure and pulse were slightly lower for the two groups that exercised more often, but not every student showed any difference, and some actually had increased blood pressure and pulse rates. What conclusions can be drawn from the data collected?

Measured differences in the average blood pressure and pulse of the three experimental groups will not likely show a statistically significant difference from the control group.

Match the descriptions on the the left with the cytoskeletal proteins on the right.

Microfilament - made of actin, required for muscle contraction Intermediate filament - forms internal cell scaffold and provides mechanical strength Microtubule - major structural protein of cilia and flagella, form tracks along which motor proteins transport various intracellular components, plays a major role in cell division, is composed of the protein tubulin Have a different composition in different specialized cells???

Classify each description, image, or example as the appropriate component of the cytoskeleton.

Microtubule - a faulty flagellum on a sperm would likely be caused by a defect in this cytoskeletal component, this is the largest diameter component of the cytoskeleton Intermediate filament - this filament is composed of several different proteins, this filament is found in anchoring junctions??? Microfilament - this cytoskeleton component is composed of actin

_______________ are inorganic elements (e.g. calcium, iron, sodium, potassium) that are needed in small amounts for good health. They can act as cofactors of enzymes.

Minerals

From the TED Talk Video, Dr. Terry Wahls: What two body features did Dr. Terry Wahls design her new diet to nourish?

Mitochondria and brain

Spadefoot toad tadpoles develop __________________ compared to most other types of toads.

More quickly

In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide molecules are reduced by the addition of electrons carried from the light reactions by

NADPH.

Photosystem I initiates the electron transport chain that produces

NADPH.

What statement about voltage-gated ion channels during depolarization is true?

Na+ gates open before K+ gates.

Which of these lists the events of an action potential in the correct order?

Na+ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive→Na+ gates close→K+ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative

Given basic information from observations of the orchid with a long nectary, and the moth with the long proboscis, what is the advantage to a plant like an orchid producing nectar over a plant like a pine tree that does not produce nectar?

Nectar attracts animals that perform pollination.

_______________ are chemicals that transmit nerve impulses between neurons.

Neurotransmitters

The reactions in glycolysis are reversible; however, the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA is irreversible in animal cells. Can fatty acids be converted back into carbohydrates?

No, because they enter metabolism as acetyl CoA.

Only one species of moth is known to have a proboscis long enough to reach the nectar in the Madagascar orchid. Would the orchid be more likely to reproduce if, through many generations, its nectaries became short enough that other insect species were able to serve as pollinators? (Select all that apply.)

No. If the nectaries were shorter then Xanthopan morgani would be able to feed without rubbing against the pollen. No. If the nectaries were shorter then insect species that use other flowers as food sources would also drink its nectar, and it would be less likely these insects would visit another orchid of the same species while carrying its pollen.

Classify each of the following as a nonessential element, essential bulk element, or essential trace element.

Nonessential element - argon, aluminum, helium Essential bulk element - carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium Essential trace element - iron, copper

What conditions would support exponential growth? Select all that apply.

Nutrients are..., genetic and infectious..., predators are absent

In biological molecules, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen often form covalent bonds with hydrogen. Arrange these bonds from most polar to least polar.

O-H, N-H, C-H

Why are top-level predators like lions and eagles so rare in a community?

Only a small amount of the energy is available to top trophic levels.

Review the section "Investigating Life: Two Kingdoms and a Virus Team Up to Beat the Heat." What selective advantage do the plants living with virus-infected fungi have?

Only plants living with virus-infected fungi can survive the 65˚C soil temperature.

Drag the word or description on the left to a dock on the right to test your understanding of the characteristics of life.

Organization - Cells make tissues, tissues make organs, and organs make up organ systems Metabolism - Autotrophs use energy from the sun Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal constancy is called _______ Reproduction, growth, or development - Going through puberty to reach maturity is part of _______ Evolution - A trait conferring rapid growth increases reproductive success in a plant species. The trait becomes more common in the population

Based upon the valence electron number of oxygen, which of the following is true of its binding capabilities? (Check all that apply.)

Oxygen can form two single bonds (share two electrons each with two different atoms). Oxygen can form one double bond with another atom (share four electrons).

From the Nutrition Lab Digestive System video: Which of the following is one of the chemicals produced by the cells of the stomach?

Pepsin

Consider your knowledge about the cell membrane and check all of the true statements below.

Phospholipids can self-assemble into a sphere without the help of proteins. Steroids in cell membranes allow the membrane to be more fluid. Phospholipid bilayers surround all eukaryotic cells. Both plant and animal cell membranes are considered fluid mosaics.

In this lab simulation members of the phylum Arthropod were classified based on:

Physical characteristics

Which kingdom only contains multicellular organisms?

Plantae

Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase, plant growth will also increase. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

Plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.

What is one major difference between plants and green algae?

Plants do not always require water for reproduction, but green algae do.

Why do populations that fragment in response to climate changes face a higher risk of extinction?

Population fragmentation leads to loss of genetic diversity.

Name the three phases of laboratory safety measures.

Preparation, experiment, and clean up

Prokaryotes, such as Bacteria and Archaea, are biologically distinct from eukaryotes for all but which of the following traits?

Prokaryotes are single-celled.

Classify each item by the class of molecule to which it relates.

Protein - Its monomers are called amino acids Lipid - Its main feature is its water-repellent property, stored in adipose tissue Nucleic acid - DNA, RNA, its monomers are called nucleotides, genes are made of this Carbohydrate - its polymers are called polysaccharides

Select the four main types of organic molecules in food.

Proteins, fats, nucleic acids, carbohydrates

The four kingdoms included in the domain Eukarya are

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Why are protozoans not categorized as animals?

Protozoans are unicellular.

What is necessary for a response to a hormone

Receptors

__________ is a signal that generates a response without any processing in the brain.

Reflex arc

A structure found in cells of all three domains, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is the

Ribosome

In the life cycle of plants, what is the difference between a seed and a spore?

Seeds are diploid, and can grow directly into a sporophyte.

What is the relationship between sensory pathways and motor pathways?

Sensory pathways carry information toward the central nervous system, which sends responses down motor pathways to a muscle or gland.

Drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) block reuptake of serotonin and are used to treat depression. Which of the following would occur in a patient given a SSRI?

Serotonin levels would increase in the synapse.

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for how small cuttlefish learned to mimic females?

Small males observed that females could approach each other as they pleased.

Match each biome with the organism(s) responsible for its primary productivity. Not all choices will be used.

Small plants--Desert Phytoplankton--Open ocean Trees--Rainforest

Studying the Sepia apama cuttlefish, Hanlon, Naud, and their colleagues observed that most success in producing fertilized eggs was attributed to the males guarding mated females from subsequent mating attempts by other males. What additional behavior contributed to successful production of fertilized eggs?

Smaller, less aggressive males used mimicry of females to approach guarded females repeated times in attempts to mate.

Which of the following kingdoms can do photosynthesis?

Some protists

Corals and jellyfish belong to the phylum containing the

Sponges

Drag the labels on the left to the freshwater biome they best describe.

Standing water--sedimentation forms..., lakes and ponds Streams--contains moving..., rivers and creeks, takes sediments to... Both streams and standing water--is typically fed by springs..., contains multiple zones..., contains 0.009%...

Which would be an acceptable negative control in the enzymes experiment?

Starch solution

Mules can't come from other mules because they are:

Sterile

Categorize each description into the correct type of lipid.

Steroids - small molecules found in cell membranes made up of 4 fused rings, include vitamin D and cortisone Triglycerides - function in long term storage of energy, hydrocarbon chains can be saturated and unsaturated, made up of 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule Waxes - form seals that water cannot penetrate Phospholipids - main component of a cell membrane

How do CAM plants minimize photorespiration?

Stomata are only opened at night, storing carbon dioxide in malate. During the day the carbon dioxide is released for photosynthesis.

What is required every week as proof of attendance that the lab activities are being completed?

Submitting the lab photos document with all of the required items in each photo.

What happens during the rising phase of the Action Potential?

The Na+ ions enter the neuron.

What happens to the amount of energy while going up the food pyramid?

The amount of energy decreases.

Natural selection requires that a trait in a species is genetic, which is heritable within the population, and has variable forms of the trait that increase survival or confer reproductive advantages. Consider that there is variation in beak lengths of a bird that eats nectar from flowers, and the heritable longer beak length allows feeding from larger flowers of a plant species with more tubular petal arrangements. The birds having longer beaks are more prevalent, and their longer beaks make successful reproduction more common for the plants with larger, tubular flowers, because of increased pollination success. What ecological process has happened between these two species?

The bird beak length selection has led to the large, tubular flower selection through coevolution.

Determine which of the following is true about the structure of water. (Select all that apply.)

The bonds of a water molecule are polar. Water has one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.

For the Photosynthesis in Different Light Levels Experiment: Which light level should have made the balloon attached to the top of the test tube containing the stalk of an aquatic plant in water inflate the MOST?

The brightest / most intense light

For the Photosynthesis in Different Light Levels Experiment: Three test tubes were filled with the same amount of water. Baking soda was also added to the tubes. The baking soda, otherwise known as sodium bicarbonate, adds CO2 to the water. In what way would the results change is the baking soda were NOT used?

The bubbles made by the plant would decrease

Plant cells do not contain contractile vacuoles, and watering plants causes their cytoplasm to become more dilute. What happens when a plant is watered?

The cells swell.

A scientist hypothesizes that the temperature at which alligator eggs are incubated will determine the sex of the young alligator. The scientist proposes to store alligator eggs at various temperatures and count the number of male and female alligators that result in each case. Which of the following is true of independent and dependent variables in this experiment? (Select all that apply.)

The dependent variable is the number of male or female alligators. The independent variable is the temperature.

When a person is suffocating for lack of air (oxygen), how would the electron transfer chain in their cells be affected?

The electron transport chain would stop because the carrier proteins would have no way to unload electrons.

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is true?

The exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge.

Select all of the following that are true of the phospholipid bilayer. (Select all that apply.)

The fatty acid chains of the phospholipids make the middle section hydrophobic. Sterols embedded in the bilayer allow the membrane to remain fluid at various temperatures. Some proteins embedded in the membrane help with transporting large molecules through the bilayer. Plasmodesmata in plant cells and gap junctions in animals cells allow for direct exchange of material between adjacent cells.

One way that antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria arise is that patients do not follow the instructions for taking the drug. In a typical scenario, a drug may be prescribed for a week, but the patient may stop taking it after 2 to 3 days if they start to feel better. Then when the infection flares up again, they take the rest of their dose. Why would this scenario lead to drug resistance?

The first round of treatment does not kill the most resistant bacteria, which then increase in number.

Darwin observed an orchid flower with petals arranged in very long, thin tubes, rather than broad and flat, as we might see in other common flowers. What is the advantage to the orchid having an 11-inch-long nectar tube arrangement of the petals?

The flower can only be pollinated by a specifically adapted pollinator, reducing cross-fertilization among orchid species.

When an egg is fried, what happens to the protein in the egg?

The heat denatures the proteins in the egg.

Select all of the following that are true of global climate change caused by increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere.

The increasing concentration of CO2 and several other greenhouse gases is trapping more heat in Earth's atmosphere. Excess CO2 is acidifying the oceans, which harms corals and animals with shells. Warmer global temperatures have already begun to shrink polar ice and glaciers.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a neuron at rest?

The neuron is stimulated.

Examine this diagram. Note the structure of branches connecting groups of organisms. Called a phylogenetic tree, the branches propose relationships among organisms to each other, related to common ancestors. Although the proposed relationships can be described in sentences, the diagram summarizes them visually. Which of the following statements is true based on this diagram?

The organisms in domain Archaea are more closely related to the organisms in domain Eukarya than those in domain Bacteria.

What is an endocrine function of the pancreas?

The pancreas secretes glucagon that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose.

How does the plant use the glucose it produces in the carbon reactions? Select all that apply.

The plant stores glucose molecules as polysaccharides. The plant breaks down the glucose for energy. The plant uses the glucose to produce structural polysaccharides.

If you moved plants from a desert-like white sand area north of Perth, Australia, to a moist-soiled forest south of Perth, what would probably happen?

The plants would probably do poorly since the two biomes are so different.

What happens during the falling phase of the Action Potential?

The potassium gates open.

Define speciation:

The process of splitting of one species into two or more different species

Review the section "Investigating Life: Up, Up, and Away." Based on the data below, which of the following are possible conclusions that can be drawn? Select all that apply.

The relative genetic difference between modern and historical lodgepole chipmunk populations is smaller than the difference between modern and historical alpine chipmunk populations. Alpine chipmunk populations shared more DNA sequences historically than they do now.

In an experiment, which of the following is not generally a true statement?

The smaller the sample size the more reliable the results.

Match the types of habitat loss with appropriate examples or definitions.

The spreading of the Sahara, for example--Desertification The building of cities over natural habitat--Urbanization Decreasing biodiversity--All habitat loss Logging activities remove all the trees in a forest--Deforestation Creating reservoirs from flowing rivers--Damming

In eusocial animals like ants, the queen is diploid and the male is haploid. Why would female worker ants be more likely than other animals to engage in altruism, feeding the queen's offspring?

The worker ants are more related to the queen's offspring than they would be to their own offspring.

What is one way that bacterial and archaeal cells differ from each other?

Their cell membranes are made of different kinds of molecules.

The most obvious characteristic of annelids is the repeated segments that make up their bodies. They also have a complete digestive system, and a coelom. Which of the following is true of an annelid?

Their gut is separated from their body wall and they have cephalization.

Contractile vacuoles in protists take up water when the cell's cytoplasm becomes too dilute. In order for a contractile vacuole to start filling up with water, what must be true?

There is some mechanism for the cell to measure the concentration of its cytoplasm.

Chimpanzees given food will readily share with other chimpanzees, even if not related. Which of the following is an explanation for this observation?

They anticipate reciprocal altruism.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all plants?

They are heterotrophs.

Which of the following characteristics do all animals share?

They are multicellular eukaryotes.

From a standpoint of biodiversity, what is the largest problem with captive breeding programs?

They do not restore the genetic diversity of the species.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of mammals?

They have a two-chambered heart.

Which of the following are characteristics of reptiles?

They have lungs and are ectotherms.

Phenylalanine hydrolase is an enzyme produced by the liver to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. Why would phenylalanine accumulate in patients with phenylketonuria?

They lack the enzyme to break down phenylalanine.

The forelimbs of Tiktaalik have bones, but are fringed with fins instead of toes (see figure). Which of the following is the best explanation for this observation?

This is a transitional fossil, and the species has not yet lost its fins.

Panic grass and its mycovirus-infected endophyte have a mutualistic relationship. Similarly, mycorrhizal fungi have a mutualistic relationship with plant roots. Your friend says, "Mycorrhizal fungi are so altruistic! They absorb water and minerals for their plant, helping it to survive." What might you say to correct your friend?

Though the plant has greater reproductive success when living with the fungi, the fungi also have greater reproductive success when living with the plant, so the fungi are not really altruistic.

Match the description on the left with the most fitting class of membrane proteins on the right. Right-click on any image to zoom in.

Transport proteins - ions move in and out Receptor proteins - hormones bind here Enzymes - these proteins help catalyze chemical reactions Recognition proteins - a woman has a disorder causing her immune system to attach her own cells; she may have a problem with these proteins Adhesion proteins - cells stick together

A typical neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

True

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.

True

After nearing extinction in the 1960s, the bald eagle population is now about 10,000.

True

An organism to which oxygen is toxic is an obligate anaerobe.

True

Arthropods have jointed legs.

True

Because Archaea were first found in environments that lacked oxygen or were very hot, acidic, or salty, they were nicknamed "extremophiles."

True

Behaviors can be governed by hormones

True

Birds are endothermic, feathered reptiles.

True

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone have effects which generally oppose one another

True

Endosymbiosis theory is proposed in large part because of the resemblance of mitochondria, and chloroplast structures to prokaryotes.

True

Flatworms have bilateral symmetry.

True

If a molecule is added to a glass of water, and is easily dissolved by the water, the added molecule is described as hydrophilic.

True

If a protein is denatured, its structure has been changed enough to make the protein nonfunctional.

True

If an individual reduces its own fitness for the survival of and reproduction of nondescendant relatives is termed kin selection.

True

In almost all cases, innate and learned behaviors are determined by both genetics and environment.

True

In an evolutionary sense, fitness refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.

True

In an experiment designed to determine if a fertilizer increased crop yield in tomato plants, the amount of sunlight and water the plants received would be standardized variables.

True

In eukaryotic cells the electron transport system occurs in the mitochondria.

True

Many environmentalists believe that reducing human population growth could improve environmental issues.

True

Many prokaryotes play vital roles in global nutrient cycles.

True

Monogamous animals live with their one mate and help take care of their young.

True

Of the 20 amino acids in all organisms, essential amino acids are obtained by food consumption.

True

People beginning cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training are often surprised that they can breathe enough oxygen into a victim, with the air from their lungs. The fact that you still have sufficient oxygen to benefit another person in emergencies indicates that our bodies do not access and use all molecules of oxygen we breathe in.

True

Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts.

True

Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates.

True

Stotting and mobbing are altruistic behaviors used by certain animals to warn others of danger.

True

Studies in the Southern Hemisphere have shown that plants that shifted biomes between generations usually migrated to a biome similar to the one that they left.

True

Symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine help prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria.

True

Teeth are mineralized structures for holding and breaking up food.

True

The chance that a mutation will occur is independent of whether a new phenotype will benefit a population.

True

The presence of a cell wall and chloroplasts are two features that distinguish a plant cell from an animal cell.

True

The scientific study of animal behavior is ethology.

True

The trace mineral iron is necessary in humans for the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin molecules.

True

The type of animal behavior that is inborn and does not require experience or learning to be performed correctly is innate behavior.

True

True or False? Many animal social interactions lead to mate selection.

True

True or False? The first week when the lab kit will be required for use in the lab, is week 3 (or lesson 3).

True

When a traveling companion says that the light seems dimmer in Canada than it did in the Caribbean, and points to the differences in the kinds of plants in the two places, you answer that it is due to the curvature of Earth, spreading the same amount of light over a greater area as you travel north.

True

Based on the video, which country/region uses the greatest amount of resources (bioproductivity or global hectares per person)?

United States

Click on all of the hypotheses that are testable using the scientific method. (Select all that apply.)

Vitamins reduce the chance that a patient will become sick,

Complete the concept map by correctly placing the phrases or terms provided into the appropriate locations. Not all labels will be used.

Volcano destroys all life on a temperate forest island--> primary --> pioneer species Tornado disturbs a prairie ecosystem--> secondary--> pioneer species

For the Enzymes, Energy and Photosynthesis Lab: The enzyme catalase is present in many different types of cells including yeast cells. If the same amount of yeast is placed into three different test tubes containing the same amount of hydrogen peroxide, and the tubes are placed in three different temperature environments: refrigerator, room temperature, and in warmer (but not boiling) water, and an empty balloon is attached to the top of each tube, which tube should have the most inflated balloon after 30 minutes?

Warmer temperature

From the Nutrition Lab Digestive System Video: Which of the following is NOT one of the organic macromolecules that makes up living organisms?

Water

For the Enzymes, Energy and Photosynthesis Lab: Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into _______________ and _______________________.

Water and Oxygen gas

Review this nutritional label, then choose all of the statements below that are true.

Water is a macronutrient not listed on this label. Calcium, sodium, iron, and vitamin C are all micronutrients. Eating this entire container of food would provide your entire daily recommended amount of iron.

Categorize each plant group into the correct description of how sperm reach the egg.

Water required for sperm to reach egg--Seedless vascular plants, nonvascular plants Wind required for sperm to reach egg--Gymnosperms Wind or animals required for sperm to reach egg--angiosperms

Which of the following is an ultimate question in regards to animal behavior?

Why do parents risk their lives for those of their offspring?

Is the information in the lab assignments on the lesson quizzes?

Yes

Which of the following is an important invasive species?

Zebra mussel

While walking in the woods, you come across some low-growing plants clustered at the base of a tree. You collect one as a specimen for biology class. Upon examination in the lab, you find that the leaf-, stem-, and root-like structures contain no vascular tissue. The plant is

a bryophyte.

The main product of the Calvin cycle is

a carbohydrate.

Earthworms have multiple hearts that pump blood throughout the body in vessels. They also ingest soil, digest the organic matter, and eliminate the indigestible particles as castings. Earthworms have which of the following?

a complete digestive tract and closed circulatory system

The bond that builds amino acid monomers into protein polymers is

a covalent bond also known as a peptide bond.

In regards to evolution, which deer has the highest "fitness"?

a deer that produces offspring that survives the most

When membrane-bound receptors like HER2 bind to molecules outside of a human cell, they must move laterally within the bilayer and also bind to a second HER2 receptor, forming a dimer (2-part molecule), in order for the signal to be further tranferred inside the cell through the membrane. This is possible because the cell membrane is

a fluid mosaic.

A phospholipid molecule has

a hydrophilic head that is attracted to water.

Taxis is defined as

a movement towards or away from a stimulus.

Evaporation of water is

a phase change of water from liquid into a vapor.

An inert substance (such as sugar, water or saline solution) that resembles the dosage treatments (is injected or drank or given in pills the same way) given to experimental groups for testing a new medicine is

a placebo.

Scientists have developed an ointment to decrease muscle inflammation after intense workouts or trainings. To test the product, 99 weight lifters are divided into three equal groups. Group 1 is given the actual ointment, Group 2 is given an inactive ointment that looks and smells like the active ointment, and Group 3 is not allowed to use any treatment. Group 2 has been given

a placebo.

The CFTR is a normal membrane protein used to move chloride ions out of a cell by active transport. This is an example of

a reaction coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP.

After observing variability among plant and animal species in various locations, Charles Darwin proposed an explanation for what he saw. The broad proposal included reasons that species could be modified through genetic variation, leading to measurable similarity and difference. Evidence for the proposal came from biological, geographic, and geological observations. His proposal allowed for the prediction of new species that might be found in new settings, based on environmental conditions. Darwin's proposal is an example of

a theory.

Charles Darwin, after observing variability among plant and animal species in various locations, proposed an explanation for what he saw. The broad proposal included reasons that species could be modified through genetic variation, leading to measurable similarity and difference. Evidence for the proposal came from biological, geographic and geological observations. His proposal allowed for prediction of new species that might be found in new settings, based on environmental conditions. Darwin's proposal is an example of

a theory.

When NADP+ _____ in the light cycle it is ______, forming NADPH.

accepts electrons; reduced

Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to

acetyl CoA.

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat consisting of a low pH is a(n)

acidophile.

If you wanted to stop the function of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron, you could starve the cell of ATP because this pump is driven by

active transport.

Trees are able to transport water from the roots to the top branches because

adhesion bonds water molecules to the insides of the plant cells.

Select all of the endocrine glands that secrete lipid-soluble hormones.

adrenal cortex ovaries testes

In lab you are told to operate on a mouse to disrupt hormonal control of the sympathetic nervous system and body fluid regulation, so you decide to cut the duct leading to the

adrenal gland.

Which of the following is an example of a steroid hormone?

all of the above (testosterone, progesterone, estrogen)

A golfer wants a new set of clubs to improve her game. In an experiment, she goes to the driving range and compares the distance she hits a bucket of golf balls with drivers of different materials in the head before making her purchase decision. In this simple experiment, the standardized variable is the

all of these except the type of material used to make the club.

How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the plasma membrane?

along microtubules

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric N2 into

ammonium.

In the Fermentation of Yeast Experiment, what was measured to determine the rate of fermentation?

amount of gas produced (bubble)

The enzyme that breaks down starch is

amylase

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the sending neuron?

an action potential that reaches the synaptic terminal of the presynaptic neuron

The primary building block (monomer) of proteins is

an amino acid.

The fitness of an organism includes any of these behaviors except

an animal's behaviors that promote survival and reproductive success of itself and its kin.

Photosynthesis is

an energy transfer process that produces glucose and oxygen.

In a survivorship curve, a type II species, like a song bird, is a species that has

an equal probability of dying at any age.

Which of the following would not be a "control" in an experimental procedure?

an experimental group

Clostridium tetani, the bacterium that causes tetanus, can only survive in soil away from oxygen. It is considered which of the following?

an obligate anaerobe

An enzyme is

an organic molecule that catalyzes a cellular reaction.

On a class field trip, students swabbed, dug, and dipped samples of life from numerous places around campus. Back in the lab, one of the organisms found was unknown to the professor, or any reference books available, and could not be identified. It came from the edge of a marsh, and the sample smelled of hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs). The single cells were found to survive only in a container that had sulfate in it, but also had the oxygen removed by burning a candle. This is likely an organism that uses _____ for cellular respiration.

anaerobic respiration

Which of the following was the last to appear in the fossil record?

angiosperms (flowering plants)

Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are produced by

angiosperms.

Ethology is the scientific study of

animal behavior.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are produced by the

anterior pituitary gland.

If you needed to collect some pollen, you would need to find a(n)

anther

Which of the following is a male part a flower?

anther

Which is a biotic component of an ecosystem?

archaea

Anaerobic respiration is most common in

archaeans.

All protists

are eukaryotes.

Biomagnification usually happens for chemicals that

are not readily degraded and do dissolve in fat.

Annelid worms

are segmented

Sepia apama cuttlefish mollusk males and females

are sexually dimorphic, having different arm lengths and colorations.

Spiders and scorpions belong to the phylum containing the

arthropods.

Plants require a lot of water for hydration, metabolism, homeostasis, and photosynthesis. How is water used in photosynthesis?

as an electron donor in the photosystems

A researcher collected a single-celled organism from birdbath water and grew the organism in a laboratory. The researcher observed the organism reproducing by cell division, which resulted in identical offspring generations. This organism exhibits a form of

asexual reproduction.

The function of the nucleolus is

assembly of components of ribosomes.

In the limits of the eye experiment (nervous system lab), the pencil or eraser starts out:

at arm's length

From smallest to largest scale of complexity, which is the correct sequence for levels of biological organization within an organism?

atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue

The correct sequence going from smallest to largest is

atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue.

In an ionic bond,

atoms, having gained or lost electrons, attract one another with opposite charges.

An organism that can use energy and inorganic substances to produce all the organic material it requires is a(n)

autotroph and producer.

In the virtual population lab experiment, which factor affected population growth?

availability of food

The net primary productivity is the amount of energy

available for consumers.

A college student has a new job, and must balance classes and commute times to work. The student takes two weeks to drive from campus to the workplace by several routes, including a direct route through town, a highway route, and a route through a city park. Comparing the drive times, affected by the route, speed limits and intersections is possible. The dependent variable is the

average time in minutes it takes to drive from campus to workplace.

A college student has a new job, and must balance classes and commute times to work. The student takes two weeks to drive from campus to the workplace by several routes, including a direct route through town, a highway route, and a route through a city park. Comparing the drive times, affected by the route, speed limits, and intersections is possible. The dependent variable is the

average time in minutes it takes to drive from campus to workplace.

The part of the neuron that is a single, long extension with a branching tip, that conducts impulses to a muscle or another neuron is the

axon

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have relatively small, circular chromosomes. This observation is evidence which supports the endosymbiotic theory, proposing that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose from which of the following?

bacteria

Which of the following biological samples can be viewed microscopically in a typical high school/college biology lab?

bacteria algae human body cell plant cell

In herbivores, cellulose is primarily broken down by

bacteria living within the herbivore gastrointestinal tract.

Which of the following foods has the highest amount of proteins?

beans

Which of the following is caused by a vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency?

beriberi

In the "Managing Diabetes" video (endocrine lab), what were the kinds of cells destroyed by Type I diabetes?

beta cells

The major types of ecosystems are termed

biomes

In the fossil record, there is evidence that feathers were produced by which of the following?

birds and some dinosaurs

Which species is overexploited rather than invasive?

bison in the North American plains

In the "Managing Diabetes" video (endocrine lab), what was the B of the ABC's of diabetes?

blood pressure

An accurate contrast between radial and bilateral symmetry among animals is that

body components are arranged around a central axis in radial symmetry, but are arranged with a distinct left and right in bilateral symmetry.

Prior to the divergence of animals, an ancestor is proposed to have developed the key shared trait of all animals, the

body form of multicellularity.

The domain (domains) that contain prokaryotes is (are)

both Archaea and Bacteria.

Cyanobacteria can derive nutritional carbon molecules by consuming those from other organisms, or by producing them from inorganic carbon (atmospheric CO2) through photosynthesis. In which of the following ecological groups would they also be considered?

both heterotrophic and autotrophic

Photosystem II produces

both oxygen and high-energy electrons.

Which of the following foods would have the highest amount of glucose?

brown sugar oatmeal

Which of these groups has a haploid gametophyte generation? Select all that apply.

bryophytes gymnosperms angiosperms seedless vascular plants green algae

A conscientious person habitually reads nutrition labels on food packages for weight watching and general health. The main nutritional molecules are made up of

bulk elements.

One way to produce a vaccine is to heat a virus or bacteria and then inject the inactive pathogen as a vaccination. How would the heat inactivate a virus?

by denaturing proteins

An insect that resembles leaves is using _____ to avoid predation.

camouflage

Cilia in eukaryote cells

can be used in eukaryotes to do any of these functions.

Glucose is an example of a _____________.

carbohydrate

The four major groups of organic compounds are

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Burning a log is an example of a combustion reaction. This type of reaction is a reverse reaction of photosynthesis. Based on this information, what products would be formed from burning a log?

carbon dioxide and water

The carbon atoms in cellulose found in a log originally came from _____ absorbed by the plant.

carbon dioxide in the air

The products of cellular respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

When carbon atoms are removed from organic molecules during the transition step and the Krebs cycle, the carbon atoms are released as

carbon dioxide.

The primary elements making up living organisms are

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Secondary consumers are

carnivores.

The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support indefinitely is the habitat's

carrying capacity.

The skeleton of sharks is made entirely of ____________, making them fast and maneuverable swimmers.

cartilage

The rounded part of a neuron containing the nucleus and mitochondria is the

cell body.

A motor neuron's __________ and ___________ reside in the central nervous system, but its ____________ extend(s) into the peripheral nervous system.

cell body; dendrites; axon

In the nervous system lab, what do the pipe cleaners represent in the model?

cell membrane

The equation, C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP , describes which of the following processes?

cell respiration

The rigid barrier that surrounds most prokaryotes is the

cell wall

Which of the following is not an example of a monosaccharide?

cellulose

The division of the nervous system that integrates sensory information and coordinates the body's response is the _____ nervous system.

central

What structure in plant cells stores salts, sugars, and pigments, contains enzymes that recycle and degrade molecules, and expands to exert turgor pressure?

central vacuole

A mollusk that has arms connecting directly to the head of the animal is a

cephalopod

Which part of the brain coordinates motor activities?

cerebellum

Which part of the brain is best associated with thinking and problem solving?

cerebral cortex

Which of the following is NOT a significant event in the evolution of plants?

changes in the nucleus

An element is found to have atoms with eight electrons in its valence shell. The atoms will be ____

chemically stable.

In the element neon, each atom contains eight electrons in its valence shell. The atoms of neon will be

chemically stable.

Hormones are

chemicals released directly into the blood stream.

Review the discussion of electronegativity and and the discussion of ionic bonds in section 2.2. Which of the following elements is likely to form ionic bonds? (Select all that apply.)

chlorine (Cl) calcium (Ca) sodium (Na) fluorine (F)

Which molecule will migrate slightly faster and end up higher on a chromatography paper strip, chlorophyll a or chlorophyll b?

chlorophyll a

Examples of accessory pigments for photosynthesis are

chlorophyll b and carotenoids.

Lipid-soluble steroid hormones are synthesized from

cholesterol.

The semifluid mass of food and gastric juice in the human stomach is termed

chyme

A fluid-filled body cavity that forms completely within the mesoderm of animals is a

coelom

A genetic change in one species that selects for a subsequent change in a different species is termed

coevolution

A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits with no effect on the other is

commensalism.

Interaction between two species as both attempt to use the same environmental resources is

competition.

The tidal zones in which the barnacles Balanus and Chthamalus thrive when both species are present illustrate the principle of

competitive exclusion.

The tidal zones, in which the barnacles Balanus and Chthamalus exist when both species are present, illustrate the principle of

competitive exclusion.

Homeostasis means that

conditions inside a cell or organism remain within a constant range.

Organisms that obtain energy and nutrients by eating either living or dead organisms are called

consumers.

Prednisone would be most similar to which of the following?

cortisol

Which part of the microscope should you use to focus a specimen when using the scanning lens?

course adjustment knob

Within a single molecule of water, as shown, ____ bonds are formed between oxygen and hydrogen.

covalent

The part of the vascular plant that is a waxy coating to minimize water loss from leaves is the

cuticle

Glycolysis occurs in the

cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis takes place?

cytosol (cytoplasm)

The number of individuals that die in a population per unit time is its _____ rate.

death

A Malagasy rainforest community is found in which fallen trees and dead animals take longer than normal to release their nutrients back into the ecosystem. This community probably has a low population of

decomposers.

ADH functions to

decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction.

Molecules called uncouplers allow protons to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane, which decreases the proton gradient potential. Consequently, ATP production in the mitochondria would

decrease, because the proton gradient, for powering ATP synthase, would dissipate.

The part of a neuron that conducts signals TOWARD the cell body

dendrite

The part of the neuron that is usually highly branched and receives input from other neurons is the

dendrite.

Which is NOT a correct association of structure and function?

dendrites = releases neurotransmitters in the synapse

In _____, bacteria return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrates to N2.

denitrification

In an experimental procedure, the researcher measures changes, such as cell growth rates, numbers of patients with a disease, etc. in response to factors manipulated at the beginning of the experiment. This measure of change in response to the initial conditions is the

dependent variable.

If you observed a group of animals for several weeks and only saw them eat dead and decaying matter, you would call them

detritivores.

What might account for the seasonal variation in CO2 concentration?

differing rates of photosynthesis

In alternation of generations, two haploid gametes fuse in fertilization to form a ____ zygote.

diploid

A sporophyte generation produces

diploid cells

Review the section "Investigating Life: The Tiniest Compass." In the experiment discussed, researchers studied the the function of magnetosomes in bacteria. In the figure shown here, what experimental variable changed between the first and the second tubes?

direction of the magnetic field

Suppose that after an environmental change, moths with the darkest coloration have the greatest reproductive success. What type of natural selection does this situation represent?

directional selection

Entropy is a measure of

disorder.

A major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes

do not have a nucleus in their cells, though eukaryotes do.

A major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that although prokaryotes

do not have a nucleus, eukaryotes have a nucleus in their cells.

A prokaryotic cell

does not have a nucleus.

The rain shadow associated with mountains is on the _____ side and has a _____ climate than the _____ side of the mountain.

downwind; drier; upwind

The three main regions of the human small intestine proceeding in sequence from the stomach to the large intestine are

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

The six carbons that form glucose in your food are effectively lost from the cell as CO2

during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, and in the Krebs cycle.

The study of the relationships among organisms and the environment is

ecology

The ____ is made of a community of organisms plus its physical environment.

ecosystem

Which of the following are examples of potential energy associated with our food consumption and metabolism?

electrons in chemical bonds of food molecules, proton gradients, and ATP molecules

The function of bile is to

emulsify fats

In a biology lab experiment, you and your classmates planted seeds from eudicot and monocot plants in soil that had been processed to remove nutrients. The seeds of each plant were still able to perform metabolism, enabling them to germinate and develop into seedlings. The nutrients were provided from the

endosperm.

If the environment surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, the

environment is hypotonic to the cell.

Review the data shown below from the section "Investigating Life: A Toxic Compromise." What life history characteristics are displayed by the mollies that live in dark, toxic waters in Mexico?

equilibrium

The muscular tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach is the

esophagus

The "background" species extinction rate

estimates how quickly species disappeared before human intervention.

Select all of the following hormones that are able to bind to receptors in the cell cytoplasm or nucleus.

estrogen glucocorticoids

Select all of the following that would be branches off of the label "coastal ecosystems" in the diagram.

estuaries intertidal zone coral reefs

In fermentation, yeast produces

ethyl alcohol.

The energy-requiring process by which liquid water becomes water vapor (a gas) is

evaporation.

Genetic change in a population from generation to generation defines which of the following?

evolution

In the water cycle, animals return water to the environment by

excretion

Firewood is made up of cellulose, which is a polymer of glucose molecules. When burning, heat and light are given off, indicating that a(n) ________ reaction is occurring.

exergonic

Coupled reactions are reactions in which an

exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction.

A species that humans bring to an area where it did not previously inhabit is a(n) _____ species.

exotic

Which of the following is a symptom of diabetes?

fatigue

A common human behavior happens in your biology lecture. You observe a student yawning, and then you and other people yawn. Each student now completes an entire yawn, taking some six seconds to complete. The behavior of yawning to completion after your yawn was triggered by the stimulus of seeing someone else yawn is termed a

fixed action pattern.

Mutation of the fru (fruitless) gene in fruit flies results in males attempting to mate with other males. This is an example of

fixed action pattern.

All of these animals are mollusks except

flatworms

Suppose that you are a scientist comparing the energy that orchids use for developing flowers to the energy that orchids use to produce nectar. Your research produces the following hypothetical graph. Which of the following is an independent variable? (Select all that apply.)

flower development nectar production

Which characteristic that is unique ONLY to angiosperms and not the other groups of plants?

fruits

In any living organism, emergent properties must

functionally arise from among components and interactions at smaller scales.

Which of the following is(are) not part of the human endocrine system?

gallbladder

Nuclear pores have proteins that open and close, controlling flow of cell solutions and molecules in and out of the nuclear envelope (a double-thick membrane). In this, nuclear pores are similar in structure and function to

gap junctions.

Muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to

generate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen.

Natural selection requires genetic variation, competition for limited resources, overproduction of offspring, and unequal reproductive success. What requirement does the following sentence represent? A subset of finches that have large beaks is contained within a population of finches that mostly have small beaks.

genetic variation

The hormone that stimulates liver cells to release stored glucose is

glucagon

The reactants for cellular respiration are

glucose and oxygen.

Liver and muscle tissue (cells) store glucose as:

glycogen

The most ancient of the energy pathways among organisms is probably

glycolysis

Which of the following answers lists the steps of aerobic cellular respiration in the correct sequence?

glycolysis - formation of acetyl CoA - Krebs cycle - electron transport chain - chemiosmotic phosphorylation

The only process of ATP production in cells using fermentation is

glycolysis.

Plants evolved from ancestral protists that were closely related to

green algae.

The total amount of energy trapped by the autotrophs of an ecosystem is called

gross primary production.

Based on the population pyramid shown above, you would expect the Indian population to

grow and then begin to stabilize.

In the population growth curve equation G = rN(K - N)/K, when N is very small relative to K, the population

growth rate is high.

Through initial observation, research led by Naud and Hanlon showed that the main adaptation in behavior, that increases reproductive success of a male in the cuttlefish Sepia apama, is

guarding the females from subsequent mating attempts by other males.

If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n)

gymnosperm

The first seed plants were the

gymnosperms

Conifers such as pine trees are

gymnosperms.

The primary cause for loss of biodiversity is

habitat destruction

The current extinction rate of vertebrates is 100-1000 times the historical background. This is primarily due to

habitat destruction.

The primary cause of biodiversity loss is

habitat destruction.

What factor is the primary cause of Earth's decreasing biodiversity?

habitat loss

The physical place where members of a population typically live is termed a

habitat.

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is extremely salty is a/n

halophile

A prokaryote that occupies an extremely salty habitat is a(n)

halophile

In alternation of generations, a haploid gametophyte goes through mitosis to form a ____ gamete.

haploid

If an animal is a vertebrate, this means that the animal

has a backbone

If an animal is a vertebrate, this means that the animal

has a backbone.

The proportion of oxygen in our atmosphere today

has increased gradually over the past billion years as a result of cyanobacteria.

A eukaryotic cell

has membrane-bounded organelles.

A grassland biome

has nutrient-rich soil.

Species with an equilibrium, or K-selected, life history strategy

have only a few offspring.

Animals that eat only plants are

herbivores.

Organisms that rely on the consumption of preexisting organic molecules for life are called

heterotrophs.

Biochemicals produced in a gland that travel through the bloodstream and alter the metabolism of specific target cells are

hormones

What group of plants lacks true xylem and phloem?

hornworts

In living cells, a process by which cells break polymers down into monomers by breaking covalent bonds is

hydrolysis.

When phospholipids are mixed with water their ____ interact with water and their ____ are repelled, forming a lipid bilayer.

hydrophilic heads; hydrophobic tails

What label on the diagram above is also part of the nervous system?

hypothalamus

All of the glands in the vertebrate endocrine system are regulated by the

hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Dehydration is detected by receptors in the

hypothalamus.

The part of the brain controlling the anterior pituitary gland secretions is the

hypothalamus.

A phylogenetic tree is actually a ____________ that depicts the evolutionary relationships among species.

hypothesis

Hormones are transported to target cells

in blood vessels.

Where does fertilization occur in angiosperms?

in ovules

You collect and measure samples of ice and surrounding ice water from a stream in the Winter. You find that you collected the same number of water molecules in each form. Water in the ice (solid) form floats in water of the liquid form because

in the ice form, the same number of water molecules are found in a crystal form, yet total larger volume than the liquid water.

In an experimental procedure, the researcher has established multiple levels of a chemical, or amounts of light, or some other factor at the beginning of the experiment, in order to determine if and how much the biological system responds. The manipulated factor at varying levels is the

independent variable.

The type of behavior that does not require learning or experience to be performed correctly is

innate behavior.

In eukaryotic cells, the electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 are transported along electron transport proteins in the

inner mitochondrial membrane.

What condition develops when serotonin levels in the brain are deficient?

insomnia

If you were working on a comatose patient suffering from extreme hypoglycemia, you would try to find the cause by asking a friend of the patient if they knew of a history of either

insufficient carbohydrate intake or too much insulin production.

A problem with the action or production of this substance leads to both type I and type II diabetes mellitus.

insulin

Which of the following is/are associated with obesity in humans? (Select all that apply.)

intake of more calories than are expended through activity a diet high in sugar and fats compared to other macromolecules a BMI of 33

Even semi-aquatic reptiles like crocodiles and alligators can spend much of their life on dry land. Which of the following is an example of an adaptation that would allow reptiles to live and reproduce on dry land?

internal fertilization and amniotic eggs

Which component of a reflex arc is located in the spinal cord and the brain? It's main role is to integrate signals among the different neurons.

interneuron

To improve communication between two neurons, it is necessary in many cases to have a healthy

interneuron.

To be considered _____, an introduced species must begin breeding in its new location and spread widely from its point of introduction.

invasive

From the TED Talk Video, Dr. Terry Wahls: Seaweeds are a rich source of

iodine

An atom or molecule with an electrical charge is a(n)

ion

In mosses, the sporophyte generation

is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition.

Evolution theory includes changes in the genetic makeup of species populations, through many generations. This can produce organisms well suited to their environments. Adaptation can be distinguished from natural selection as factors in evolution in that natural selection

is the success of organisms with genetic traits to continue reproducing generations with those traits within their population.

This molecule of starch is different from a glucose molecule in that this molecule

is used by cells for energy storage.

