Biology: MIDTERM Photosynthesis

What are the steps of the dark reaction?

-CO2 enters the cycle and bonds to a 5 C RUBP molecule -This produces a 6-C molecule that splits to form two 3-C PGA molecules -PGA receives a phosphate from ATP and a H+ from NADPH to produce PGAL -PGAL either: regenerates RUBP or becomes glucose

What is the equation of photosynthesis overview?

6CO2 + 6H2O+ energy ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2

Another name for photosystem I and what occurs in it?

P 700, photons are absorbed by the chlorophyll electrons are raised to a higher level , electron carriers move electrons down a transport chain and NADP+ is reduced to NADPH

What is PGA and PGAL?

PGA- 3-C molecule created from PGAL in glycolysis which is also produced in the calvin cycle in photosynthesis PGAL- Chemical compound that serves as an intermediate of photosynthesis and of glycolysis. PGA receives a phosphate from ATP and a H+ from NADPH to produce PGAL

What are photons?

Packages of light, a quantum unit of light energy (sunlight)

When h+ are pumped across the thylakoid membrane producing energy. This energy is used to attach a P to ADP, what is this process called?

Phosphorylation

Where is the site of: photosynthesis, light reactions, dark reactions?

Photosynthesis- Chloroplasts Light Reaction- Thylakoid membrane Dark Reaction- Stroma

Groups of pigment molecules containing a reaction center, clusters of proteins and chlorophyll found in thylakoids, surrounded by accessory pigments. Absorb sunlight, generate high energy electrons that are then passed to a series of electron carriers embedded in the thylakoid membranes?

Photosystem

Substances that absorb or reflect light of a specific wavelength, used by plant's to gather sun's energy

Pigment

What is the light absorbing molecule used by plant's to gather the sun's energy?

Pigment

What is a cartenoid?

Pigment molecules usually yellow, orange, and red that interact with chlorophyll to absorb light energy needed in photosynthesis

What is photosynthesis?

Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert CO2 and H2O into oxygen and energy rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

What is chemiosmosis?

Process used to produce ATP, takes place in the mitochondria during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis. When hydrogens flow from area of high concentration to lower concentrations

What is an electron transport chain?

Series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high energy electrons during ATP generating reactions

What is a light reaction? What is required in this reaction?

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH. Water is required as source of electrons and H+

What is stoma/stomata?

Small opening in the epidermis of a plant that allows CO2, H2O, and Oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf

What are the three reactions that the light reactions causes?

Splitting of water, formation of ATP, production of NADPH (a hydrogen carrier enzyme)

What is photolysis? Ex?

Splitting or decomposition of a chemical compound by means of light energy or photons. The water is split into Oxygen, Electrons, and H+. The electrons from the water replace the electrons in photosystem II

What are all the reactions based on in the light reaction? Which is called?

The gain and loss of electrons Oxidation, Reduction

What does the light reaction produce and from what?

O2, ATP, NADPH from H20, ADP, NADP+

What is oxidation and reduction?

Oxi- Loss of the electrons and/or H+ Red- Gain of electrons and/or H+

Energy molecule you can use?

ATP

Cluster of proteins that span the thylakoid membrane and allow H+ to pass through it, binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP?

ATP synthase

What is the components of ATP?

Adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

What is RuDP?

An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that incorporates(fixes) carbon dioxide into the calvin cycle/ 5 carbon molecule

What is an autotroph and heterotroph?

Auto- captures energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds Hetero- organisms that eat other organisms for food

What is the stroma? Where is it?

Background substance, fluid portion of the chloroplast, outside of the thylakoids

What occurs in the dark reaction?

CO2 is converted into carbohydrates, glucose is synthesized from carbon dioxide and hydrogen (hydrogen comes from NADPH, energy comes from ATP, and CO2 from the atmosphere

Process by which photosynthetic organisms such as plants turn inorganic compounds (usually CO2) into organic compounds (carbohydrates)?

Carbon Fixation

What is NADP+

Carrier molecule that transfers high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules. Accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons along with H+. This converts NADP+ to NADPH

Pigments that absorb violet/blue and red/orange, principal pigment of plants

Chlorophyll

What does the chloroplast contain besides grana and stroma?

Chlorophylls and accessory pigments that absorb a range of wavelengths

Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy?

Chloroplast

As what is passed down in the light reactions that energy is given and can form?

Electrons pass down a cascade giving off energy and forming ATP

What is the interaction between the two systems (5)?

Electrons produced by photolysis in system I to replace its lost reactions, electrons is passed over a chain of oxidized and reduced compounds, energy is released and pumps protons (H+) across the thylakoid membrane to its interior and then out into the stroma H+ build up producing a gradient. Energy is harvested as ATP Products of light reaction are used to run the dark reactioin

What does the dark reaction consist of? As in doing what?

Fixing atmospheric carbon to produce glucose

What is the primary energy molecule?

Glucose

The difference of charges and H+ concentration across the membrane , provides the energy to make ATP? (term)

Gradient

Inside the chloroplasts, made of thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts. Composed of chlorophyll and phospholipid?

Grana

What is the longest wavelength and shortest? What are the colors of the rainbow?

Longest- Red Shortest- Violet ROYGBV

At the end of the light reaction, the energy of the sun is now in?

NADPH

Where does the electrons from chlorophyll be replaced with in light a light reaction? Describe it

The replacement of electrons are taken from water, Water is split, 4 electrons are taken from 2H20 then 4H+ and oxygen are produce. The h+ build up inside the thylakoid causing it to become positively charged, the electrons replace those lost in the reaction center and oxygen is released as a waste product. The h+ are pumped across the membrane producing energy. This energy is used to attach a P to ADP-> ATP

Saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts

Thylakoids

What is the purpose of the lightreaction?

To supply the dark reaction with energy by ATP and NADPH

What is the measurement of electromagnetic waves from crest to crest?

Wavelengths