Biology Lab Exam 2 study questions

Order the following sections as they appear in a scientific paper.

1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results 4. Discussion 5. References (Literature Cited)

Put the following sections in the order in which the writing handbook recommends you write them.

1. Materials and Methods 2. Results 3. Discussion 4. Introduction 5. Abstract

Organize the parts of a scientific paper in the order they are intended to be read

1. Title 2. Abstract 3. Last paragraph of the introduction 4. First paragraph of the discussion 5. Figures and tables

What is the standard font size used in scientific writing?

12 pt

What percentage of turnitin score will your paper be flagged for consideration of plagiarism?

30%

A DNA molecule that is comprised of 120 nucleotides is how many base pairs long?

60 bp

There are __ possible codons that can be made from the four nucleotides

64

In which of the following do you write a summary of whole paper/Report?

Abstract

Which of the following does not include citations?

Abstract

Loading dye

Added to DNA so that the sample will sink into the well. It contains glycerol, a dense liquid, which causes the sample to sink

What is the optimum pH for DNA ligase?

Around 7.4

Adjacent nucleotides in the DNA strand (backbone) are held together by what type of interaction?

Covalent Bonds

Complementary base pairs in the DNA double helix are held together by three type of week bonds. Which is NOT the chemical bond that hold to strands together?

Covalent Bonds

Choose the strongest interaction within a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Covalent bonds between adjacent nucleotides

Which enzyme is responsible for reading the DNA and creating a new copy?

DNA Polymerase

What will happen when you mix DNA fragments that were cut with a restriction enzyme and plasmids that were also cut with the same restriction enzyme in the same tube?

DNA fragments connect in the wrong direction to gene expression DNA fragments connect in the right direction to gene expression Plasmid close up without including DNA fragments

Okazaki fragments are

DNA fragments formed in the lagging strand during DNA replication

DNA ladder

DNA molecules of known sizes meant to be run in gel electrophoresis to estimate the size of DNA bands in agarose matrix.

Which of the following is true?

DNA polymerase III reads template strand in a 3'-5' direction, and the daughter strand is formed in a 5'-3' direction.

Which of the following is true about Sanger Method of DNA sequencing?

During the replication many new radioactively-labelled DNA strands are created and using 'terminator' bases each strand can be replicated at different lengths. An X-ray image of the gel is done after gel electrophoresis, called an autoradiogram, to visualise the sequence of DNA. It was a short process and required only 2 hours to complete.

What will happen if you added water instead of buffer in the electrophoresis tank during electrophoresis?

Electricity will not be conducted and as a result DNA will not migrate from cathode (-) to anode (+)

_____ is the segment of a gene that codes for a protein.

Exon

DNA ligase enzymes and ligation buffer will only degrade in high temperature, therefore, there is no need to keep them on ice.

False

Materials should be listed separately from the methods in the Materials and Methods section.

False

Polymerase reads DNA continuously in the 5' to 3' direction (toward the fork) and can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA strand .

False

Scatter plots are best way to show relationship between categorical data (non-numerical).

False

Serif font allows the eyes to scan lines of text easily due to bold strokes and vertical emphasis.

False

When graphing, we describe independent variable in Y-axis and dependent variable in X-axis.

False

When writing a laboratory report, you should assume the audience are experts and are familiar with scientific terminology so that you may write one as short as possible.

False

While writing a paper/report you may copy and paste sentences from your own published work because it was written in my own words.

False

What is the purpose of referencing literature?

Formally acknowledges contributions of the authors Readers can learn more on the subject Allows interpretation of results

Which of the following are nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Guanine Adenine Uracil Thymine Cytosine

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold DNA together?

Helicase

What is the function of chaperone?

Helps in protein folding

Begin with the broadest scope and get progressively narrower background information, leading steadily to the statement of objectives in the last sentence or paragraph of which of the following section?

Introduction

Past tense should be used when writing which of these sections?

Introduction Materials and Methods Results

Which enzyme is responsible for joining segments of DNA?

Ligase

Which enzyme is responsible for linking together Okazaki fragments to create the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Ligase

What may be the reason if you do not see any DNA bands in the gel after running eletrophoresis?

Loading dye was not added along with the DNA while loading them DNA were loaded in the positive side of the gel and allowed to run towards the negative side

Which of these is not a plasmid conformation?

Monomer

Appears closest to well in agarose gel

Multimer

Appears close to well in agarose gel

Nicked

What are the three conformations that can be adopted by plasmids?

