Biology: Midterm
Which discovery supported the endosymbiotic theory? DNA in mitochondria DNA in the cell nucleus DNA in ribosomes DNA in the cytoplasm
DNA in mitochondria
The study of which structure was instrumental in the formulation of the modern cell theory? plant cell animal cell cell membrane DNA molecule
DNA molecule
Check all the characteristics below that describe compounds. a)two or more elements b)chemically combined elements c)one type of atom d)cannot be separated into a simpler form e)definite proportions
a, b, and e
Mitochondrial DNA can be taken from bone, hair, or teeth and used in DNA typing. What are the benefits to using mitochondrial DNA over nuclear DNA? Check all that apply. a) mtDNA requires a much smaller sample than nuclear DNA. b) mtDNA is useful if the nuclear DNA is degraded. c) mtDNA is inherited from the mother and father's egg cells, unlike nuclear DNA. d) mtDNA is present in all maternal relatives of the person being investigated.
a, b, d
Of, or relating to an environmental factor that is not living and has never lived
abiotic factor
Which term best describes the temperature and weather conditions of an organism's environment? biotic factors abiotic factors natural resources natural habitat
abiotic factors
the use of energy by a cell to move particles against the concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
active transport
Photosynthesis is an example of an exothermic reaction. an endothermic reaction. a reaction that gives off heat. a reaction that emits energy.
an endothermic reaction
Which organisms are eukaryotes? animals plants archaea fungi
animals, plants, fungi
The smallest particle of an element that has the same properties as the element
atom
What is the basic unit of matter? atom molecule gas compound
atom
There are more hydrogen atoms in living organisms than any other atom, but oxygen is more abundant in terms of mass.Why is this statement true? a) Hydrogen is a gas, but oxygen is a solid. b) Hydrogen atoms have a lower mass than oxygen atoms. c) Hydrogen atoms make up more of water's mass than oxygen atoms. d) Hydrogen is present as single atoms and oxygen is bonded in compounds.
b
What must happen before a chemical reaction can begin? a) The activation energy must be exceeded. b) The activation energy must be reached. c) The concentrations of products and reactants must be equal. d) The concentration of reactant molecules must be reduced.
b
an organelle that provides a protective layer around a cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell
cell membrane
Which cell structures are seen in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? nucleus cell membrane mitochondria DNA ribosomes cytoplasm
cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm
a strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
cell wall
Which organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells? cell membrane, vacuole cell wall, chloroplasts cell wall, vacuole cell membrane, chloroplasts
cell wall, chloroplasts
Which process is performed by both plants and animals to break down sugars to provide energy in the form of ATP? photosynthesis cellular respiration consumption decomposition
cellular respiration
a pair of cylindrical structures that are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division
centrioles
If Tyler does not eat a diet that includes essential amino acids, his cells will not be able to build nucleic acids. certain proteins. cell membranes. certain carbohydrates.
certain proteins
a specialized organelle in green plant cells and some other photosynthetic organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.
chloroplast
Which microscope did Robert Hooke use to study tree bark? electron microscope compound light microscope simple microscope scanning microscope
compound light microscope
Which microscope uses a series of lenses to magnify an object in steps? electron microscope simple microscope compound light microscope scanning microscope
compound light microscope
In which specimen were cells first identified? microorganism cork bark DNA mitochondrion
cork bark
a jellylike substance that supports and protects organelles in a cell
cytoplasm
Glycogen is an energy-storage molecule in humans. A hormone that is called insulin controls the storage of glycogen in the liver. Insulin is made up of amino acids.Which statement correctly identifies the types of macromolecules that are described? a) Glycogen is a protein, and insulin is a lipid. b) Glycogen is a protein, and insulin is a protein. c) Glycogen is a carbohydrate, and insulin is a lipid. d) Glycogen is a carbohydrate, and insulin is a protein.
d
How does a catalyst work? a) by increasing the temperature of a chemical reaction b) by decreasing the pressure of a chemical reaction c) by increasing the concentration of reactants in a reaction d) by decreasing the activation energy of a reaction
d
Students are each given a 20-gram sample of an unknown solid compound in a clear plastic bag. They are instructed to break the material into smaller parts by gently hitting it with a hammer. Some of the parts break into large chunks and some look like a fine powder.Which statement correctly describes these broken pieces of the sample? a)The fine powder pieces are individual atoms broken from the solid. b)The larger pieces are still compounds and the smaller pieces are elements. c)Each piece contains the same number of atoms. d)Each piece contains the same proportion of different elements.
