Biology Midterm Exam pt. 1 (chapter 6)
Which of the following pairs of organism groups consist solely of prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and Archaea
Which of the following statements best describes one major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
Which of the following organelles is primarily responsible for the production and modification of polysaccharides that will be secreted?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following statements describes a primary function of the middle lamella associated with plant cells?
It glues adjacent cells together.
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotic cells?
It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.
Which of the following statements best describes some aspect of cytoskeleton structure or function in eukaryotic cells?
Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
Gaucher disease is the most common genetic disorder affecting lipid storage in humans. The disease is caused by deficiency of an enzyme necessary for the breakdown of lipids, which leads to the accumulation of fatty material in organs of the body including the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow. Which of the following statements provides the most plausible explanation for how organelles are impacted by Gaucher disease.
The lysosomes most likely lack sufficient amounts of the enzymes necessary for lipid breakdown.
The nuclear lamina is an array of intermediate filaments that line the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. Disassembly of the lamina by chemical treatment would most likely result in which of the following consequences?
a change in the shape of the nucleus
A newly discovered unicellular organism isolated from acidic mine drainage is found to contain a cell wall, a plasma membrane, two flagella, and peroxisomes. Based on this information only, the organism is most likely to be ________.
a motile eukaryote
Which of the following organelles often occupy the majority of the volume of a plant cell?
central vacuole
Which of the following is the smallest biological structure that would most likely be visible with a standard research-grade light microscope?
chloroplast
Which of the following structures is independent of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?
chloroplast
A characteristic 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules describes the ultrastructure of which of the following cellular structures?
eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through which of the following structures?
gap junctions
Which of the following areas in bacterial cells best describes where chromosomal DNA is generally localized?
in the nucleoid
Which of the following statements describes a major advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy?
light microscopy allows the visualization of dynamic processes in living cells
Asbestos is a material that was extensively used in construction for decades. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will take up asbestos by phagocytosis, but are not able to degrade it. Toxicity most likely results from accumulation of asbestos in which of the following organelles?
lysosomes
A young child who suffers from a metabolic disease is always tired and fatigued. Which of the following organelles is most likely malfunctioning in this disease?
mitochondria
Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. In a cell exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be in ________.
mitochondria
Cyanide binds with at least one protein complex involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the bound cyanide is likely to be localized within which of the following organelles?
mitochondria
While abundant quantities of proteins are produced by free ribosomes in the cytosol, new proteins are also produced by which of the following organelles?
mitochondria
Disruption of the function of which of the following organelles would result in a dramatic decrease in ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrion
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
mitochondrion
A particular cell contains the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. Based on this composition, it could be a cell from which of the following organisms?
nearly any eukaryotic organism
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?
phagocytic white blood cell
Which of the following structures form cytoplasmic channels that connect adjacent plant cells through the cell walls?
plasmodesmata
Examination of a cell by transmission electron microscopy reveals a high density of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This observation suggests that the cell is actively producing large amounts of which of the following molecules?
proteins
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?
ribosome
If homogenized cells are fractionated by differential centrifugation, which of the following organelles will require the greatest centrifugation speed to form a pellet at the bottom of the tube?
ribosomes
Which of the following structures are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells?
ribosomes
A newly synthesized protein destined for secretion from a eukaryotic cell will generally follow which of the pathways listed below?
rough ER → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
Which of the following is the most appropriate technique for observing the three-dimensional structure and organization of microvilli on an intestinal cell?
scanning electron microscopy
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is abundant in liver cells and primarily responsible for detoxification processes?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A cell with a predominance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is most likely specialized to carry out which of the following processes?
synthesis of large quantities of lipids
Which of the following parameters is most likely to limit the maximum size of a cell?
the ratio of surface area to volume of cytoplasm
Passive leakage of partially digested material from the small intestine into the human abdominal cavity may result from defects in which of the following type of intercellular junction?
tight junctions
Which of the following molecules is required by cells to assemble cilia or flagella?
tubulin
Peroxisomes in liver cells detoxify alcohol by removing hydrogen atoms and combining them with which of the following molecules?
with oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide
