Biology Major Exam 5

In mammals, a muscular ______ expands the chest, pulling air into the lungs

Diaphragm

The cellular components of blood that transports oxygen are

red blood cells

A heartbeat begins in the

sinoatrial node

The main site of food absorption in the human digestive system is the

small intestine

The passage of food needs to occur in a controlled way, so the body contains rings of muscle in the digestive tract that regulates the movement of food. These are

sphicters

Homeostasis is defined as

the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment

The upper respiratory tract is composed of

the nose, pharynx, and larynx

Physical and chemical barriesrs that form the first line of innate defense include

all answera are correct

A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for

all answers are correct

Blood

all answers are correct

WHich is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism

all answers are correct

Which is correct about primary and secondary immune responses

all answers are correct

An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitiv immune system is termed a

allergy

Which is an example of active immunity

antibodies produced from a vaccine, antibodies produced when the flu strikes

A Y-shaped protein that is produced to a specific antigen and recognizes thses antigens is a

antibody

WHat is not part of the innate defense response

antibody production

The large vessels of the cicrulatory system that carry blood away formt hte heart are

arteries

Blood transports the most carbon dioxide in what form

as biacarbonate ions

The upper chambers of the mammalian heart are the

atria

The force that blood exerts on artery walls is termned

blood pressure

Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen

both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection

In herbivores, cellulose is primarily broken down

by bacteria living within the herbivore's gastrointestinal tract

The small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are

capillaries

The most important signal that the brain uses to set the breathing rate is the level of blood

carbon dioxide

In the pulmonary circulation, ______ is expelled from the blood and ______ is picked up

carbon dioxide, oxygen

In animals, the puch that forms the entrnace to the large intestine is the

cecum

A phagocyte is a

cell that engulfs other cells and debris

In a process called ______, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly stimulated B cells

clonal selection

The substance atha when activated triggers a chain reaction thatn punctures bacterial cell membranes is

complement protien

Which is an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle?

coronary artery

The primary function of a vaccine is to

create immunological memory without causing disease.

Animals that consume decaying organic matter as their main source of food are

detritivores

What drives the movemnet of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodtream

diffusion down a concentration gradient

Epithelial cells of the small intestine contains 500 microvilli. What is the purpose of these microvilli

to increase surface area for food absorption

The chemical composition of urine reflects the process of

filtraion, absorption, and secretion

White blood cells are produced

from bone marrow stem cells

In aquatic organsims, highly folded structures that exchange gases directly with water are

gills

The master cells of the immune system that initiate and coordinates the adaptie immune response are

helper T cells

The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen is

hemoglobin

Animaks that eat only plants are

herbivores

The cecum is the largest in

herbivores

In sequence of their occurrence, the four major steps that vertebrate organisms use to obtain and use food are

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

You would know that a viral infection is ongoing in a body if you detect high levels of

interferon

The major excretory organ of the human urinary system is the

kidney

The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the

large intestine

The chamber of the heart that is the most powerful is the

left ventricle

If you wanted to read more about protections for the body, and you came across a description of cellular components of blood that destroys foreign substances, you wouuld be reading about

leukocytes

Which produces bile

liver

Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure in the lungs is ____ than the air pressure outside of the lungs. This occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm ____

lower, contract

The scientific name of the windpipe is the

trachea

Mammals excrete nitrogen wastes as what

urea

In humans, the muscular tube into which urine from the kidney first drains is the

ureter

The large vessels that carry blood to the heart are

veins

B cells or T cells are

lymphocytes

A primary antigen presenting cell, a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell is a

macrophage

A cell that does not circulate in blood, but instead settles in the tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract, producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged, is a

mast cell

The functional unit of a kidney is a

nephron

THe process used to control the level of water and ions in body fluids is termed

osmoregulation

Aerobic respiration consumes ______ gas and generates ______ gas at which a waste product

oxygen, carbon dioxide

At the capillaries, ________ leaves red blood cells and _______ enters the circulation

oxygen, carbon dioxide

In the systemic circulation, _______ is expelled from the blood and _____ is picked up

oxygen, carbon dioxide

Rythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring along the human digestive system that propel food along the system are termed

peristalsis

The liquid matrix of blood is

plasma

Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly-stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are

plasma cells

Immunological memory results form the production of

Both B and T memory cells