Biology Lab 4, 5, 6 Practical

How many ATP are generated during fermentation?

2 ATP during glycolysis, but then NONE

The process by which organisms chemically oxidize organic compounds as a means of generating ATP is? Triphosphate Pathway Photosynthesis Breathing Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Why are some species are unable to utilize oxygen as a final electron acceptor during cellular respiration?

Due to a lack of oxygen in the environment, lack of enzymes needed to inactivate toxic oxygen-based free radicals (which can kill cells), or lack of certain ETC proteins.

Know the calculation for enzymatic activity

Enzymatic Activity=Δ Absorbance/ΔTime

What enzyme and substrate were used in Lab 5? (Properties of Enzymes)

Enzyme:ALP (Alkaline Phosphate) Substrate: pNPP (Paranitrophenol-phosphate)

What are enzymes are and why are they important?

Enzymes are catalytic proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions. They also help digest the food we eat. Important because the assays are used to diagnose a wide variety of diseases and are therefore valuable in medicine.

How does each optima affect the enzymes in a general sense, as well as ALP specifically.

Temperature: Most enzymes have optima between 20-40oC. For most enzymes rate of reaction doubles for every 10oC increase in temp (Q10 effect). This effect is limited by denaturing enzyme as temp increases, and once denatures the enzyme cannot catalyze reaction. pH: Optimal pH is 7.0, but could differentiate based on enzyme. Enzyme Concentration: As the concentration of the enzyme and substrate increase, the reaction increases. However, is either enzyme or substrate becomes limited, the reaction will remain constant.

What will happen when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution? The cell becomes turgid The cell becomes shriveled The cell remains normal The cell becomes lysed

The cell becomes shriveled

Aerobic respiration yields more ATP than anaerobic respiration. True or False

True

Fermentation generates energy (i.e., ATP). True or False

True

Moving molecules against their concentration gradient requires energy. True or False

True

What is the optimal temperature for most enzymes? 20 to 40 degrees Celsius 60+ degrees Celsius 60+ degrees Fahrenheit 40 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit 20 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit 40 to 60 degrees Celsius

20 to 40 degrees Celsius

How many ATP are generated during anaerobic respiration?

20-30 ATP

How much ATP is generated by the complete oxidization of pyruvate into CO2 and H2O via aerobic respiration? 15-20 36-38 30 20-30

36-38

How many ATP are generated during aerobic respiration?

36-38 ATP

What is the enzyme we will be using in lab today? PAL pNP ALP pNPP

ALP

What does ALP do and where is it found?

ALP catalyzes the hydrolysis of a phosphate group attached to proteins or lipids in vivo. ALP is involved in the digestion of humans and in clinical tests for certain diseases.

How does the ETC function?

As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.

What happens to cells when places in a hypotonic solution?

Burst. Ex: Red blood cell in distilled water (hypotonic)

What is the cellular respiration equation and what does each component mean?

C6H12O6 (glucose)+ 6O2 (oxygen) + 36 ADP (depleted ATP) + 36 Pi (phosphate groups)→ 6CO2 (Carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + 36 ATP (energy)

What is the process of cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is the process by which organism chemically oxidize compounds as a means of generating the energy-rich molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Glycolysis: Upon entering the cytosol of the cell, glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid in a series of enzymatic reactions. Then leads to net production of 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation and 2 NADH. Pyruvate oxidation: Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial matrix. It is converted to acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is generated. Krebs Cycle: Pyruvate is oxidized, and generates 2 more ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2. Oxidative phosphorylation: The NADH, and FADH2 donate their electrons to the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondria. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water. Generates over 30 ATP.

At which stages of aerobic cellular respiration are ATP produced? Chemiosmosis Kreb's Cycle ETC Glycolysis

Chemiosmosis Kreb's Cycle Glycolysis

What happens to cells when places in a hypertonic solution?

Crenate (shrink). Ex: Red blood cell in seawater (hypertonic)

What does crenation mean and why does it occur?

Crenation means to shrink and it occurs in hypertonic solutions.

Name the two types of peas that we will be working with in the cellular respiration lab. Green peas and germinating peas Green peas and snow peas Dormant peas and germinating peas Snap peas and green peas

Dormant peas and germinating peas

A denatured enzyme can catalyze a chemical reaction. True or False

False

Enzyme activity typically occurs within a very broad pH range. True or False

False

Only glucose can be broken down to generate ATP. True or False

False

Plant cells are like red blood cells and can potentially burst when placed in solutions of varying tonicity. True or False

False

Simple diffusion requires energy input. True or False

False

Match the process to its substrate (i.e. starting material). Glycolysis glucose Kreb's Cycle ETC glucose pyruvic acid/pyruvate electrons

Glycolysis ------glucose Kreb's Cycle ------- pyruvic acid/pyruvate ETC---------- electrons

What factors determine how fast water moves across a membrane? Select all that apply. Hydrostatic pressure Solute concentration difference The size of the cell

Hydrostatic pressure and Solute concentration difference

What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?

In diffusion, particles move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. In osmosis, it is the passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane, so only the solvent molecules are free to move to equalize concentration.

How does respiration occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

In eukaryotic cells, pyruvate are then shuttled either into the matrix of the mitochondria to be further broken down via aerobic respiration, or they remain in the cytosol and get partially oxidizes during an anaerobic process (fermentation) In prokaryotic cells, since they do not have mitochondria, all catabolism of pyruvate (aerobic or anaerobic) takes place in the cytoplasm.

How does the Kreb Cycle function?

Krebs Cycle: Pyruvate is oxidized, and generates 2 more ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2. In center matrix of mitochondria Products are - ATP (GTP is an intermediate) - NADH - FADH2 Acetyl CoA will be converted to citric acid First step is to enter cycle, then broken down in 8 reaction. Happens for every acetyl coA

What will happen when a red blood cell is placed in distilled water? The cell will become turgid Crenation (shrinking of the cell) will occur Lysis will occur Plasmolysis will occur

Lysis will occur

The movement of water molecules from a region of high free water concentration to a region of low free water concentration is known as ____________________. Proton pump Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport

Osmosis

Tonicity is the measure of what? Solute concentration Osmotic presssure Air pressure Ion concentration

Osmotic presssure

ALP catalyzes the hydrolysis of _______________ attached to proteins or lipids. Methyl groups Substrates Phosphate groups Phenol groups

Phosphate groups

What are the products of fermentation?

Products of fermentation are lactic acid, ethanol, and acetate.

What macromolecule is an enzyme classified as? Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Protein Lipid

Protein

What happens to cells when places in a isotonic solution?

Same size, no change.

Which of the following molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane? Mark all that apply. Small molecules Large molecules Charged molecules

Small molecules

When an enzyme's reaction rate doubles for every 10 degree Celsius increase in temperature it's called the Q10 effect. True or False

True

Does water flow from high solute concentration to low solute concentration or low to high during osmosis?

Water flows from a high concentration to a low one in osmosis.

What color will the product of today's experiment (pNP) turn? Violet Red Yellow Blue

Yellow

In prokaryotic cells, catabolism of pyruvate takes place in the __________________. Whereas, in eukaryotic cells, it occurs in the _________________________. cytoplasm, NADH fermentation, cytoplasm mitochondria, glycolysis cytoplasm, mitochondria

cytoplasm, mitochondria

Many species are unable to utilize oxygen as a final electron acceptor during cellular respiration due to: - lack of ETC proteins, lack of oxygen in the environment, lack of enzymes needed to inactivate free radicals - lack of enzymes needed to inactivate free radicals, lack of carbon in the environment, lack of ATP proteins - lack of ATP proteins, lack of oxygen in the environment, lack of enzymes needed to inactivate restrictive radicals - lack of enzymes needed to inactivate restrictive radicals, lack of ETC proteins, lack of oxygen in the environment

lack of ETC proteins, lack of oxygen in the environment, lack of enzymes needed to inactivate free radicals

What is the in vitro substrate for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) that we will be using in lab? None of these are correct Q10 pNP pNPP

pNPP

The difference between dialysis tubing and real cell membranes is that artificial membranes are more selective Answer real membranes are more selective artificial membranes allow only proteins to pass-through real membranes can't undergo osmosis

real membranes are more selective

What optima were tested in this lab?

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration

What happens if either the enzyme or substrate is limited? the enzyme's reaction rate will remain constant the enzyme's reaction rate will decrease the enzyme's reaction rate will increase the enzyme's reaction rate will cease

the enzyme's reaction rate will remain constant