Biology- Mrs. King, Leap test (reviews)

If all sheep have 54 chromosomes in all of their body cells, how many chromosomes will be in the egg cells of a female sheep?

28 chromosomes

Look at the karyotype for the child with Down syndrome. What is different about it?

3 copies of the 21 chromosome

Look at the karyotype for the child with Klinefelter's syndrome. What is different about it?

3 sex chromosomes (XXY)

How many characteristics are shared between Primates and Amphibians?

4

How many chromosomes did the cell in this animation begin with? How many were in each of the daughter cells after Meiosis II?

46, 23

What is the base pair rule in DNA?

A = T (adenine= Thymine), G = C (Guanine= Cytosine)

The A allele codes for an enzyme that makes the __ __________ and the B allele codes for an enzyme that make __ __________. The O allele (we will represent as i in our class to show it is recessive) codes for a protein that is _____ ______________.

A Antigen, B Antigens, not functional

What are the two types of agglutinogens?

A and B

Adaption

A change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited for their environment.

Species

A group of living organisms capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.

Describe an agglutinogen.

A type of antigen, or identifier, that is attached to the surface of red blood cells.

What is the building block of a protein?

Amino acids

What is an allele? How many do you need to make a genotype?

An allele is a variation of a gene; 2

Embryo

An unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development

What do whale and dolphin embryos have in common?

Arm/leg buds that stop developing

Pedigree A:

Autosomal Dominant

Pedigree B:

Autosomal Dominant

How do you know if a pedigree is autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive?

Autosomal dominant is in every generations (1 parent and at least one of their offspring is affected); autosomal recessive skips generations (a parent will be affected with NO offspring affected or vice versa)

How many chromosomes are autosomes in these karyotypes? How many are sex chromosomes? What is the difference?

Autosomes = 44 Sex chromosomes = 2; sex chromosomes determine gender and autosomes are the same in males and females

Cross a blue fish (BB) with a yellow fish (YY). Color code the Punnett square based on the resulting phenotypes if these fish follow the codominance inheritance pattern.

B B Y BY BY Y BY BY

Cross a blue fish (BB) with a yellow fish (YY). Color code the Punnett square based on the resulting phenotypes if these fish follow the incomplete dominance inheritance pattern.

B B Y BY BY Y BY BY

Cross a blue fish (BB) with a yellow fish (bb). Color code the Punnett square based on the resulting phenotypes if these fish follow the complete dominance inheritance pattern (according to Mendel's laws.)

B B b Bb Bb b Bb Bb

Use the example of (Chickens; black and white makes erminette) to fill in the Punnett square to show what crossing 2 heterozygous individuals would result in with the inheritance pattern of this trait. Change the color of the letters to represent the phenotypes that would result.

B W B BB BW W BW WW

A heterozygous black guinea pig is crossed with a white guinea pig. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of their potential offspring.

B b b Bb bb b Bb bb 50% Bb, black 50% bb, white

What two organisms did the traits of Pelvis and hind legs connect whales back to?

Bison & Pig

What real world example is used to explain codominance?

Chickens; black and white makes erminette (or black and white)

Who is our closest evolutionary relative based on our genetics? What percent of our DNA sequences are the same?

Chimpanzees, 98.6%

Summarize the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes based on what you have learned so far.

Chromosomes are condensed strands of DNA that contain genes in a specific order, which are small segments of DNA

What can be found at the bottom of a cladogram?

Common ancestor/trait of all organisms on the cladogram

What is the branching point on the cladogram?

Common ancestor/trait of subsequent organisms

Describe the difference between the three types of inheritance patterns complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.

Complete dominance: the dominant phenotype will always show up as long at there is one dominant allele Incomplete dominance: there is no alleles that is dominant, so the two homozygous genotypes make a blend with the heterozygous phenotype Codominance: both alleles are dominant, so the two homozygous genotypes make a heterozygote with both phenotypes

Explain the structure of a chromosome.

Condensed DNA

The examples (opossums and New World monkeys) & (echidnas and hedgehogs) are the result of ________________ _____________ meaning that the organisms have the same structure due to similar _____________________ but different _________________ ___________________.

Convergent Evolution, Environments, Common Ancestors

Bird, bat and butterfly wings are examples of which type of evolution?

Convergent evolution

What are two reasons you heard why siblings can end up looking and being so different from each other, even though they both get DNA from the same parents?

Crossing over, genetic recombination, mutations, etc.

Where can DNA be found in the cell? Where can RNA be found?

DNA = nucleus, RNA = nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome

What has to happen before a cell is able to divide?

DNA has to replicate

Look at the pictures of DNA and RNA. Name 2 differences and 2 similarities.

DNA is 2 strands, RNA is a single strand; DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil; DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA can never leave the nucleus, RNA has to leave the nucleus

Summarize the difference in the definitions of DNA and RNA.

DNA is the genetic instructions, RNA is a working molecule that transports those instructions

The more closely related species are, the more ________________.

DNA similarities/closer related.

All living things on our planet use what as our genetic material?

DNA/ RNA

Carbon Dating

Determination of the age or date of organic matter from the relative proportions of carbon isotopes; give exact age.

Do all cells have the same length of a cell cycle? Explain.

Different types of cells have take longer/shorter in the cell cycle.

Homologous structures like those in #4-5 result from which type of evolution?

Divergent evolution

Differentiate between dominant and recessive alleles.

Dominant alleles will always show up over a recessive allele; you only need one dominant allele to express the dominant phenotype, but you need two recessive alleles to express the recessive phenotype.

Two students are discussing natural selection in bacteria and how it can relate to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Bernadette states that when antibiotics are used, bacteria can respond by developing traits to help them defeat the antibiotic, which then may increase their fitness. Dominique states that there is already a variety of traits among the bacteria. Bacteria that have traits that allow them to survive the antibiotic and reproduce may have higher fitness. Which individual's reasoning do you agree with more and why?

Dominique's; organisms possess traits/variations of traits already, they can't be changed by individuals. It's all about what is being passed on in populations.

What's the major difference between Prophase I and Prophase II according to the video?

During prophase I, crossing over occurs to create genetic variation.

What is nondisjunction? When would it occur and what is the result?

Failure of chromosomes to separate, which leads to an irregular number of chromosomes

A major point of understanding natural selection is that not all organisms in a population get to reproduce. Consider the term fitness as used in biology. How does this term relate to natural selection? If one organism has high biological fitness in one environment, does that mean that it would also have high biological fitness in another environment? Why or why not?

Fitness is being able to survive and reproduce (pass on traits); populations tend towards the fittest traits.

What real world example is used to explain incomplete dominance?

Flower color in snapdragons; red and white makes pink

The color green is dominant to yellow in peas. If you cross a heterozygous green pea and a yellow pea, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring?

G g g Gg gg g Gg gg 50% Gg, green 50% gg, yellow

What is the purpose of DNA?

Genetic information; provides all of the instructions for organisms

Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.

Genotype is the genetic makeup of a trait (TT, tt, Tt) and phenotype is the physical expression of the genotype (tall or short). Genotype determines phenotype.

What type of cells go through meiosis to become gametes?

Germ cells

Explain how tiger stripes could have evolved through gradualism.

Gradualism→ stripes allowed tigers to hunt better, so they were able to reproduce

What enzyme unzips the DNA? What type of bonds does this enzyme have to break?

Helicase; hydrogen bonds

Give 3 examples of sex-linked disorders in humans. In which gender are they more common? Why is that?

Hemophilia, Red-green colorblindness, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy; these are more common in males because males can't be carriers, so all it takes is to get one recessive allele for these traits and they are affected.

The fact that so many organisms share similar structures (known as ______________) shows us that we are all ______________.

Homologous, Related.

List the three genotypes and give an example using the letter A.

Homozygous dominant = AA, homozygous recessive = aa, heterozygous = Aa

Other than mutations, what is another cause of punctuated equilibrium?

Huge/sudden environmental changes

What four animals are listed as examples of homologous structures?

Human, dog, bird, and whale

For each genotype related to blood type, give the phenotype (blood type): IAIA = __ IAi = __ IBIB = __ IBi = __ IAIB= __ ii= __

IAIA = A IAi = A IBIB = B IBi = B IAIB= AB ii= O

How many working copies of the colorblind gene do you need to be able to see red and green?

In males only 1 (XrY) and in females 2 (XrXr)

Why is DNA replication said to be "semiconservative"?

In newly replicated DNA, one strand is always an original and one is new. This cuts down on errors.

A major misconception about natural selection is that this mechanism "gives organisms what they want or need so they can adapt to an environment." Explain why this is not correct.

Individuals can't change what they already have, some individuals are born with favorable traits, those get passed on while others are less likely (unfavorable traits) to get passed on.

Describe the two major stages of the cell cycle.

Interphase and Mitosis

Using CER and the diagram, defend the following statement: Fossils in layer D are younger than fossils in layer B.

Intrusion layers are often younger because they emerge from the Earth's core and penetrate layers that are already formed. D went through B; B had to have been present prior, so the fossils in that layers are older than the fossils in layer D.

What is an outgroup? Where would you find it on a cladogram?

It has the least characteristics in common, usually first on the cladogram

In a certain species of flower, lavender is the dominant color, with gray being recessive. A gray flower is made, but the head botanist claims this offspring is the result of pairing two lavender plants. Is this possible? Explain and complete a couple of Punnett square.

L l L LL Ll l Ll ll There is a 25% chance of having gray offspring if both parents are heterozygous (lavender).

Why is the leading strand able to replicate continuously but the lagging strand is not?

Leading replicates towards where the DNA is unzipping (5' to 3')

What two vestigial structures do whales have to suggest this?

Leg bone & pelvis

What enzyme seals up the new DNA?

Ligase seals the spaces formed between Okazaki fragments

C, B, A, D, E

List the order of the layers in the diagram from oldest to youngest.

Looking at the 2nd and 3rd karyotypes, what is the difference between male and female karyotypes?

Male = XY Females- XX

What are the genotypes for a male and a female affected by a sex-linked recessive trait?

Males = XrY Females = XrXr

Egg and sperm join in fertilization to make a zygote. Which parent determines the gender of the offspring? How do you know?

Males determine the gender of offspring; they are have two different sex chromosomes (XY)

Explain one example that is discussed in the video and how it provides evidence for evolution.

Marsupials are clustered in Australia; Darwin's finches

Populations can have variety, despite being made up of the same species. If a population has different expressed traits, this can be due to different inherited alleles. The frogs to the right are the same species, but they have different shades of green based on their inherited alleles. In a particular environment, lighter green frogs are easier to see by predators. Explain how natural selection could lead to a change in allele frequency.

More light green frogs get eaten, so less light green frogs are reproducing and passing on the light green alleles.

Explain how tiger stripes could have evolved through a combination of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

Mutation caused something similar to stripes, reproduced until stripes were the eventual outcome

Explain how mutations can drive evolution by punctuated equilibrium.

Mutations in punctuated equilibrium are helpful in their environment so they get passed on.

Is nondisjunction the only mistake that could happen during meiosis? Glance through the other karyotypes and provide another example of a mistake and the resulting problem.

No; deletion, duplication, and translocation result in genetic disorders.

What does the dolphin fetus have in common with a puppy or human embryo?

Nostril grooves

What are the building blocks of DNA? What three parts compose this building block?

Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)

Mutation

Occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene

What does the law of superposition state? What can it be used for?

Older layers are on the bottom and younger layers are on the top

Describe a pedigree.

Pedigrees are used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait throughout a family

What two traits did the fossils of Rodhocetus suggest its connection to whales and what you wrote (leg bone & Pelvis)?

Pelvis & hind legs

Natural selection is an example of a mechanism of evolution. Does this mechanism produce a change in individuals or populations? Explain!

Populations, it takes time and reproduction

What structure do marsupial opossums and New World monkeys share?

Prehensile tail

What structure do echidnas and hedgehogs have in common?

Prickly protrusions

What type of organism does he say we all descended from? How long ago?

Prokaryotes, 3.8 billion years ago

What is the purpose of genes?

Provides instructions for making proteins

Species with a shorter evolution evolved mostly by ___________________________ whereas species with a longer evolution evolved mostly by _______________.

Punctuated Equilibrium, Gradualism.

Explain how tiger stripes could have evolved through punctuated equilibrium.

Punctuated→ stripes were caused by a mutation, still beneficial and were reproduced

Use the example of (Flower color in snapdragons, red and white makes pink) to fill in Punnett square to show what crossing 2 heterozygous individuals would result in with the inheritance pattern of this trait. Change the color of the letters to represent the phenotypes that would result.

R W R RW RW W RW RW

Bird, bat and butterfly wings are examples of analogous structures. What does this mean in terms of structure & function?

Same function, different structure

Human, dog, bird, and whale are examples of homologous structures. What does this mean in terms of structure & function?

Same structure, different function

Define genes.

Segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait(s)

Explain the difference between sex chromosomes and other chromosomes.

Sex chromosomes determine a person's biological gender, autosomes are the same in both genders

Pedigree C:

Sex- Linked recessive

When determining the type of pedigree, how do you tell the difference between an autosomal pedigree and a sex-linked pedigree?

Sex-linked recessive pedigrees will always have more males affected; autosomal pedigrees will have a fairly equal number of males and females affected.

Describe the purpose of a cladogram.

Shows the relationship of organisms based on characteristics in common.

What caused this type of evolution to occur?

Similar environment

The first picture shows what type of chromosomes in what phase of the cell cycle? Is this cell somatic or a gamete?

Sister chromatids in metaphase; somatic

Gradualism causes change that is _________, ______________, and _________________.

Slow, Constant, Consistent

Would these two karyotypes be from a somatic cell or gamete? Explain how you know.

Somatic cell b/c they have homologous pairs

How are stripes in tigers a beneficial adaptation?

Stripes = camouflage

Analogous

Structures that have the same function, but a different structure.

Homologous

Structures that show common descent; they have the same structure but a different function

Fitness

The ability to survive to reproductive age, find a mate, and produce offspring.

Artificial Selection

The intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits.

Why is one of the strands of DNA considered "leading" and the other considered "lagging"?

The leading goes toward the replication fork (where the 2 strands split) and the lagging goes away (it's backwards)

How would you describe the cell cycle?

The life cycle of the cell

Variation

The occurrence of an organism in more than one distinct color or form

Evolution

The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.

Gene Expression

The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins.

Natural Selection

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Fossils

The remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock.

Gene Pool

The stock of different genes in an interbreeding population

What is embryology?

The study of organism development

DNA and RNA have very similar names. What difference in their structure gives them their unique names?

The sugars. DNA - deoxyribose and RNA - ribose

If a homozygous dominant trait is crossed with a homozygous recessive trait, what is the chance of the offspring having the recessive phenotype? Explain.

There is a 0% chance of the offspring having the recessive phenotype. All of the offspring will have at least one dominant allele (Aa), and will express the dominant phenotype.

Why are proteins important to living organisms?

They express genes, carry out various functions (storage, transport, structure, etc.)

If several different organisms have the same characteristics in early development, what can be said about these organisms?

They have a fairly recent common ancestor

Why do dolphins and sharks look so similar?

They live in very similar environments

What did fossils teach us about whales?

They may have been able to walk; were land mammals

Describe what a codon is and its function.

Three mRNA bases that code for a specific amino acid. Ex. AUG = methionine

Why does RNA leave the nucleus?

To bring the genetic message to the cytoplasm in order to build proteins.

What does the prefix "co" in codominance mean?

Together

Riddle #2: Which enzyme containing organelle breaks down old cell parts? Clue: TAC-GTG-CCC-ACC-TTT-ACC-TTC-GTC-CAG-ACT Transcribe: ___-___-___-___-___-____-____-____-____-____ Translate: _________________

Transcribe: AUG-CAC-GGG-UGG-AAA-UGG-AAG-CAG-GUC-UGA Translate: Lysosome

Riddle #3: The part of a chromosome that shortens over time causing aging is a what? Clue: TAC-GCT-CAG-GTG-TTC-GTT-CAA-ACA-CAA-ATC Transcribe: ___-___-___-___-___-____-____-____-____-____ Translate: __________________

Transcribe: AUG-CGA-GUC-CAC-AAG-CAA-GUU-UGU-GUU-UAG Translate: Telomere

Riddle #1: What type of carbohydrate is used as energy storage in animals? Clue: TAC-AGA-GTA-CCT-GAA-TTT-AGT-CAA-TTA-ATT Transcribe: ___-___-___-___-___-____-____-____-____-____ Translate: _____________________

Transcribe: AUG-UCU-CAU-GGA-CUU-AAA-UCA-GUU-AAU-UAA Translate: Glycogen

Name and describe the first step in protein synthesis. Where does it occur?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus and uses a DNA template to make RNA.

Name and describe the second step in protein synthesis. Where does this occur?

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm on a ribosome to synthesis proteins from the mRNA.

Red-green colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a normal male marries a female that is a carrier for this trait, what is the possibility that they will have colorblind children? Specifically which gender will be affected?

XR Y XR XRXR XRY Xr XRXr XrY There is a 25% possibility of them having a child that is colorblind, specifically a male.

Eye color is a sex-linked recessive trait in fruit flies. Red eyes are normal compared to white eyes. If a female is completely normal but has baby flies with an affected male, is there any change they will have children with white eyes?

Xr Y XR XRXr XRY XR XRXr XRY There is no chance they will have offspring with white eyes.

If a male that has hemophilia (a sex-linked recessive disease) marries a female that carries the disease, what is the chance that their offspring will have hemophilia?

Xr Y XR XRXr XRY Xr XrXr XrY There is a 50% chance their offspring will have hemophilia (either gender).

In meiosis, female mammals make _______ which always have an __. Male mammals make _________ which can have either an __ or __.

eggs, X, sperm, X or Y

About half of our genes are the same as a ______ ______.

fruit flies

Evolutionary change is driven, in part, by ___________________ change.

geographical

Sex linkage applies to genes that are located on the ____ _____________.

sex chromosomes

Everyone inherits _____ _________ of the gene, ______ from each parent. The combination of your two alleles determines your ________ ______.

two alleles, one, blood type

Haploid gametes (egg and sperm) will fuse to form a __________.

zygote

Sean and Catherine have 4 kids. Each kid has a different blood type. The public immediately assumes that Sean couldn't be the father. Is this necessarily true? Use the Punnett square to show if it is possible for them to have these 4 kids together.

|A i |B |A|B |Bi i |Ai ii If both parents are heterozygous for A and B, they can have children with all different blood types.

Mark isn't sure what his blood type is, but he knows that his wife is type AB and that their children are either type A or type B. What is Mark's blood type? Use the Punnett square to prove your answer.

|A |B i |Ai |Bi i |Ai |Bi He is most likely type O, if he is any other blood type, there would be type AB among his children.

A baby duck sustained a severe laceration on his leg and is in danger of bleeding out. The surgical team needs to give him blood, but they aren't sure what type he needs. They just ran out of type O blood and all that's left is type B! The baby is a progeny of a female with type O blood and a male with type AB blood. What are the odds that the injured baby can safely receive the blood on hand in the vet's office?

|A |B i |Ai |Bi i |Ai |Bi There is a 50% chance the baby will get the correct blood for his transfusion.