Biology | Chapter 7

Cytoskeleton

A supporting network of fibers that from a framework for the cell and provide an anchor for all of the organelles inside the cell

Passive transport

A type of transport that require NO INPUT ENERGY Because the particles are moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Eukaryotic cells

A unicellular organisms with membrane bound nucleus and organelles - Generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells

Theodor Schwann

A year later ______ reported that animal tissues also consisted of individual cells

RNA, protein

Ribosomes are made up of ____ and ____

Nucleolus

Ribosomes are made within the nucleus at a site called the ______

cellulae

Robert Hooke first called the box like structures he called them

Observe living crlls

Scanning electron microscope can't ___

Be used with live specimens

Scanning tunneling electro microscope can ____

Cilia

Short, hair-like projections that functions in cell movement

Selectively permeable

The plasma membrane is ________ meaning it allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out

Phospholipid bilayer

The plasma membrane is composed of a ____

Cell theory

The work of the scientists observing the cell...

Cell wall

Thick rigid mesh of fibers that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane - protects cell and gives it support

Golgi apparatus

A flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacks called vesicles

Endoplasmic reticulum

A membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis

Vacuole

A sac used to store food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell

Cytoplasm

A semi fluid material inside the plasma membrane

Scanning tunneling electron microscope

Brings a charged tip of a probe extremely close to the specimen so that the electrons "tunnel" through the small gap between the specimen and the tip

Are, not

Cell walls ____ Found in plant cells but ____ in animal cells

Chlorophyll

Chloroplasts contain a pigment called ____ which absorb light necessary for photosynthesis and also give the plant their green color

Compound light microscopes

Consists of a series of glass lenses and uses visible light to produce a magnified image

Polar, nonpolar

Each phospholipid has a ____ head and a _____ tail

Transmission electron microscopes

Electrons are passed through a specimen to a fluorescent screen

scanning electron microscope

Electrons pass over the surface of the specimen producing a 3-dimensional image

Mitochondria

Energy generators that convert fuel particles into usable energy

Plasma membrane

Flexible, selective permeable boundary that helps control what enters/leaves the cell

Centrioles

Groups of Microtubules that help with cell division

Proteins

Help transmit signals to the inside of the cell, help give the cell support and shape, and help transport certain substances across the membrane

Carbohydrates

Helps cells identify chemical signals such as hormones

Cellular transport

Helps move substances within the cell and move substances into and out of the cell

Cholesterol

Helps prevent he phospholipids from sticking together and helps keep the fluidity of the plasma membrane

Into

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution water will rush ____ the cell

Out of

If a cell is placed in hypertonic solution water will rush _____ the cell

Matthias Schleiden

In 1838 ______ studied plant cells and concluded that all plants are composed of cells

Rudolph virchow

In 1855 _____ proposed that all cells are produced from the division of existing cells

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

In the 1600s _______ designed his own microscope and was able to observe living cells

Nucleus

It contains most of the cells DNA, which stores information used to make proteins for cell growth, function, and reproduction.

Flagella

Long, tail-like projection with a whip-like motion that helps a cell move through a watery environment

Atomic force microscope

Measures various forces between the tip of the probe and the cell surface to create an image

Prokaryotic cells

Microscopic, unicellular organisms without a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

Don't

Most animal cells _____ contain vacuoles but if they do they are much smaller than vacuoles in plant cells

Proteins

Moving within the phospholipid bilayer are ____

Nuclear envelope

Nucleus surrounded by a double membrane called the

Golgi apparatus

Often called the UPS or FedEx of the cell

Mitochondria

Often called the powerhouse of the cell

Chloroplast

Organelles that capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms 3. Cells arise from previously existing cells

Parts of cell theory

Carbohydrates (cellulose)

Plant cell walls are made of _____

Nucleus

Sometimes called the cells managing structure or control center

Diffusion

Spraying perfume and it spreading throughout the room is an example of

Vesicles, proteins

The _____ produced by the Golgi apparatus will attach to the membrane and release _____ from the cell

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

The area of ER where no ribosomes are attached and where carbohydrates and lipids are made

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

The area of ER where ribosomes are attached and where proteins are made

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Microtubules, micro filaments

The cytoskeleton is made up of structures called ____ and _____

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Fluid mosaic model

The idea that the membrane is more like a fluid, with components sliding past one another within the bilayer, than a solid structure is called...

1000x

The maximum magnification of compound light microscoped

Diffusion

The net movement of particles from an area where there are many particles of the substance to an area where there are fewer particles of the substance

Ribosomes

The organelles that help manufacture proteins

Homeostasis

The plasma membrane helps maintain _____ for the cell

500,000x Dead, sliced, and stained

Transmission electron mid roscoe can magnify up to _____ but the specimen must be _____

One or two

Typically a cell has ___ flagella

Electron microscopes

Used magnets to aim a beam at thin slices of cells

Facilitated diffusion

Uses transport proteins to move others ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane (ones that cants pass through membrane naturally)

Lysosomes

Vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn out organelles and food particles along with digesting bacteria or viruses that have entered the cell

designed microscope and observed living cells

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do?

Studied plant cells and concluded that all plants are composed of cells

What did Matthias schleiden do?

Proposed that all cells are produced from the division of existing cells

What did Rudolph Virchow do?

Reported that animal tissues also consisted of individual crlls

What did theodor Schwann do?

scanning tunneling electron microscope

What type of electron microscope is used to observe living specimens?

Hypertonic solution

When comparing two solutions, it's the solution with a higher concentration of solutes

Hypotonic solution

When comparing two solutions, it's the solution with the lower concentration of solutes

Dynamic equilibrium

When particle are evenly spread our or are equal on both sides of the cell membrane

Isotonic solution

When the concentration of two solutions is the same

Robert Hooke

Who invented the first microscope?

All

____ cells contain a plasma membrane

Smooth

_____ ER in the liver help detoxifying harmful substances

sodium-potassium ATPase pump

a pump that maintains the level of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (k+) inside and outside of the cell

endocytosis, smaller

because the cell loses part of its membrane during _____ the cell gets _____

exocytosis, larger

because the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane during ____ the cell itself actually gets larger

active transport

substances move from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration

active transport

the movement of substances across the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient which requires energy

endocytosis

the process by which a cell surrounds a substance in the outside environment and brings it into the cell

exocytosis

the process by which cells expel waste and secrete substances, such as hormones, produced by the cell

sodium-potassium ATPase pump

this pump is necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses