Biology Study set
d. DNA molecules are transported out through the pores.
26. Which of the following is NOT true concerning the nuclear envelope? a. It has two lipid bilayers. b. There are pores in the membrane. c. Ribosomal subunits can pass out of the nucleus. d. DNA molecules are transported out through the pores. e. The outer bilayer of the nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the ER.
e. endoplasmic reticulum
27. These organelles are sometimes referred to as rough or smooth, depending on their appearance in electron micrographs. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. endoplasmic reticulum
b. ribosomes
28. These structures are the primary cellular sites for the production of proteins. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. smooth endoplasmic reticula
e. smooth endoplasmic reticula
29. Lipids destined for cell membranes are synthesized here. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. smooth endoplasmic reticula
c. Plastids.
41. Organelles in plant cells that function in photosynthesis or storage are called a. Stroma. b. Grana. c. Plastids. d. Vacuoles. e. Mitochondria.
d. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria.
42. ATP is produced in a. Golgi bodies. b. Mitochondria. c. Chloroplasts. d. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria. e. Both mitochondria and Golgi bodies.
e. Microfilaments.
43. Structural features that contain the protein actin and help to strengthen and change the shapes of eukaryotic cells are a. Plastids. b. Vacuoles. c. Microvilli. d. Nucleoli. e. Microfilaments.
c. Microtubules.
44. Organelles used to move chromosomes are the a. Cilia. b. Flagella. c. Microtubules. d. Microfilaments. e. Pili.
resting membrane potential
An electrical potential established across the plasma membrane of all cells by the Na+/K+ ATPase and the K+ leak channels. IN most cells, the resting membrane potential is approximately -70 mV with respect to the outside of the cell. TL;DR: - 70mV
What would you hypothesize to be the function of an enzyme called threonine kinase? (threonine is an amino acid).
It adds a phosphate to threonineon specific proteins.
d. nucleus
1. Which of the following is (are) NOT components of all cells? a. plasma membrane b. DNA c. cytoplasm d. nucleus e. plasma membrane and nucleus
d. A hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
12. The phospholipid molecules of most membranes have a. A hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail. b. A hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. c. A hydrophobic head and two hydrophobic tails. d. A hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. e. None of these.
a. A lipid bilayer.
13. Hydrophobic reactions of phospholipids may produce clusters of their fatty acid tails, which form a. A lipid bilayer. b. Hydrolysis of the fatty acids. c. A protein membrane. d. A cytoskeleton. e. A nonpolar membrane.
e. Presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer.
14. The relative impermeability of membranes to water-soluble molecules is a result of the a. Nonpolar nature of water molecules. b. Presence of large proteins that extend through both sides of membranes. c. Presence of inorganic salt crystals scattered through some membranes. d. Presence of cellulose and chemicals such as cutin, lignin, pectin, and suberin in the membranes. e. Presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer.
c. Hydrophilic substances have an easier time passing through membranes than hydrophobic substances do.
15. Which statement is NOT true? a. Membranes are often perforated by proteins that extend through both sides of the membrane. b. Some membranes have proteins with channels or pores that allow for the passage of hydrophilic substances. c. Hydrophilic substances have an easier time passing through membranes than hydrophobic substances do. d. The current concept of a membrane can be best summarized by the fluid mosaic model. e. The lipid bilayer serves as a hydrophobic barrier between two fluid regions.
b. receptor proteins
16. Which of the following membrane proteins is responsible for binding hormones that can trigger changes in the cell's activity? a. recognition proteins b. receptor proteins c. transport proteins d. adhesion proteins e. channel proteins
b. Bacteria
19. Which are examples of prokaryotes? a. Protozoa b. Bacteria c. Algae d. Fungi e. Mosses
b. Membrane-bound nuclei.
20. Prokaryotic cells do NOT have a. Nucleoid regions. b. Membrane-bound nuclei. c. Cytoplasm. d. A plasma membrane. e. DNA.
d. Both flagella and pili.
21. Prokaryotes may have a. Flagella. b. Pili. c. Nuclei. d. Both flagella and pili. e. All of these.
e. All of these.
22. Both Bacteria and Archaea have a. Cell walls. b. Cell membranes. c. Ribosomes. d. Both cell walls and ribosomes. e. All of these.
a. Biofilm.
23. When multiple species of single celled organisms live together in a mass of secreted polysaccharides, this is called a. Biofilm. b. Infection. c. Algae. d. Colony. e. Organism.
e. Archaea, Eukarya, and Prokarya
24. Ribosomes are found in a. Archaea. b. Eukarya. c. Prokarya. d. Archaea and Eukarya. e. Archaea, Eukarya, and Prokarya.
d. Nucleolus.