Which of the following statements concerning type II diabetes is true?

it can be prevent by diet and exercise

A species that is so important to its community (such as the sea otter) that their removal can dismantle a food web is termed a _____ species.

keystone

The sea otter is an omnivore that makes up a small portion of the community by weight, yet strongly influences the health, dynamics, and diversity of the entire community of other oceanic species around it. This is an example of a _____ species.

keystone

If you radioactively labelled ADH, where would you expect to find the radioactivity after the hormone had been allowed to circulate?

kidney

A population that growing slowly due to its small in size is at its

lag phase

The labels cecum, colon, and rectum are components of what box in the concept map above?

large intestine

The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the

large intestine.

Frogs have which of the following traits?

larval respiration with gills, but adult respiration with lungs

What are characteristics or examples of members of phylum Annelida? (Select all that apply.)

leeches have simple brains composed of many segments may be aquatic or terrestrial

What are characteristics or examples of members of phylum Annelida? Select all that apply.

leeches have simple brains composed of many segments may be aquatic or terrestrial bilateral symmetry

Which of the following is a variable in the spadefoot toad experiment?

leptin and water depth

You perform an experiment in which you take 16 pots of strawberry plants and give half of them 1 gram of ammonium nitrate per liter of water and the other half just get water. Each group is then split in half again, and exposed to either 8 or 16 hours of light each day. You monitor the height of the plants for four weeks. You observe that increasing ammonium nitrate and light both increase plant height. Organisms require energy to stay organized. What is the energy source for the plants in your experiment?

light

Which of the following are true about population density and population growth? Select all that apply.

limited resource availability...,density-dependent factors affect..., a tornado...

If you wanted to kill the plants in a lake using a chemical which stops photosynthesis, to which zone should you apply the chemical?

limnetic

If you wanted to treat a patient who could not digest fats due to a metabolic mutation, you might want to find a way to enhance their digestive tract with

lipase.

What molecules are abundant in vegetable oil?

lipids

Which of the following produces bile?

liver

During gastrulation, which animals develop an indentation for a mouth before they develop an indentation for an anus? Select all that apply.

lobster clam leech nematode

Desert plants often have

long taproots

Review the Investigating Life section called "Chemical Warfare on a Tiny Battlefield." Data from this study are shown in the graph below. What might be the effect of the formic acid in the crazy ant venom?

lower pH

Enzymes speed chemical reactions by

lowering the energy required to start a chemical reaction.

Microscopes make microorganisms appear larger than they are. This apparent increase in size is known as

magnification.

Pollen grains are

male gametophytes.

The space and fluid enclosed by the highly folded inner mitochondrial membrane is the

matrix

In the 1700s, a French scientist, Antoine Lavoisier, gained new experimental information by reacting a metal and an acid. His observation of the results seemed to show that much of the metal had been lost in the chemical reaction. Upon weighing the products, the total amounts of materials had not changed during the reaction. This research resulted in the law of conservation of mass. This law also applies to biology, because the materials we are made of are _________ that change forms, but aren't truly lost through biochemical reactions.

matter

At the equator, Earth receives the _____ amount of solar radiation _____.

maximum; per unit area

According to the "Managing Diabetes" video (endocrine lab), what are the best ways to keep A-1-C levels down?

medication, eating healthy, and exercising

"The most restrictive taxon" and "the ability to breed only among themselves" reference

members of the same species.

In this cross-section of a typical plant leaf, the ______ are where photosynthesis takes place.

mesophyll cells

Which of these groups represents organisms that are heterotrophs?

microorganisms that use organic carbon for energy, fungi, and earthworms

An insect that resembles the face of a snake is using ___ to avoid predation.

mimicry

In a eukaryotic cell, the Krebs cycle occurs in the

mitochondria

In a eukaryotic cell, the electron transport system occurs in the

mitochondrion

In animal, plant, fungal, and algal cells, the primary organelle that generates molecules of ATP is the

mitochondrion.

A flock of crows attacking a great horned owl is an example of

mobbing

The behavior in which an animal mates for life is

monogamy

Mammals that lay eggs are

monotremes

Depolarization occurs because

more Na+ ions diffuse into the cell than K+ ions diffuse out of it.

If ozone layers in the atmosphere are depleted

more ultraviolet wavelength radiation will reach Earth's surface, causing more genetic damage in organisms.

Saturated fats have long straight tails of fatty acids, and can pack or clump tightly together in cells and animal bodies. Unsaturated fats have kinks in their tails due to double bonds, which prevents them from packing together as tightly. Animals that are ectothermic (their body temperature fluctuates with the environment) need to keep their membranes fluid at cooler temperature and thus use ______ in their membranes.

mostly unsaturated fats

Saturated fats have long, straight tails of fatty acids and can clump tightly together in cells and animal bodies. Unsaturated fats have kinks in their tails due to double bonds, which prevent them from packing together as tightly. Animals that are ectotherms (their body temperature fluctuates with the environment) need to keep their membranes fluid at cooler temperature and thus use ______ in their membranes.

mostly unsaturated fats

A branch leading to both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems would extend from what box in the diagram?

motor pathways

Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Vibrio cholera is the cause of cholera, and has a single flagellum stretching off from one end. A characteristic of this organism should be an ability to

move within its liquid habitat.

Which of these is not a required characteristic of life?

movement

Select all of the following that are true about the fern gametophyte.

multicellular smaller than the sporophyte

Which of the following organisms would be considered a decomposer?

mushroom

Animals with an exoskeleton

must molt.

Adaptations are phenotypes that improve reproductive success; such phenotypes might arise as a result of ______ followed by ______ over many generations.

mutations in DNA; natural selection

A type of symbiosis in which both species benefit is

mutualism

Mycorrhizal fungi obtain food from plants in exchange for water and nutrients. This is an example of

mutualism

Substance that is wrapped around axons to insulate the axon:

myelin sheath

The term gymnosperm literally means

naked seed.

Where are the adrenal glands located?

near the kidneys

Philodendron flowers have to use a lot of energy to attract beetles as pollinators. This is similar to the energy used by many other flowering plants to produce ____ in order to attract pollinators.

nectar

All ecosystems

need a source of external energy.

Your liver produces 90% of the cholesterol found in your body. When cholesterol levels get too high, the first enzyme in the pathway of cholesterol synthesis is inhibited. This is an example of

negative feedback.

Of these membrane transport processes, which do/does not make use of a vesicle?

neither osmosis nor facilitated diffusion

The area of an ocean between the coast and the edge of the continental shelf is the _____ zone.

neritic

Many neurons and neuroglia cells that are bundled together:

nerve

A scientist researching the proximate causes of a behavior may explain how the behavior occurs in terms of which of the following? Select all that apply.

neurons muscles hormones genes

The total of all the resources, both biotic and abiotic, a species exploits for its survival, growth, and reproduction is its

niche.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the roots of soybeans help provide a source of nitrogen to the plants and, in exchange obtain food from the plants. Which reaction can these bacteria catalyze?

nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonium (NH4)

Eutrophication can be caused by excess accumulation of which of the following in a body of water?

nitrogen or phosphorous

An amino acid contains a structural "backbone" chain of

nitrogens and carbons.

On an axon, the small spacings between the insulation surrounding the axon are called

nodes of Ranvier.

Which of the following hormones will allow us to react to emergency situations?

norepinephrine

Select all the features that all chordates have at some point in their life.

notochord dorsal nerve cord pharyngeal slits postanal tail

The most prominent organelle visible in most eukaryotic cells is the

nucleus.

Which is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method?

observation - form hypothesis - design an experiment - collect data - analyze results

From the TED Talk Video, Dr. Terry Wahls: Wild salmon is a rich source of

omega 3-fatty acids

If your professor told you that next class would include a display of a cage of live animals which ate both plant and animal material, you would expect to see a cage full of

omnivores.

To be considered 'life,' an organism must minimally consist of

one or more cells.

To be considered living, an organism must minimally consist of

one or more cells.

An animal behavior, such as a bear entering a campground more often because it finds food around camping people, is an example of

operant conditioning.

An animal behavior, such as a bear entering camp more often, because it successfully finds food around camping people, is an example of

operant conditioning.

A structure, such as a flower in plants, or a liver in animals, consisting of tissues organized to carry out a specific function is a(an)

organ

A structure, such as a flower in plants, or a liver in animals, consisting of tissues organized to carry out a specific function is a(n)

organ.

By definition, a fruit is derived from the

ovary

Commercial fisheries are increasingly focusing on catching smaller fish like anchovies because of ______ large predatory fishes.

overexploitation of

In the high water saline experiment, the actual results of the Plain toad female was:

own species

In the Krebs cycle, citrate forms when___________ combines with the two carbons of acetyl CoA.

oxaloacetate

In the electron transport system, the final hydrogen (electron) acceptor is

oxygen

The main by-product molecule of photosynthesis that is released into the environment is

oxygen

What is a product of the electron transport chain started by photosystem II?

oxygen

Glycolysis does not require

oxygen.

When ______ accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain, ______ is produced as a by-product.

oxygen; water

Which of the following hormones is released by the posterior pituitary gland?

oxytocin

If your UV detector showed higher levels of UV radiation than normal, you might suspect changes in what layer of the atmosphere?

ozone layer

The endocrine gland that controls homeostasis in terms of blood glucose levels is the

pancreas.

Mistletoe is a plant that grows in the branches of trees. Its roots penetrate the bark of the tree, allowing it to obtain water and nutrients. The tree is harmed, and can even die as a result of this interaction. This is an example of

parasitism.

The endocrine gland that produces hormones that help regulate blood calcium is the

parathyroid gland.

Weakened bones can result from an oversecretion of the

parathyroid gland.

An enzyme that breaks down protein is

pepsin

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

peptide bonds

You have the opportunity to stain a sample of prokaryote cells to verify the chemical composition of their cell walls. The primary component you should stain for in the cell walls of bacteria, even if gram-negative or gram-positive categories, is

peptidoglycan

In a population, the difference between the birth rate and the death rate is the

per capita rate of increase.

The name for rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring along the human digestive system that propel food along the system are termed

peristalsis

Select all of the following that are found in both animal and plant cells.

peroxisome mitochondrion Golgi apparatus nucleus endoplasmic reticulum

Tunicates have which of the following traits?

pharyngeal slits

Unlike nonvascular plants, ferns have xylem and _______ as vascular tissue. As a phylum, ferns have a dominant sporophyte that produces a water-dependent ___________.

phloem; gametophyte

The primary structural molecule composing a cell membrane is a(n)

phospholipid molecule.

Select all the processes that either add or remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere reservoir.

photosynthesis respiration combustion

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species is called

phylogeny

A homing pigeon that uses landmarks to find its way back to its nest is exhibiting

piloting.

Which gland will produce melatonin?

pineal gland

Which of the following endocrine glands is located in the brain?

pineal gland (body)

Species that are the first to colonize an area are termed _____ species.

pioneer

Which of these organism(s) photosynthesizes?

plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

Aquatic ecosystems are often interconnected with terrestrial biomes. What biome in particular interacts extensively with water and has characteristics of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?

polar ice caps

Like all plants, angiosperms have an alternation of generations. What structure is a gametophyte in the angiosperm life cycle?

pollen grain

Gymnosperms produce male and female gametophytes. Dessication-resistant ____________ are the multicellular male gametophyte. In flowering plants, a pollinator brings the male gametophyte to the female gametophyte for germination. After germination, sperm migrate through an enlarging __________. Unlike seedless vascular plants, no _______________ is needed to complete fertilization, and the female gametophyte will develop within the ovule, which becomes the seed.

pollen grains; pollen tube; external water

Any chemical, physical, or biological change in the environment that harms living organisms is

pollution

What factor contributing to the loss of biodiversity is illustrated by this map?

pollution

The hierarchy of life extends past individual organisms. Which of the following is the correct sequence, from least inclusive to most inclusive, following an individual organism?

population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

Which is the correct sequence for levels of biological organization occurring beyond the individual?

population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

The study of the factors that influence changes in a population's size is

population dynamics.

A group of organisms of one species occupying a geographic location at the same time is a

population.

When you feel thirsty, your ______ gland is going to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

posterior pituitary

Which of the following is NOT a correct association?

posterior pituitary—growth hormone

In a neuron at rest

potassium ions are more concentrated inside the cell than outside.

In a neuron at rest,

potassium ions are more concentrated inside the cell than outside.

Which of the following contributes to increasing population growth in many developing countries?

poverty

Interaction between two species in which one feeds on the other is

predation

Which of the following is not a type of symbiosis?

predation

The decline of the sea otter population in the Pacific Northwest has been attributed to

predation by killer whales.

The type of succession that occurs in an area where no community previously existed is _____ succession.

primary

You go on a canoe trip to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA) in northern Minnesota. This ecosystem is cold most of the year and receives plenty of rainfall. It has many lakes that are full of walleye pike. You observe walleye eating minnows. In turn, the minnows feed on scuds (zooplankton), which eat algae (phytoplankton). Zooplankton are which of the following?

primary consumers

Between their specialized functions, the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum do not

produce mRNA.

Organisms that make their own nutrients by capturing energy from nonliving resources (solar energy) are called

producers.

Evolution is the result of changes in the genetic makeup of species within the same population, throughout many generations. This can produce organisms well suited for their environments. Evolution consists of adaptation and natural selection. Adaptation can be distinguished from natural selection, as factors in evolution, in that natural selection

produces generations with traits within their population that allow them to reproduce and thrive.

The simplest and most abundant form of life on earth today are the

prokaryotes.

Which of the following amino acids will be located on the interior of a folded protein? Select all that apply. Refer to a chart showing the structures of the 20 common amino acids, such as that shown in Appendix E.

proline valine leucine

If your physician determines that you are ill because of a virus infection, the virus is not yet considered an organism. Viruses don't have cell membranes, organelles, nor carry out vital life functions, though they do have a form of DNA (or similar RNA). A researcher proposing to categorize viruses in the tree of life would need to

propose that relationship to other organisms as a new hypothesis, and test viruses for shared life characteristics.

Viruses are not yet considered an organism because they don't have cell membranes, organelles, and do not carry out vital life functions, although they do have a form of DNA (or similar RNA). A researcher proposing to categorize viruses in the tree of life would need to

propose that relationship to other organisms as a new hypothesis, and test viruses for shared life characteristics.

In the morning, you are woken by hundreds of birds chirping in the trees outside your window. Which of the following is evidence of adaptation for birds living in a group?

protection against predators

Review the Investigating Life section called "Chemical Warfare on a Tiny Battlefield." The results of experiments testing the survival of crazy ants exposed to fire ant venom are shown below. The crazy ant venom may have a detoxifying effect by disabling the function of what type of organic molecule in the fire ant venom?

protein

Steroid hormones bind to

protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell.

The proposed common ancestor to all animals, shown at the left of the evolutionary tree, was a

protist

The sequence of membrane proteins of the electron transport chain includes three transport proteins and other electron transport proteins. As the electrons from the electron carrier molecules move through the proteins, work is done. The electron transport chain produces a(n) _____________ concentration gradient.

proton

The mass number is defined as the total number of __________ of an atom.

protons and neutrons

What is a positive indicator for the Protein test?

purple color

If glycolysis was blocked in yeast, which of the following would decrease in concentration?

pyruvate

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to

pyruvate

Only a small amount of ATP is produced during glycolysis because most of the energy stored in a glucose molecule remains in the bonds of

pyruvate.

What is the dependent variable in this figure?

rate of carbon dioxide production

The rate of carbon dioxide production by Cyclocephala colasi beetles was used to measure their

rate of respiration.

In a chemical equation, which components of a chemical reaction are found on the left side of the arrows?

reactants

An instantaneous automatic response to a stimulus is a(n)

reflex

Which of the following best describes the functions of the spinal cord?

reflex actions and communication between the brain and the body

Water provides electrons, hydrogens, and oxygen in photosystem I. The resulting electrons in photosystem I

replace the electrons lost by chlorophylls.

Which of the following were the first vertebrates to live and reproduce in dry environments?

reptiles

In _____, multiple species use the same resource in a slightly different way or at a different time.

resource partitioning

In biology lab, you are observing and dissecting flatworms. Their bodies are very thin, even see-through, and their thin body surface allows them to exchange gases of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the underlying cells and tissues. Flatworms lack which of the following anatomical systems?

respiratory

A device that can be used to measure the rate of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during fermentation is called a

respirometer.

Chloroplasts are not

responsible for cellular respiration.

Which part of the microscope is used when changing objective lenses?

revolving nosepiece

In examining water samples preserved in glass jars over the last century, you notice a steadily declining pH. What is the most likely general explanation?

rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels leading to gradual acidification

Saturated fats have long straight tails of fatty acids, while unsaturated fats from vegetables have kinks in their tails due to double bonds. These kinks prevent the fats from packing together as tightly. Hydrogenated vegetable oils, or trans fats, have hydrogens added back to the double bonds and thus behave like

saturated fats.

Before biologists discovered the role of DNA and chromosomes, Gregor Mendel, a scientific researcher, studied the genetics of pea plants related to flower colors, pea colors, pea pod shapes, and other features of the plant. He numerically modeled the results he observed and published results, which eventually led to our basic understanding of how biological traits are passed to new generations of organisms. His work, however, was largely rejected for over 30 years, partly for minor record-keeping errors, and partly for the new approach of defining reproduction of organisms in terms of numerical probabilities. This demonstrates that

scientific evidence is harder to accept because of cultural biases and misunderstandings on the topic

Before biologists discovered the role of DNA and chromosomes, Gregor Mendel, a scientific researcher, studied the genetics of pea plants related to flower colors, pea colors, pea pod shapes, and other features of the plant. He numerically modeled the results he observed and published results, which eventually led to our basic understanding of how biological traits are passed to new generations of organisms. His work, however, was largely rejected for over 30 years, partly for minor record-keeping errors, and partly for the new approach of defining reproduction of organisms in terms of numerical probabilities. This demonstrates that

scientific evidence is harder to accept because of cultural biases and misunderstandings on the topic.

The helix that forms in a single polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen bonds between the amino groups and carboxyl groups of different amino acids is an example of

secondary structure of protein.

Which of the following is a sporophyte embryo that contains stored food?

seed

Select features of plants that are unique to gymnosperms and angiosperms.

seeds pollen

The cells that detect internal and external conditions are

sensors

The three major roles of the human nervous system, based on the general role of the nervous system in vertebrates, are

sensory input, sensory integration, and motor response.

The type of neuron that brings information toward the central nervous system is the

sensory neuron.

Antlers on a male deer and the lack of antlers on a female deer are examples of

sexual dimorphism.

Graphed from 10,000 BCE to 2010, as shown below, the global human population

shows the typical curve of exponential growth.

The normal pH of rainfall is

slightly acidic, pH 5.6.

The labels duodenum, jejunum, and ileum would be branches off of what box in the concept map?

small intestine

The phrase "Absorption of water, nutrients, or salts" could be connected to what boxes? Select all that apply.

small intestine large intestine

The main site of food absorption in the human digestive system is the

small intestine.

The gonads produce steroids. Which organelle would produce steroids in the gonads?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle do not capture all of the energy in a glucose molecule because

some energy is always lost as heat during chemical reactions.

Thinking about taxonomy, the basic unit of naming, that includes members with the ability to reproduce with each other, is

species

Nodes of Ranvier are intervals between Schwann cells that _____ the conduction of nerve impulses.

speed

Select all of the following that play a role in global patterns of temperature variation.

spherical shape of Earth tilt of Earth's axis Earth's orbit around the sun

Rings of muscle in the digestive tract that can open and close, regulating the movement of food into or out of parts of the digestive system, are

sphincters.

The only animals that rely solely on intracellular digestion are

sponges

When you see a fern, the large plant you are looking at is the

sporophyte

A population age structure diagram showing roughly equal numbers in each age group, such as in the United States population pyramid, depicts a

stable population.

The labels "eutrophic" and "oligotrophic" would be connected to what box on the diagram?

standing water

Iodine was used to test for the presence of _________.

starch

The mode of action of steroid hormones includes

stimulation of mRNA transcription.

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

In dry weather, plants reduce water loss by closing their

stomata

Tiny openings in the leaf epidermis that allow gas exchange in and out of the leaf are

stomata

When a plant encounters stressful hot and dry conditions, the

stomata close, decreasing gas exchange.

If a predator is nearby, Thompson's gazelles will try to deter it by jumping and displaying its abilities through a behavior called

stotting.

The Golgi apparatus is not

studded with ribosomes.

A food chain is a series of organisms that

successively eats one another.

Which of the following substrates is fermented most easily by yeast?

sugar (sucrose)

The building blocks which animals need for life include

sugars.

Select all the molecules that can be used as electron acceptors at the end of the electron transport chain during anaerobic respiration in different organisms.

sulfate carbon dioxide nitrate

From the TED Talk Video, Dr. Terry Wahls: Cabbage, onions, and mushrooms are a rich source of

sulfur

The energy sources needed for the light reactions and the carbon reactions, respectively, are

sunlight and ATP.

The ultimate source of energy in ecosystems, even for humans, is

sunlight.

The point where neurons interact with other cells and integrate many signals is called the

synapse

If you wanted to block transmission of nerve impulses between successive neurons, you would design a drug to impair

synapses.

In the spring season, snakes have been observed moving onto warm roadways heated by the sunlight. This innate behavior of moving to a warmer area is a(n) ___ behavior.

taxis

In the spring season, many people notice that snakes move onto warm roadways that have heated in the sunlight. This is done to warm up after winter dormancy, and is a behavior snakes have from birth. This is a(n) ___ behavior.

taxis and an innate

What is the independent variable in this figure?

temperature

The ______ are the main factors contributing to the climate of a region, which in turn determines the dominant ______ of a biome, which in turn affects the ______ that can live in a biome.

temperature and moisture; plants; animals and microorganisms

Which structure is highlighted?

temporal lobe

You go on a canoe trip to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA) in northern Minnesota. This ecosystem is cold most of the year and receives plenty of rainfall. It has many lakes that are full of walleye pike. You observe walleye eating minnows. In turn, the minnows feed on scuds (zooplankton), which eat algae (phytoplankton). Walleye pike are which of the following?

tertiary consumers

The ten percent rule refers to

the amount of energy that is passed on from one tropic level to the next higher level.

An ecosystem would include all of the following except

the biosphere, with its resources and functioning systems.

After developing a yeast infection in the urinary tract, and taking an antibiotic, the yeast infection declines in numbers of cells while the microbes that normally are present reestablish themselves. The reason for the decline of the yeast infection is explained by

the competitive exclusion principle.

In addition to eutrophication in lakes, which process is being caused by excess nutrients in rivers?

the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico

The biosphere is defined as the portion of _____ where life exists.

the earth

Kinetic energy can be described as energy in motion. Which of the following is not an example of kinetic energy?

the energy in chemical bonds

What did Charles Darwin propose after observing the 11-inch-long nectaries of the Angraecum sesquipedale orchid in Madagascar?

the existence of a pollinator moth with a proboscis of 10-11 inches

In a survivorship curve, a type I species, like a human or elephant, is a species that has

the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span.

The theory of endosymbiosis is based on

the observations that chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria.

The occipital lobe is _____________.

the principal visual center of the brain

An ecosystem is defined as

the sum of living organisms and nonliving environmental components in an area.

Algal phytoplankton are single-celled water organisms that can do photosynthesis like plants. In a lake, summer growth of phytoplankton can change the water pH from pH 7.2 to 6.2. This change indicates all of these EXCEPT

the water at pH 6.2 has twice the hydrogen (H+) concentration as before the phytoplankton growth.

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is characterized by extreme heat (above 50 degrees Celsius) is a(n)

thermophile

A description of sharks that does not apply to other fish groups is that

they are cartilaginous craniates with jaws.

In a class field trip, you scrape what looks like an organism off of a stream rock. Through the semester, with chemical analysis and electron microscopes, you determine that the cell has DNA, RNA, ribosomes, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. This helps you determine that

this is an organism with cells having common features with all life.

In the past, the parathyroid glands were sometimes mistakenly removed during surgery when another part of the body was removed. Which part was being removed?

thyroid

The different seasons of the year are due to the

tilt of Earth's axis as it travels around the sun.

Most multivitamins should be taken with a meal for which reason?

to help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Which of the following is an amphibian?

toad

In addition to the frog, what other organisms are classified as modern amphibians?

toads, salamanders

The main reason that cellular aerobic respiration needs to occur step by step instead of a single, big reaction is

too much energy would be released as heat and destroy the cell.

Imagine that you are told to use a fluorescent antibody that binds to sodium channels to help visualize the part of a neuron where nerve impulses originate. The area where you would find the greatest antibody fluorescence and therefore the greatest concentration of sodium channels would be the

trigger zone.

An organism's _____ is its position in the food chain, relative to the ecosystem's energy source.

trophic level

The ecosystem that would most likely have a very high net primary productivity is a

tropical rain forest.

A sea squirt is an example of a

tunicate.

The Krebs cycle runs

twice, once for each acetyl CoA that was formed from the glucose molecule.

A golfer wants a new set of clubs to improve her game. In an experiment, she tests different drivers made from different materials. She compares the drivers to the distance of her shot. In this simple experiment, the independent variable is the

type of material used to make the club head.

A scientist examining why a behavior is adaptive is studying the ______ cause of the behavior.

ultimate

Thinking about the wavelength of light compared to its energy, which of these portions of the electromagnetic spectrum has the highest amount of energy?

ultraviolet light, at 330 nm

A dense population of penguins whose individuals fiercely guard their nests is likely to have what kind of distribution?

uniform

Which of the following DOES NOT dissolve in water?

vegetable oil

Animals with a backbone are

vertebrates

How do toads communicate they are ready to mate?

vocal (mating call)

Seedless vascular plants, like ferns, require ________ for fertilization.

water

What was the "negative control" used in the lipid test?

water

The reactants of photosynthesis are

water and carbon dioxide.

Noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes occurs

when a substance binds to an enzyme at a site away from the active site.

In the group of plants shown here, how do the male gametophytes released by the male cones reach the female gametophytes during pollination?

wind

How do sperm move to fertilize eggs?

with flagella made of microtubules

What is the website for online tutorials in Connect?

www.connectstudentsuccess.com

After a biology field trip, you make a thin section of a flowering plant stem. You observe these two main sets of cells: the lower set of cells is large, has thick walls, and tests positive for the lignin molecule, while the smaller, but uniform red cells do not have lignin. From this evidence, you conclude that the larger cells with lignin are

xylem