d
Which term best describes an organism that can contain up to five levels of organization to carry out life functions? multicellular unicellular abiotic biotic
multicellular
Beth recently became a vegetarian. The doctor suggested Beth eat more peas and beans to ensure she gets all of the nutrients she needs. Which element might the doctor be trying to help her get more of? carbon phosphorus nitrogen
nitrogen
Which was the first "cell" viewed by the light microscope? microbe atom DNA oak bark
oak bark
Which of these elements is found in both carbohydrates and water? carbon oxygen nitrogen helium
oxygen
Which process is characterized by the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across the plasma membrane without the use of energy? hypertonic transport active transport passive transport dynamic equilibrium
passive transport
Which macromolecule forms a double layer as the primary structure of cell membranes? fats oils phospholipids steroids
phospholipids
A doctor suspects that one of her patients has a deficiency in one of the six key elements found in living organisms. He has low energy and extremely weak, soft bones.Based on this information alone, which nutrient supplement will she most likely prescribe? phosphorus zinc sodium sulfur
phosphorus
Beth broke her ankle bone. The doctor gives her a brochure on foods she can eat to help restore the health of her bones. Which element will help Beth strengthen the bone? carbon phosphorus nitrogen
phosphorus
a unicellular (single-celled) organism that lacks internal membrane-bound structures, including a membrane-bound nucleus
prokaryote
A diseased cell is no longer able to produce proteins. Which cell structure is most likely malfunctioning? cell membrane cytoplasm ribosome mitochondrion
ribosome
organelles that produce proteins for a cell
ribosomes
Which microscope is often used to view metal surfaces? scanning electron microscope scanning tunneling microscope transmission electron microscope compound light microscope
scanning tunneling microscope
Which microscope did Anton van Leeuwenhoek use to observe single-celled organisms? simple microscope compound light microscope electron microscope tunneling microscope
simple microscope
Reactants that are catalyzed by an enzyme
substrates
Which is abiotic? tree sap insect sunlight tree stump
sunlight
Which component is affected when a catalyst is added to a chemical reaction? the amount of substrate the activation energy the amount of product the concentration of reactants
the activation energy
Which level of organization is characterized by a group of cells that work together to perform a common function? organ tissue organ system organism
tissue
an organelle that breaks down sugar molecules to supply energy to a cell
mitchondria
Who called living cells "animalcules"?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
How were Redi's and Pasteur's experiments similar? Both studied the growth of microbes in broth. Both studied flies emerging from meat. Both tested the idea of spontaneous generation. Both tested whether pasteurization kills microorganisms.
Both tested the idea of spontaneous generation.
Who found that plants are composed of cells?
Matthias Schleiden
Which substance is a nucleic acid? amino acid fat polysaccharide RNA
RNA
Who looked at cork through a compound microscope?
Robert Hooke
Who declared that all living cells can only come from other living cells?
Rudolph Virchow
Check all the characteristics below that describe elements. a)one type of atom b)a pure substance c)more than one type of atom d)chemically combined elements
a and b
If the activation energy required for a chemical reaction were reduced, what would happen to the rate of the reaction? The rate would increase. The rate would decrease. The rate would remain the same. The rate would be zero.
The rate would increase
Who found that animals are composed of cells?
Theodor Schwann
Which of the following can be cofactors? Check all that apply. a) organic molecules b) inorganic molecules c) anions d) cations
a and d
Based on the endosymbiotic theory, what cell would result from the endosymbiosis of a cell with a cyanobacterium? a) a eukaryotic cell that can make its own food b) a prokaryotic cell that can make its own food c) an aerobic bacterium d) an anaerobic bacterium
a
What was Rudolf Virchow's contribution to the cell theory? a) He concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells. b) He concluded that cells are the basic units of structure and function of all living things. c) He concluded that all organisms are composed of cells. d) He concluded that all cells are similar in composition and metabolic activities.
a
Which list correctly shows carbohydrates in size from smallest to largest? a) monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide b) disaccharide, polysaccharide, monosaccharide c) disaccharide, monosaccharide, polysaccharide d) polysaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide
a
What would most likely happen to life on Earth if the carbon cycle stopped? a) Life would continue unchanged. b) Life would cease to exist. c) Only plants would be affected. d) Only animals would be affected.
b
Which organisms transform nitrogen to a form that is useful to plants? bacteria animals fungi humans
bacteria
Which organisms are prokaryotes? bacteria archaea sunflowers
bacteria, archaea
Which is biotic? water temperature beeswax rocks
beeswax
The excretions of living organisms are best categorized as which type of factor in an environment? biotic abiotic living nonliving
biotic
Of, or relating to an environmental factor that is living or that came from something that was once living
biotic factor
What would happen to the rate of a reaction if the concentration of substrate was increased after the point of saturation? a) The reaction rate would increase. b) The reaction rate would decrease. c) There would be no effect.
c
What would most likely happen to the carbon cycle if there were no more plants on Earth? a) Animals would consume more carbon. b) More carbon would be released from fossil fuels. c) Carbon would build up in the atmosphere. d) Animals would perform more photosynthesis.
c
Which reaction is exothermic? a)a reaction that absorbs energy from the environment b)a reaction that requires an activation energy c)a reaction that releases energy into the environment d)a reaction that does not involve a change in energy
c
Which shows the most direct path that carbon can take through the carbon cycle? a) plant ® atmosphere ® animal b) animal ® plant ® atmosphere c) plant ® animal ® atmosphere d) atmosphere ® animal ® fossil fuel
c
Which statement about vacuoles is true? a) Only plant cells contain vacuoles. b) Only animal cells contain vacuoles. c) Vacuoles are larger in plant cells than in animal cells. d) Vacuoles are larger in animal cells than in plant cells.
c
Which statements describe the function of each type of macromolecule? Check all that apply. a) Carbohydrates provide energy, store energy, and surround and protect cells. b) Lipids store energy, provide support, regulate cell functions, and insulate the body. c) Proteins play a role in transport, enable movement, provide structure and support, and help make chemical reactions happen. d) Nucleic acids carry genetic information, determine the structure of proteins, and help build proteins.
c and d
Cellulose is found throughout the cell walls of plant cells. Cellulose makes cell walls rigid, which indicates that cellulose is a carbohydrate. lipid. nucleic acid. protein.
carbohydrate
Which is the central element for all living things? carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
carbon
Which substance is considered a building block for all living things? hydrogen glucose carbon protein
carbon
List the six fundamental elements found in living organisms...
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
A substance that influences the reaction but does not participate in the reaction is a
catalyst
Which term describes an enzyme? substrate reactant catalyst product
catalyst
The chemical formula for the major component of palm kernel oil is CH3(CH2)14CO2H. The chemical formula for the carbohydrate glucose is C6H12O6.Which statement best describes these macromolecules as foods? a) Glucose is a better energy source because it is the only one that can be broken down by living things. b)Palm kernel oil would provide a quicker energy source than glucose because it has more carbon atoms that can be used. c) Glucose is the only one that would provide energy to living things because it is a key product of respiration. d) Palm kernel oil would provide more energy than glucose because it contains more carbon bonds, which release energy when broken.
d
What do scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscopes have in common? a) Both generate three-dimensional images. b) Both offer magnification to the atomic level. c) Both are used to view the parts of a cell. d) Both require a vacuum.
d
What is a substrate? a) a molecule that acts as a catalyst b) a place on the enzyme where the reaction occurs c) a place on the product where the enzyme fits d) a reactant that is catalyzed by an enzyme
d
Which statement correctly compares nucleic acids and carbohydrates? a) They both contain carbon, but only nucleic acids contain hydrogen. b) They both contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. c) They both contain carbon, but only carbohydrates contain oxygen. d) They both contain carbon, but only nucleic acids contain phosphorous.
d
By which process are fossil fuels formed? burning photosynthesis decomposition cellular respiration
decomposition
in cells, the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration along the concentration gradient
diffusion
A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom
element
an organelle that moves proteins and other substances through a cell
endoplasmic reticulum
a symbiotic relationship where one of the organisms lives inside the other organism
endosymbiosis
What is stored in carbon bonds? water energy glucose ATP
energy
Lactase and carbonic anhydrase are examples of what type of substance? substrate reactant product enzyme
enzyme
Which two substances bind using a lock-and-key mechanism? enzyme and substrate reactant and substrate substrate and product reactant and product
enzyme and substrate
Proteins or RNA molecules that function as catalysts in living things
enzymes
an organism composed of one or more cells that contain internal membrane-bound structures; usually multicellular
eukaryote
Which pair of molecules both contain carbon atoms? fats and proteins water and carbohydrates nucleic acids and water oxygen gas and fats
fats and proteins
an organelle that packages and distributes proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
The state of maintaining a stable internal environment despite changing external conditions
homeostasis
Which occurs when the body responds to the environment by maintaining a stable internal environment despite changing external conditions? spontaneous generation homeostasis growth and development reproduction
homeostasis
Which is biotic? wind iron gate sunlight leaf
leaf
an organelle that contains digestive enzymes that break down waste material and debris in a cell
lysosome
Which characteristic of life best describes the process of photosynthesis? using energy containing cells reproducing growing and developing
using energy
Which substance is a compound? water gold oxygen hydrogen
water
Which would best be described as abiotic? water in a stream fish in a stream bacteria in the soil roots in the soil
water in a stream