25. A dense, irregularly shaped region within the nucleus in which subunits of ribosomes are synthesized is called the a. Plastid. b. Vacuole. c. Microvillus. d. Nucleolus. e. Basal body.
a. Golgi body
30. This organelle's appearance has been likened to a stack of pancakes. a. Golgi body b. ribosome c. mitochondria d. lysosome e. vesicle
a. Golgi bodies
31. These are the primary structures for the packaging of cellular secretions for export from the cell. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. chloroplasts
d. lysosomes
32. These contain enzymes and are the main organelles of intracellular digestion (trash conductors of the cell) a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. endoplasmic reticula
b. Peroxisomes.
33. Fatty acids are degraded by a. Nucleoli. b. Peroxisomes. c. Lysosomes. d. Endoplasmic reticula. e. Golgi bodies.
e. Both Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticula.
34. Protein secretion involves a. Golgi bodies. b. Peroxisomes. c. Endoplasmic reticula. d. Both Golgi bodies and peroxisomes. e. Both Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticula.
b. Central vacuoles.
35. Fluid-filled sacs that may store amino acids, sugars, toxins, and ions in plant cells are called a. Plastids. b. Central vacuoles. c. Microvilli. d. Nucleoli. e. Golgi.
e. chloroplasts and central vacuoles
36. Which of the following are common in plants but not in animals? a. chloroplasts b. central vacuoles c. mitochondria d. chloroplasts and mitochondria e. chloroplasts and central vacuoles
d. chloroplasts and mitochondria
37. These are the primary cellular sites for the production of ATP. a. chloroplasts b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. chloroplasts and mitochondria e. ribosomes and mitochondria
c. mitochondria
38. These organelles contain enzymes used in the breakdown of glucose and generation of ATP. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. endoplasmic reticula
b. organic compounds
39. Mitochondria convert the energy stored in ____ to usable energy for the cell. a. water b. organic compounds c. NAD d. ATP e. carbon dioxide
b. Two.
40. The number of membranes surrounding a mitochondrion is a. One. b. Two. c. Three. d. Four. e. Unknown.
d. Flagellum.
45. The organelle that whips back and forth to propel a cell through fluid is a a. Microfilament. b. Pilus. c. Microvillus. d. Flagellum. e. Microtubule.
a. Cilia.
46. Short hairlike structures on the cell surface that stir fluid around stationary cells are called a. Cilia. b. Flagella. c. Intermediate filaments. d. Microfilaments. e. Pili.
c. Pseudopods.
47. Amoeba move by using a. Cilia. b. Flagella. c. Pseudopods. d. Cilia and flagella. e. Cilia and pseudopods.
b. Chitin.
48. Plant cell walls can contain all of the following EXCEPT a. Cellulose. b. Chitin. c. Lignin. d. Pectin. e. Both pectin and lignin.
b. Water cannot move through a cell wall.
49. Which of the following statements concerning cell walls is NOT true? a. The cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane. b. Water cannot move through a cell wall. c. The cell wall is more rigid than the plasma membrane. d. Cell walls can form connections to one another. e. Pectin and cellulose are found in plant cell walls.
c. Cross-connections between cell walls.
50. Plasmodesmata are a. Used in energy transformations within the cell. b. Typical of animal cells more than plant cells. c. Cross-connections between cell walls. d. Used in energy transformations in both plant and animal cells. e. Found most frequently in bacteria.
c. tight junctions
51. Which type of junctions prevent water leakage between cells? a. gap junctions b. plasmodesmata c. tight junctions d. adhering junctions e. blocking proteins
a. gap junctions
52. Which type of junctions allows communication between animal cells? a. gap junctions b. plasmodesmata c. tight junctions d. adhering junctions e. blocking proteins
e. humans
53. Four of the five animals listed below can harbor E. coli 0157:H7 without becoming ill. Select the exception. a. goats b. cattle c. deer d. sheep e. humans
e. All cells have a nucleus.
54. Four of the five answers listed below are portions of a well-known theory. Select the exception. a. Cells are the structural and functional components of living things. b. Cells arise from preexisting cells. c. All organisms are composed of cells. d. Cells are the basic living unit or organization of living things. e. All cells have a nucleus.
d. inert and impermeable
55. Four of the five answers listed below are characteristics of the plasma membrane. Select the exception. a. phospholipid b. fluid mosaic c. lipid bilayer d. inert and impermeable e. hydrophobic tails
e. vesicles
56. Four of the five answers listed below can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Select the exception. a. cell wall b. cytoplasm c. plasma membrane d. ribosomes e. vesicles
a. nucleolus
57. Four of the five answers listed below are organelles in the cytoplasm. Select the exception. a. nucleolus b. mitochondrion c. ribosome d. Golgi apparatus e. chloroplast
e. mitochondria
58. Four of the five organelles listed below are part of the endomembrane system. Select the exception. a. smooth ER b. rough ER c. Golgi bodies d. vesicles e. mitochondria
Microtubules
59. Help distribute chromosomes to the new cells during cell division
a. Electrons.
6. To see objects smaller than those that can be resolved by a light microscope, we usually use microscopes that employ a beam of a. Electrons. b. Photons. c. Protons. d. Neutrons. e. X-rays.
Chloroplasts
60. Convert light energy to chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose or starch
Golgi bodies
61. Package cellular secretions for export
DNA molecules
62. Encode hereditary information
RNA molecules
63. A copy of the hereditary information delivered to the ribosomes
Central vacuoles
64. Increase cell surface area; store substances
Lysosomes
65. Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion
Mitochondria
66. Extract energy stored in carbohydrates; synthesize ATP; produce water and CO2
Nucleoli
67. Synthesize subunits that will be assembled into two-part ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
68. Primary cellular organelles where proteins are assembled
c. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
7. One portion of the cell theory states that a. All cells have a nucleus. b. All cells divide by meiosis. c. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. d. Cells arise through spontaneous generation. e. Growth is solely the result of cell division.
d. chloroplast
8. Which of the following structures is large enough to be seen under a light microscope? a. small molecule b. protein c. virus d. chloroplast e. complex carbohydrate
c. Scanning electron micrograph.
9. The most detailed image of the surface of a cell would be found on a a. Light micrograph from a phase contrast microscope. b. Transmission electron micrograph. c. Scanning electron micrograph. d. Light micrograph from a light microscope. e. All of these provide equivalent resolution.
G-protein coupled receptors
A special class of membrane receptors with an associated GTP binding protein; activation of a G protein-coupled receptor involves dissociation and GTP hydrolysis
Peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide. Full definition: They are small vesicles found around the cell. They have a single membrane that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials in the cell. They differ from lysosomes in the type of enzyme they hold. Peroxisomes hold on to enzymes that require oxygen (oxidative enzymes)
8) On the practice exam (Question) Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) Amounts of Organelles in four cell types: Cell A - Smooth ER: Large amount Rough ER: Average amount Mitochondria: Average # Golgi: Average amount Lysosomes: Large Amount Cell B - Smooth ER: Small amount Rough ER: Small amount Mitochondria: Large # Golgi: Small amount Lysosomes: Small Amount Cell C - Smooth ER: Small amount Rough ER: Large amount Mitochondria: Small # Golgi: Large amount Lysosomes: Small Amount Cell D - Smooth ER: Small amount Rough ER: Average amount Mitochondria: Average # Golgi: Average amount Lysosomes: Large Amount
Cell Type A is likely a liver cell, it produces a lot of smooth ER to detoxify wastes/drugs/poisons and sends it to the abundant lysosomes. Cell Type B is likely a muscle cell.. it requires a lot of ATP to contract Cell Type C is likely some cell that secretes a lot of proteins, such as a pancreatic cell (secretes hormones and enzymes). It's good enough to just say that it's likely a cell that secretes a lot of proteins. Cell Type D is likely a phagocytic cell, a cell that takes in a lot of stuff from the outside world through endocytosis and sends it to the lysosome. For example, a macrophage. 8) F (both C and D) -(made a mistake on the numbering!)
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
2nd law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
In order for a G-protein to become active, what must happen?
It must bind GTP
After a G-protein is activated, what does it do?
It stimulates the activation of a membrane-bound enzyme
What is the function of adenylyl cyclase?
It stimulates the production of cAMP
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?
It works passively
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels (may or may not require ATP).
Standard lab conditions
Pressure = 1 atm pH = 7 temperature = 298k [reactants] = [products] = [1M]
Kinase
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.
Dynein arms
are found on microtubules in cilia and flagella and cause movement by grabbing and pulling at adjacent microtubule doublets
receptor-mediated endocytosis
binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation
simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
The protein that acts as a "motor"in muscle contraction is
myosin
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Excocytosis
process of exporting proteins from a cell by a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane
signal transduction
the transmission of molecular signals from a cell's exterior to its interior