Nicked, multimer, and supercoiled

What connects amino acids together?

Peptide bond

Pie Graph

Percentage of a whole.

Which of these is responsible for the negative charge that allows a DNA molecule to move through an agarose gel?

Phosphate group

Which enzyme is responsible for inserting short, RNA primers on the lagging strand so the DNA can be replicated?

Primase

RNA polymerase binds to :

Promoter sequence

Line Plot

Relationship between two quantitative variables. Continuous data

Scatter Plot

Relationship between two quantitative variables. Non-continuous.

During replication, a gap is formed between the two STRANDS of DNA. This is called the _____.

Replication Bubble

Which of the following should be in the Abstract?

Results Main conclusion Methods (Materials) Aim (question, goal, or hypothesis)

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template in reverse transcription is called?

Reverse transcriptase

Bar plot

Shows the distribution of categorical variables.

Histogram

Shows the distribution of quantitative variables.

AUG codes for methionine and is signal to:

Start translation

DNA ligase can function when the DNA strands have:

Sticky or blunt ends

Appears farthest from well in agarose gel

Supercoiled

Which one of the following is the most acceptable title for a table?

Table 1. Interaction between light and hormones in the germination of light sensitive lettuce seeds.

A DNA molecule is a double helix structure with a right-handed twist.

True

Binary fission leads to an exact duplicate of the prokaryotic cell.

True

DNA ligase works by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides on one strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule.

True

DNA strand that runs from 5' to 3' is sense DNA and that runs from 3' to 5' is antisense DNA

True

During Transcription, RNA polymerase reads antisense DNA strand moving forward in 3' to 5' direction.

True

Each table and figure must have a fully self-explanatory caption (or title). This means that a reader should be able to look at the table/figure and the caption and understand what is being presented.

True

If found plagiarised work, consequences of Plagiarism means - No second chance! and an 'F' grade for the course

True

In some cases, more than one codon can encode the same amino acid.

True

Loading dye (has glycerol) is added to the DNA while loading them into the well because - it will cause them to sink into the well while loading them

True

Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA which are synthesized discontinuously to create the lagging strand during DNA replication.

True

The abstract is considered separate from the body of the scientific paper.

True

The cloning of a DNA fragment requires connecting (gluing) the gene to a plasmid after both have been digested with the same restriction enzyme. Ligase is the enzyme that connects DNA and plasmid fragments together.

True

The interaction between Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G) is stronger than the interaction between Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) because the C-G interaction has one more hydrogen bond than the A-T interaction.

True

The point on the DNA where the DNA splits into two separate strands is called the replication fork.

True

You have two tubes, one containing vector with restriction enzyme and another containing gene of interest with same restriction enzyme. You heat both tubes at around 72 degree centrigrade before carrying out ligation because you want to inactivate the Restriction enzyme

True

Which of the following is stop signal for translation?

UAA UAG UGA

In RNA, which of the following nucleotides bind to adenine?

Uracil

Which of the following is better to do/use in Methods section:

Use sections (indicated by subtitles) to organize methods (e.g., field sampling and lab procedures, etc.).

Which is the correct complementary base pairs of DNA?

adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine

Which of the following are the correct complementary base pairing?

adenine to thymine, guanine to cytosine

The figure caption (title) should be placed_____, and the table caption should be placed_____.

below the image, above the table

Where on the DNA does DNA ligase process?

between the phosphate group of one strand and the deoxyribose group on another

Consider a circular DNA plasmid that has been cleaved (cut) once a by a restriction enzyme. Which type of cleavage would be the most difficult to reconnect?

blunt ends

You can use gel electrophoresis to verify plasmids, how?

by comparing the sizes of DNA fragments used to the size of a DNA ladder

Denaturing a biological molecule means to:

change the folding of the molecule which will effect its functions change the shape of the molecule which will effect its functions change the shape of the molecule and inactivating the molecule.

What is the size of DNA measured by?

number of base pairs

Which of the following optimum conditions are required for DNA ligase to function?

optimum salt concentration optimum temperature optimum pH

What links the 5' phosphate group of one chain with the adjacent 3' OH group of another?

phosphodiester bond

What are the molecular machines composed of proteins that play a role in translating mRNA?

ribosome

In order to replicate DNA, what must happen first?

separation of the strands by helicase

Which will travel the furtherest?

supercoiled plasmid

What is the role of transfer RNA?

to connect different amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain