BIOLOGY FINAL WOOO
Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell
C
Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in Figure 1 ?
The formation of a covalent peptide bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction
Which of the following best describes the formation of the bond shown in Figure 1 ?
A covalent bond is formed between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom along with the formation of H2O.
Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?
An ancestral cell most likely engulfed anaerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells.
Which of the following groups of cellular components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?
An endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and a nucleus
Which of the following best describes the numbered areas?
Areas 1 and 3 are polar, since the membrane molecules are aligned with water molecules.
Which graph depicts the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction from low substrate concentrations to saturating substrate concentrations?
C (one that increases then levels out)
Of the two cells represented in the figure, which would likely be more efficient at exchanging substances with the surrounding environment?
Cell A, because it has the larger surface-area-to-volume ratio.
Which of the following descriptions of cell type I and cell type II are most consistent with the data?
Cell type one - animal surrounding membrane cell type 2 - plant surrounding membrane and cell wall
Which of the following claims is scientifically accurate and consistent with an observation that a decrease in lysosome production within a cell leads to a decline in mitochondrial activity?
Fewer lysosomes will be available to break down macromolecules to provide the necessary nutrients for cellular respiration.
Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells?
DNA
Which of the following correctly shows the order in which protein X moves through the cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus → lysosomes
The same procedure was repeated with a second protein (protein Y). If the function of Y is protein processing and packaging, the most radioactivity would be found in the
Golgi apparatus
The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?
Golgi complex
An answer to which of the following questions would provide the most information about the association between the CFTR mutation and the viscous mucus?
How does the disrupted chloride movement affect the movement of sodium ions and water by the cell?
Based on Figure 1, which of the following best describes how the properties of water at an air-water interface enable an insect to walk on the water's surface?
Hydrogen bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide surface tension, which allows the water surface to deform but not break under the insect.
Alternatively, another group of scientists hypothesize that despite their biochemical differences, plant and fungal cell walls serve similar functions. Which of the following observations would best support the alternative hypothesis described above?
In both plant cells and fungal cells, the cell wall surrounds the outside of the cell membrane.
The CFTRCFTR protein is made up of 1,4801,480 amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTRCFTR protein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTRCFTR protein?
It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTRCFTR protein.
If, instead of the bag, a potato slice were placed in the beaker of distilled water, which of the following would be true of the potato slice?
It would gain mass.
Contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of macromolecule
Lysosome
Which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria-like cells?
Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA.
The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?
Na+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis.
Used to carry the genetic code
Nucleic Acid
Which of the following conclusions is most clearly supported by the representations of nucleic acid #1 and nucleic acid #2 ?
Nucleic acid #1 contains adenine-thymine base pairs, whereas nucleic acid #2 does not.
Which of the following conclusions is most clearly supported by the representations of nucleic acid #1 and nucleic acid #2 ?
Nucleic acid #1#1 contains adenine-thymine base pairs, whereas nucleic acid #2#2 does not.
Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?
Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.
If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited?
Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient
Substrate A --> Enzyme W -->Product B --> Enzyme X --> Product C --> Enzyme Y--> Product D If enzyme X is denatured what will happen?
Product B will be the final product
Synthesized at the ribosome
Proteins
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the
The active site
Which of the following statements best describes how molecules released by the fish become nutrients for the plants?
The ammonia molecules released by the fish are converted by the bacteria to nitrates, which are used by the plants to make proteins and nucleic acids.
Based on the information presented, which of the following is the most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal?
The animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis.
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that can store biological information based on the sequence of their nucleotide monomers. Figure 1 shows a short segment of each of the two types of nucleic acids. Which of the following best describes a structural difference between DNA and RNA?
The backbone of DNADNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNARNA contains ribose.
The backbone of DNADNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNARNA contains ribose.
The backbone of DNADNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNARNA contains ribose.
Which of the following best describes a structural difference between DNA and RNA?
The backbone of DNADNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNARNA contains ribose.
Which of the following best describes the condition expected after 24 hours?
The bag will contain more water than it did in the original condition.
Researchers compared similar proteins from related organisms in different habitats. They found that the proteins from organisms living in harsh environments had a greater number of cysteine amino acids than did proteins from organisms not living in harsh environments. The structure of cysteine is shown. Bonds can form between the sulfur atom of different cysteine amino acids (S-SS-S bonds).
The change leads to increased protein stability because of an increased number of S-SS-S bonds in the tertiary structure of the proteins. C
Which statement best explains the orientation of the phospholipid molecules in this model?
The hydrophilic phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environments.
Which of the following characteristics of Figure 1 best shows that the fragment is RNA and not DNA?
The identity of each nitrogenous base
The investigation is aimed at understanding how molecular size affects movement through a membrane. Which of the following best represents the amount of starch, water, and glucose in the dialysis bag over the course of the investigation?
water up starch normal glucose down
Muscle cells have high ATP demands. Which of the following is a scientific claim about how the structure of the mitochondria in muscle cells should be different than it is in other cells because of the high energy demands of mitochondria?
The inner membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should have more folds to increase the surface area, allowing more ATP to be synthesized.
Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the conditions in at least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life?
The nitrogen gas in experiment 1 could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of amino acids.
Water and ammonia interact to form hydrogen bonds, as represented in the figure.
The nitrogen has a partial negative charge, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive charge.
Which of the following statements best explains the observations represented in Figure 1 ?
There was a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the distilled water.
Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?
They have highly folded membranes.
Which of the following best describes the structures of carbohydrates?
They occur as monomers, chains of monomers, and branched structures.
Which of the following best predicts which diagrammed microscope view the laboratory worker would see and best explains why?
View 2 because the rate of water movement into the RBCs equals the rate of water movement out of the cells
The synthesis of protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct?
Water
Which statement best describes the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if the aquaporin in the figure ceases to function?
Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate.
In red blood cells, the compound carbonic anhydrase increases the rate at which carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate ions for transport in the blood. In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase acts as which of the following?
an enzyme
Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?
bar graph
Regulators of enzymatic reactions are classified as
both inhibitors and activators
A feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is the presence of
carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other
A ______________ reduces the amount of activation energy required to start the reaction.
catalyst
To model a plant cell, a permeable, nonflexible case is placed around each piece of dialysis tubing. The greatest pressure potential will develop within dialysis tube number
4
The contents of which dialysis tube are initially isotonic to the distilled water in the beaker?
5
A net movement of water into the beaker occurs in which of the following dialysis tubes?
6
Based on the model, what will be the mean diameter of the phytoplankton cells that are found 25 kilometers from shore?
650 micrometers
Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP
A
Which of the following best describes the formation of the bond shown in Figure 1 ?
A covalent bond is formed between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom along with the formation of H2OH2O .
Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes to large molecules?
ATP production will decrease because of an increase in the occurrence of uncontrolled chemical reactions.
An investigator wants to understand whether a newly found membrane protein is involved in membrane transport of a certain particle. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport?
Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement.
Both myoglobin and hemoglobin are proteins that bind reversibly with molecular oxygen. The graph below shows the oxygen-binding saturation of each protein at different concentrations of oxygen.
At 40 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin has.
Evolved from a photoautotrophic prokaryote
B
Which of the following data would support the alternative hypothesis?
Cells with mutated aquaporins exhibit moderate turgor pressure and are hypertonic.
Site of transport of materials into and out of the cell
D
Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?
Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins
Which of the following best describes an advantage that eukaryote organisms have over prokaryote organisms?
Eukaryotes have organelles that allow for compartmentalization of cellular processes, which increases the efficiency of those processes.
When a substance moves across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as
Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following is TRUE about feedback inhibition?
Feedback inhibition involves products of the final enzyme binding to the aollosteric site of the first enzyme to prevent enzyme activity.
Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process?
H+ ions will stop moving through the protein.
Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water?
Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule
Of the following, which additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution?
Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATP usage reaches a minimum
The data from this experiment indicate that maximal rate of transport of protein X at 25°C occurs at an ATP concentration of 1.0μm/mL. Which procedure should be done next to gather data needed to meet the scientist's objective?
Incubate samples containing 1.0μm/mL1.0μm/mL of ATPATP at four temperatures other than 25°C25°C.
Which statement best explains why correct protein folding is critical in the transmembrane protein shown above?
Interactions of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids help to anchor the protein in the membrane.
Which of the following is most directly responsible for water's unique properties?
It forms hydrogen bonds.
Which of the following statements best describes an allosteric binding site?
It is a binding site, which is separate from the active site, and affects the activity of an enzyme when it is occupied by a ligand
Which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in Figure 1?
It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction.
Fireflies emit light. The production of light by an organism is called bioluminescence. To generate visible light, cells in a firefly's tail produce thousands of luciferase enzymes. Luciferase binds to a chemical called luciferin. Once bound, the luciferase enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction that combines an oxygen molecule and luciferin to produce oxyluciferin. This reaction requires energy and releases light. Which of the following best describes how the luciferase enzyme speeds up the chemical reaction?
Luciferase decreases the amount of energy required for the reaction to start
Which of the following observations best supports the model?
Mitochondria and some prokaryotes share similar metabolic reactions that produce ATP
Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?
Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease.
Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature?
Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together.
Which of the following statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport?
Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires energy.
Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?
Protein
Which of the following statements best describes how organisms such as rabbits obtain the carbon necessary for building biological molecules?
Rabbits eat plants and break down plant molecules to obtain carbon and other atoms that they rearrange into new carbon-containing molecules.
Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained by the structural differences between them?
Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot.
The sequences for two short fragments of DNA are shown above. Which of the following is one way in which these two segments would differ?
Segment 1 would become denatured at a lower temperature than would segment 2 because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds whereas G-C base pairs have three.
The salinity of a small inland lake has recently started to increase. Researchers are planning to study the lake over several decades to investigate how freshwater organisms survive significant changes in their natural habitat. Which of the following physiological mechanisms will the researchers most likely observe among the surviving organisms in the lake?
Single-celled organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the increased flow of water from cells to the environment.
Which of the following best describes the structure of the viral genome?
Single-stranded DNA
Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?
Some organelles contain their own DNA that is more similar to prokaryotic DNA in structure and function than to the eukaryotic DNA found in the cell's nucleus.
Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes?
The Golgi apparatus
Based on the model, the newly synthesized protein is transported directly from the endoplasmic reticulum to which of the following?
The Golgi complex
Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation?
The bacterial cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio.
Which of the following statements about glucose, galactose, and fructose is most likely true?
The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Which of the following statements about glucose, galactose, and fructose is most likely true?
The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
Intravenous (IV) solutions administered to patients are normally isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient?
The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically into the cells from the blood.
Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an experimental investigation, paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?
The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases.
Which of the following, if true about the drug, best supports the alternative hypothesis that the new drug will exhibit simple diffusion across plasma membranes?
The drug is a small nonpolar molecule.
Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in Figure 1
The formation of a covalent peptide bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction
Which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein?
The interactions of the different RR-groups with other RR-groups and with their environment determine the tertiary structure of the protein.
Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a loss of ion pump function in the cell's lysosomes?
The internal pH of the lysosomes will increase, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food.
Based on the model presented in Figure 1, which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a loss of protein X function?
The membrane potential will be disrupted by an increase in K+ concentration inside the cell.
Which statement best helps explain the formation of the hydrogen bond represented in the figure?
The nitrogen has a partial negative charge, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive charge.
Figure 1. A model showing a cell engulfing a smaller cell Which of the following provides evidence to best support the researchers' claim?
The organelle has a double membrane.
If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?
The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine.
From the initial conditions and results described, which of the following is a logical conclusion?
The pores of the bag are larger than the glucose molecules but smaller than the starch molecules.
Which of the following descriptions best describes an induced fit?
The process by which an active site alters the shape of the substrate such that it can adopt the necessary active conformation for binding.
Metabolism is organized into pathways. The pathway is linked in which of the followingmanners?
The product of one step in the pathway functions as the substrate in the next step.
A catalyst decreases _________________ and as a result increases the reaction rate (makes it faster).
activation energy
If an enzyme in solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain a faser yield of products is to
add more enzymes
What term is used for a non-protein organic molecule that is required by some enzymes in order to catalyse a reaction on a substrate?
co-enzyme
Ascorbic acid, found in citrus fruits, acts as an inhibitor to catecholase, the enzymeresponsible for the browning reaction in fruits such as apples, peaches, and pears. Onepossibility for its function could be that ascorbic acid is very similar in size and shape tocatechol, the substrate of the browning reaction. If this is true, then this inhibition is mostlikely an example of _______ inhibition.
competitive
Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?
cube with 10um
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are related in that both
depend on a concentration gradient
The Second Law of Thermodynamics basically states
entropy (chaos) increases
A(n) ____________ is a biological catalyst made of proteins.
enzyme
A certain enzyme will break down egg white but not starch. Which statement best explains this observation?
enzyme molecules are specific in their actions
Catabolism is to anabolism as __________ is to __________.
exergonic is to endergonic
Enzymes with their highest activity at an alkaline (basic) pH are represented by which of the following graphs?
graph II only (one that's increasing then levels out)
The table below provides information about the composition and function of four important molecules in living organisms. Which of the molecules in the table is a protein?
molecule 1
Which of the following best represents the DNA of the two daughter cells produced when a bacterial cell with this particular mismatch replicates its DNA and divides?
mutant on top normal on bottom
All of the following cell components are found in prokaryotic cells EXCEPT
nuclear envelope
The observed differences between the groups most likely resulted from differences in the ability of the seedlings to produce which of the following monomers?
one with hexagon and x-type shape thingy
Which of the following best depicts the tertiary structures of the two proteins in water? The diagrams in the options are not drawn to the same scale as those in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
original protein in ball shape mutated protein in ball shape
Match the structure with its letter
substrate A enzyme B enzyme substrate C product E
Enzymes have a 3-D shape due to which type of protein structure?
tertiary structure
Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because
their enzymes have high optimal temperatures
