Biology Test 2 - Chapter 4, 1, & 5
Cell physiology
Examines the processes occurring in cells
Cytology
Examines the structural features of cells
Histology
Examines tissues, which are composed of cells, and the materials that surround them
True or False? The kidneys are contained within the pelvic cavity subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity.
False
True or False? The subcutaneous tissue is part of the skin and the integumentary system.
False
True or False? The thoracic cavity is divided into right and left parts by a median partition called the sternum.
False
Select all that result in tissues as a result of aging.
Loss of elasticity, Loss of flexibility,
Tissue level
Multiple muscle cells combine in function to form the bicep brachii.
Abdominal region
Region between the chest and hips
Protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light
Skin
Hemidesmosomes are similar to one-half of a desmosome and attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane.
True
The stratum basale
contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells.
Vocal folds and ligaments between vertebrae
Dense regular elastic connective tissue
Contains 20-30 layers of dead cornified cells
stratum corneum
Contains dead cells that are filled with keratin
stratum corneum
Contains three to five layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells
stratum granulosum
Keratohyalin accumulates in the cytoplasm of the cells
stratum granulosum
Keratohyalin granules are formed in the __________.
stratum granulosum
The epidermal layer found only in thick skin is __________.
stratum lucidum
Thin, clear zone consisting of several layers of dead cells
stratum lucidum
Eight to ten layers of many-sided cells
stratum spinosum
Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have many __________.
desmosomes
The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is
detection of heat and touch.
The four primary tissue types are
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
Epithelial tissue, or ________, covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.
epithelium
A cell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a __________.
fibroblast
A major limitation of radiographs is that they
give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body
While Stacy is in the process of passing over the bar during a pole vault, her hips are considered to be
inferior to her shoulders.
A blood clot stimulating even more blood clotting is an example of __________.
positive feedback
Which of the following is not a major function of connective tissue?
Contraction
Put the following levels of organization from the simpler to the more complex level. Cellular level
2
Sequence the steps of tissue repair. A scab forms and epithelium grows into the wound
2
Correctly order the following events that occur during inflammation. Tissue damage occurs and bacteria are introduced.
1
Put the following events in the correct order to describe how negative feedback controls blood pressure. Receptors in the wall of a blood vessel detect that blood pressure has decreased.
1
Put the following events of tissue repair in the correct order. A fresh wound cuts through the epithelium and underlying connective tissue.
1
Put the following levels of organization from the simpler to the more complex level. Chemical level
1
Put the following negative feedback events in the correct order. A receptor monitors a variable.
1
Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial. Stratum basale
1
Sequence the steps of tissue repair. A blood clot forms
1
A tissue has the following characteristics: free surface, single layer of cells, cells are narrow and tall, microvilli, many mitochondria, goblet cells. Which of the following is most consistent with those observations? (1) active transport (2) epithelium (3) simple epithelium (4) columnar epithelium (5) cuboidal epithelium (6) squamous epithelium (7) secretion by exocytosis (8) movement of mucous across its surface
1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Put the following negative feedback events in the correct order. Information about the variable is sent to the control center.
2
Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial. Stratum spinosum
2
An eight-year-old boy fell off his bike and skinned his elbow. Place, in proper order, the steps of repair for healing the skin wound.
1. A clot forms. 2. A scab forms on the surface of the skin; epithelial tissue grows in the wound. 3. Fibroblasts form granulation tissue. 4. Connective tissue replaces granulation tissue.
Correctly order the following events that occur during inflammation. Chemical mediators of inflammation are released or activated in injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels.
2
Put the following events in the correct order to describe how negative feedback controls blood pressure. Nerves send information about blood pressure to the control center (the brain).
2
Put the following events of tissue repair in the correct order. A clot forms.
2
Correctly order the following events that occur during inflammation. Chemical mediators cause capillaries to dilate and the skin to become red.
3
Put the following events in the correct order to describe how negative feedback controls blood pressure. Nerves from the brain send signals to the effector (the heart) to increase stroke rate and volume.
3
Put the following events of tissue repair in the correct order. A scab appears, and epithelium grows into the wound.
3
Put the following levels of organization from the simpler to the more complex level. Tissue level
3
Put the following negative feedback events in the correct order. The control center evaluates the value of the variable compared to the set point.
3
Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial. Stratum granulosum
3
Sequence the steps of tissue repair. Fibroblasts form granulation tissue
3
Correctly order the following events that occur during inflammation. Fluid leaves the capillaries, producing swelling.
4
Put the following events in the correct order to describe how negative feedback controls blood pressure. Blood pressure is restored to its normal levels.
4
Put the following events of tissue repair in the correct order. Fibroblasts have formed granulation tissue.
4
Put the following levels of organization from the simpler to the more complex level. Organ level
4
Put the following negative feedback events in the correct order. If necessary, the control center causes an effector to respond.
4
Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial. Stratum lucidum
4
Sequence the steps of tissue repair. Granulation tissue is replaced by new connective tissue
4
Correctly order the following events that occur during inflammation. White blood cells leave the dilated blood vessels and move to the site of bacterial infection.
5
Put the following events of tissue repair in the correct order. Scab is sloughed off, and granulation tissue is replaced by new connective tissue.
5
Put the following levels of organization from the simpler to the more complex level. Organ system level
5
Put the following negative feedback events in the correct order. The effector produces a response that maintains homeostasis.
5
Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial. Stratum corneum
5
Correctly order the following events that occur during inflammation. White blood cells begin to phagocytize bacteria and other debris.
6
Put the following levels of organization from the simpler to the more complex level. Organism level
6
An accident victim has burns covering his entire right upper limb. What is the approximate percentage of body surface area that has been affected?
9%
Which of the following people would have the greatest risk of getting skin cancer?
A 68-year-old male with blond hair and blue eyes
Which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in human physiology?
A toilet tank refills itself after a flush.
What is the girdle of glycoproteins just below the tight junction between epithelial cells?
Adhesion belt
Energy storage
Adipose tissue
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that are taking place within an organism
A type of study that helps in understanding normal human physiology is __________.
All of the choices are correct.
If mesenchymal cells experience mutation during development, which of the following structures is most likely affected by the mutation?
All of the choices are correct.
Which factors can be used to differentiate between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue?
All of the choices are correct.
With regard to the validity of biomedical research in physiological studies, which statement is correct?
Although the general homeostatic mechanisms may be the same in some animal species, the individual variables are often very different.
Match the body membrane with its description. Mucous membrane
An epithelium and underlying lamina propria
Epithelial basement membrane sits on this
Areolar connective tissue
Which type of tissue attaches to the underlying muscles and supports the framework for body organs?
Areolar tissue
Place each type of individual type of connective tissue in the appropriate category. Connective Tissue Proper
Areolar, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular
Which of the following is consistent with homeostasis?
As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body.
Which of the following is associated with nervous tissue?
Axon
Pleural cavity
Between the visceral and parietal pleura; contains fluid
Place each type of individual type of connective tissue in the appropriate category. Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood
Fluid connective tissue
Blood / Hemopoietic tissue
This is a figure of a skin wound. What does "A" represent?
Blood clot
Select all of that demonstrate how inflammation protects the body.
Blood vessels become more permeable and allow white blood cells to move into damaged tissue more easily., Clotting that occurs helps to isolate injurious agents., Blood vessels dilate, increasing the delivery of white blood cells to the area.
Evaporation
Body heat is used to convert water in sweat to gaseous water.
A tissue sample has the following components: calcified matrix, collagen, and fibroblasts. Sandy has identified it as bone, but her instructor stated that was incorrect. Which statements below should her instructor use to explain the error?
Bone tissue would have osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes present.
Skeletal system
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Uninucleate striated branched cells
Cardiac muscle
Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?
Cardiovascular
Supporting connective tissue
Cartilage / Bone
Which of the following would indicate dysfunction of the respiratory system?
Change in blood pH
Development
Changes an organism undergoes through time
Which of the following statements concerning connective tissue is true?
Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue.
Which of the following is a component of the matrix of connective tissue? Check all that apply.
Collagen fibers, Proteoglycans, Ground substance
Chemical level
Collagen molecules create ropelike fibers.
Check all of the statements that are correct regarding exocrine glands.
Compound glands have branched ducts., Tubular glands have uniform diameter of the duct and secretory portions., A gland whose secretory cells form an expanded sac is an acinar gland.
Which type of tissue possesses an abundant extracellular matrix?
Connective tissue
Visceral pericardium
Covers the outside of the heart
Select all that are functions of connective tissue.
Cushioning, Secretion, Movement of the skeleton
Connective tissue proper
Dense / Loose
Tensile strength capable of withstanding stretch in all directions
Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
Capable of strength with stretching and recoil in several directions
Dense irregular elastic connective tissue
Tendons and ligaments
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue
Portion of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath
Dermal root sheath
This is a figure of a skin wound. What does "D" represent?
Dermis
Which of the following activities would represent a physiological study?
Determining normal blood sugar levels for 20-year-old students
Organ level
Different tissue types function together to create the large intestine.
Organ level
Different tissues combine to form this level.
In the expression "Let your fingers do the walking," which of the following anatomical terms could be substituted for "fingers?"
Digits
Match the epithelial tissue type with the example of a location where it would be found in the body. Simple cuboidal
Ducts of endocrine glands
The diagram illustrates accessory structures of the skin. What does "C" represent?
Eccrine sweat gland
Usually open directly onto the surface of the skin through pores
Eccrine sweat glands
Which of the following terms correctly identifies the name of an embryonic germ layer?
Ectoderm
Which of the following statements explains why decubitus ulcers are of concern in elderly patients?
Elderly individuals have more fragile skin due to loss of collagen fibers in the dermis, increasing the likelihood of tissue damage.
Which type of gland releases products by secretion into the blood?
Endocrine
An epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface. Which of the following is a location where this epithelium can be found?
Epidermis of the skin
Which of the following tissues is highly cellular with little extracellular space?
Epithelial
Which type of tissue has little extracellular matrix because it forms covering and lining layers for body structures?
Epithelial
Classify each of the following according to whether it belongs in the endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm germ layer. Endoderm
Epithelial tissue, lining of the digestive tract
Classify each of the following according to whether it belongs in the endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm germ layer. Mesoderm
Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, bone tissue, blood, connective tissue, mesenchymal tissue
Classify each of the following according to whether it belongs in the endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm germ layer. Ectoderm
Epithelial tissue, outer portion of skin, peripheral nerves, nervous tissue
A clot that is replaced with a granular appearing connective tissue that consists of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries is a scab.
False
Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes and tight junctions anchor cells to one another.
False
Determine whether each tissue is a primary tissue type (select "true") or is not a primary tissue type (select "false") in the body. Integumentary
False
Determine whether each tissue is a primary tissue type (select "true") or is not a primary tissue type (select "false") in the body. Skeletal
False
During tissue repair, dense irregular collagenous connective tissue forms. This is called granulation tissue.
False
For each structure, determine if it is a structural specialization of epithelial tissue (select "true") or not (select "false"). Flagella
False
Gap junctions are small specialized contact regions between cells containing protein channels that allow ions and large molecules to pass from one cell to another.
False
Hair is found in both thin skin and thick skin.
False
If the edges of a wound are close together, the wound heals by a process called secondary union.
False
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system. Metabolize keratin
False
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system. Provide structural support to underlying bones
False
Many, but not all, serous membranes contain goblet cells.
False
Scientist have identified three unique strains of the bacterium P. acnes., all of which are found on the skin. These bacteria break down fats, resulting in a low skin pH. This low pH is alkaline in nature and makes the environment unfavorable to invading bacteria.
False
Serous membranes can absorb nutrients and secrete digestive enzymes.
False
Subcutaneous tissue is between the dermis and the epidermis.
False
The acne-associated bacterium Propionibacterium acnes are found in sebum-rich of the skin, such as the arms, palms, and axillary regions.
False
The hair shaft is well innervated with nerve receptors.
False
The skin produces vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet light.
False
Thick skin is generally more flexible than thin skin.
False
True or False: The subcutaneous tissue is part of the skin or the integumentary system.
False
True or False? A molecule of water is more complex than a mitochondrion (organelle).
False
True or False? Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that forms during tissue repair is called granulation tissue.
False
True or False? Homeostasis and occupying space are both unique characteristics of living things.
False
True or False? Many undergraduate anatomy programs study cats and rats in laboratory settings. Use of these animals is ideal because they are inexpensive, and although they are physically smaller, the internal structures are identical to humans.
False
True or False? Papercuts do not bleed because the cuts do not damaged the durable blood vessels of the stratum spinosum.
False
True or False? Positive-feedback mechanisms are always damaging to the body.
False
True or False? With regard to biomedical research, it has been found that drugs that are toxic to one mammal species will be toxic to another mammal species.
False
Vitamin D inhibits the release of calcium from bones.
False
Match the body membrane with its description. Synovial membrane
Fibrous, adipose, or areolar tissue
Cardiovascular physiology
Focuses on the heart and blood vessels
Neurophysiology
Focuses on the nervous system
Reproduction
Formation of new cells or new organisms
If you were to divide a human head into equal parts using a frontal section and a transverse section, how and where would it be divided?
Four parts, divided vertically into anterior and posterior portions, and horizontally at approximately the top of the ears
Which cell type, found in connective tissue proper, is formed from monocytes and serves to phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens?
Free macrophage
A cut along which plane would result in the anterior perspective of the body appearing normal, with no evident cuts?
Frontal
Which type of burn involves damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue?
Full-thickness
Produce secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms
Glands
Endocrine system
Glands that secrete hormones
Ground Substance
Glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin, hydroxyapatite, responsible for the stiffness of cartilage, protects chondrocytes
In the process of tissue repair, which of the events listed below occurs last?
Granulation tissue develops.
Protects against abrasion; acts as a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects
Hair
Damage to which portion of a hair follicle will most affect hair growth?
Hair bulb
Cardiovascular system
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Conduction
Heat (molecular vibration) is transmitted from one substance directly to another.
Convection
Heat is carried away by movement of air over a surface.
Radiation
Heat is emitted in waves (rays) from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings.
Which of the following is not the correct name of an organ system?
Hormonal
What type of cartilage is found covering the ends of bones in joints, attaching the ribs to the sternum, supporting the trachea and forming much of the embryonic skeleton?
Hyaline cartilage
Place each type of individual type of connective tissue in the appropriate category. Supporting Connective Tissue
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, compact bone
Beneath the free edge of the nail body; a thickened region of the stratum corneum
Hyponychium
Which of the following statements regarding homeostasis is false?
In order to maintain homeostasis, a person's body temperature must remain precisely at its set point.
Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging?
Increase in the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells causes an increase in immune responsiveness.
Growth
Increase in the overall number of cells
Which of the following is not a complication of a major burn?
Increased immunity
Accutane (Isotretinoin) is a prescriptive drug used for treatment of severe acne by reducing the production of sebum. However, this drug tends to have significant side effects, including increased intracranial pressure, depression, clinical hepatitis, and acute pancreatitis. Based on what you have learned about sebum, what would be the side effects of decreased sebum production for the integumentary system? (Check all that apply.)
Increased infections, Brittle hair, Increased water loss from skin, Cracked skin
Which of the following is not a characteristic of age-related changes at the tissue level?
Injuries heal rapidly and more completely.
Proteoglycans trap large quantities of water, allowing them to assume their original shape after compression. Based on these characteristics, where are they most likely found in the body?
Intervertebral discs
Indicate the statements that describe erythema.
It can be caused by emotions such as anger., It may occur in response to exposure to the cold., It results from an inflammatory response., It can be caused by emotions such as embarrassment.
Which of the following statements is not true of mucous connective tissue?
It is a type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to most adult connective tissue types.
Imagine that you are standing erect, with your head facing forward and your arms at 90-degree angles to your body, pointing straight out from either side to your left and to your right. Now imagine that an ant crawls from the top of your head in a straight line down your face and the front of your neck, and then turns and goes along one of your arms until it reaches your fingertips. If you were to describe the ant's path using directional terms, what would you say?
It traveled from the head and down the neck in a caudal direction, then turned and traveled in a lateral direction, and ended up at the fingertips, distal to the elbow.
Match the body membrane with its description. Cutaneous membrane
Keratinized squamous epithelium and underlying layer of connective tissue
Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal in location?
Kidney
Urinary system
Kidneys, urinary bladder
Adult stem cells
Labile cells
Divide throughout life
Labile cells
Which of the following statements concerning the process of tissue repair is false?
Labile cells cannot be replaced by the process of regeneration.
If you were to insert an imaginary sagittal plane through your foot and divide it into two equal sections, how would your foot be divided?
Left and right portions running from approximately the middle of the third toe to the middle of the heel
Parietal peritoneum
Lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
Match the epithelial tissue type with the example of a location where it would be found in the body. Simple squamous
Lining of alveoli
Match the epithelial tissue type with the example of a location where it would be found in the body. Nonciliated simple columnar
Lining of most of the digestive tract
Match the epithelial tissue type with the example of a location where it would be found in the body. Ciliated simple columnar
Lining of uterine tubes
An epithelium consists of a single layer of tall, narrow cells. Which of the following is a location where this epithelium can be found?
Lining the small intestine
Identify locations of serous membranes. Check all that apply.
Lining the trunk cavities, Covering organs within truck cavities, Lining the trachea
One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?
Lipid-soluble substances
Which structure is located inferior and lateral to the heart?
Liver
After her last check-up, Harriet was informed that her active Vitamin D levels were low. Which of the following conditions may explain why this is so?
Liver dysfunction has reduced the conversion of cholecalciferol to the intermediate for calcitriol production.
Mucous connective tissue
Located only in the umbilical cord
Which of these are the proper terms for the different ways an organ can be sectioned?
Longitudinal, oblique, transverse
Connective tissue proper
Loose and dense connective tissue
Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?
Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin.
Appendix
Lower-right abdominal quadrant
Respiratory system
Lungs and respiratory passages
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
What plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?
Median
Heart
Mediastinum
Match the body membrane with its description. Serous membrane
Mesothelium and underlying layer of connective tissue
Any living thing that cannot be seen with the naked eye
Microbe
The combination of these microbial cells and their genes
Microbiome
The total population of microbial cells on the human body
Microbiota
Cell level
Molecules combine to form the ribosomes.
Cell level
Molecules form organelles, such as the mitochondria and nucleus.
Digestive system
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
_________ membranes prevent desiccation, provide lubrication, and trap bacteria and foreign particles.
Mucous
Muscular system
Muscles, tendons
Protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense
Nails
Which of the following statements regarding negative feedback is false?
Negative feedback means that any deviation from the set point is further amplified to maintain homeostasis.
Which of the following are cells found in nervous tissue? Check all that apply.
Neurons, Astrocytes, Schwann cells
Living organisms share a number of characteristics. These unifying characteristics separate them from non-living things. For each of the following statements, check the statements that correctly distinguish living things from non-living things.
Only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities All living organisms are made up of one or more cells All living organisms grow by increasing cell size and/or cell number Only living organisms can sense environmental changes and respond accordingly Only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving All living organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external environment change
Organism level
Organ systems combined make up this level.
Organ system level
Organs that work in conjunction form this level.
Parietal serous membranes
Outer serous membrane layer; lines walls of cavities
Female reproductive system
Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands
Indicate the factor that does not directly determine the amount and rate of melanin production in an individual.
Physical fitness
Which four factors are believed to be responsible for acne? Check the four that apply.
Overproduction of sweat by eccrine glands, Bacteria, including Propionibacterium acnes, Hormone levels, Overproduction of sebum by sebaceous glands, Abnormal production of cells
The delivery of a radioactive compound to the body to study the metabolism of tissues is called __________.
PET
Select the regions that are composed of loose connective tissue.
Papillary layer of dermis, Subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis
Parathyroid hormone functions to increase calcium ion levels in blood. If its secretion is regulated through negative feedback, under which conditions would this hormone normally be released?
Parathyroid hormone secretion occurs when blood calcium levels are too low.
A muscle cell contains a single nucleus and does not contain any striations. Which of the following is a location where that cell will be found?
Part of the stomach wall
Which of the following is most inferior in location?
Pelvic cavity
Which of the following is not a germ layer of the embryo?
Periderm
Most neurons and cardiac myocytes
Permanent cells
Very limited ability to replicate and if killed are usually replaced by other cell types
Permanent cells
A bullet enters the left lung and collapses it. Which cavity has been entered?
Pleural
Which of the following is NOT a type of burn?
Primary burn
Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?
Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun
Special type of simple epithelium where it appears to be stratified but is not
Pseudostratified columnar
This condition is characterized by a thicker-than-normal stratus corneum producing large silvery scales.
Psoriasis
This condition is characterized by an extra thick stratum corneum, resulting in large, silvery scales on the skin.
Psoriasis
Identify the functions of the integumentary system.
Resistance to infection, Sensation of environmental stimuli, Thermoregulation
Transverse (cross) section
Right angle to the long axis
Which of the following abdominal regions would contain the appendix?
Right iliac
Transverse plane
Runs parallel to the ground; divides the body into inferior and superior portions
Frontal plane
Runs vertically; divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Sagittal plane
Runs vertically; separates the body into right and left portions
What is a malignant tumor derived from connective tissue?
Sarcoma
What does structure "A" represent on the diagram?
Sebaceous gland
Usually connected by ducts to the upper part of hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Which of the following statements is false?
Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.
Tissue level
Similar cells and surrounding materials make up this level.
A student is asked to classify a gland based on the following observations: It contains a duct, the duct is straight without branches, and the secretory portion is a saclike structure. What type of gland is being described?
Simple acinar
One layer of cells that are taller than they are wide where almost all cells touch the basement membrane and extend to the free surface
Simple columnar
One layer of cells that are as wide as they are tall that rest on a basement membrane
Simple cuboidal
Which type of epithelial tissue are found in the kidney tubules?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
One layer of flat, or scalelike cells that rest on a basement membrane
Simple squamous
Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?
Skeletal
Which type of muscle is attached to bones?
Skeletal muscle
In the Human Microbiome Project, five significant regions of the human body were examined. From the list below, identify areas where samples were taken. Check all that apply.
Skin, Mouth, Gastrointestinal tract, Vagina, Airway
Integumentary system
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Moves food through digestive tract
Smooth muscle
Uninucleate cells have tapered ends
Smooth muscle
One function of the integumentary system is to act as a barrier to bacteria; however, there are many microbes that already live on or in our bodies without causing infections. Some treatments for acne include specific oral antibiotics, such as erythromycin and tetracycline, to reduce the amount of Propionibacterium acnes on the skin and in the follicles. Knowing there are both 'good' and 'bad' bacterial forms of P. acnes, which of the following statements about using antibiotics is true? Check all that apply.
Some "good" bacteria are reduced., Some "bad" bacteria are reduced., Some new bacterial infections can begin., Some new bacterial infections can be prevented., Some "good" bacteria can become resistant and therefore lead to more infections., Some "bad" bacteria can become resistant and therefore lead to more infections.
Which of the following epithelial types is mismatched with its function?
Squamous epithelium - stretching
Do not divide after their growth stops, but can divide in response to injury
Stable cells
Liver and pancreatic cells
Stable cells
Many layers of cells where most cells are as wide as they are tall
Stratified cuboidal
Many layers of cells where the cells near the basement membrane are cube shaped, but at the free surface are flat
Stratified squamous
The figure illustrates the layers of the epidermis. Which layer of the epidermis is "A"?
Stratum corneum
This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.
Stratum corneum
Contains flattened keratinocytes filled with the protein keratohyalin dispersed throughout the cell
Stratum lucidum
Lipid-filled lamellar bodies form inside the keratinocytes
Stratum spinosum
Embryology
Studies changes from conception to the eighth week of development
Systemic physiology
Studies the functions of organ systems
Developmental anatomy
Study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood
Connects the skin to underlying structures; contains adipose tissue
Subcutaneous tissue
Which of the following statements concerning the subcutaneous tissue is false?
Subcutaneous tissue is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.
Which of the following describes the position of the nose?
Superior to the mouth
Visceral serous membranes
Surround an organ; provide a smooth surface
Visceral pleura
Surrounds the lungs
Which body membrane would be found lining the inside of the knee joint?
Synovial membrane
Male reproductive system
Testes, associated ducts, penis
Responsiveness
The ability to sense changes and adjust to those changes
A parent of a baby visits the pediatrician because the baby's skin is turning orange. Fortunately, the baby's lab tests indicate no abnormality. What could be causing the orange coloration?
The baby's diet consists of mostly sweet potatoes and carrots.
An infant is born with a genetic defect that greatly reduces his production of brown fat. Which of the following will most likely apply to this infant?
The infant will have difficulty regulating his body temperature.
Organization
The interrelationship among parts of an organism that interact to perform a function
Organismal level
The multiple organelles of a bacterium work together to create an organism.
Mesenchyme
The source of all other connective tissues
Indicate which statement is not an accurate representation of the relationship between structure and function.
The spine of the scapula is a bony ridge on the posterior scapular surface.
Gross anatomy
The study of structures that can be examined without a microscope
A tissue sample has the following characteristics: large cells with many processes, one which is very long; smaller cells scattered amongst the larger cells. Which of the following statements accurately identifies the tissue?
The tissue is nervous tissue. The large cells are neurons with dendrites and a long axon, and the smaller cells are glia.
Organ system level
The upper and lower respiratory organs function together to create the respiratory system.
Indicate the statements that correctly describe partial thickness burns.
They are subdivided into first- and second-degree burns., They may involve only the epidermis.
Indicate the statements that apply to the arrector pili.
They consist of smooth muscle cells., They are associated with hair follicles., They extend from the dermal root sheath to the papillary layer of the dermis.
Oblique section
Through the long axis at other than a right angle
Longitudinal section
Through the long axis of an organ
Which of the following is found in spongy bone but not compact bone?
Trabeculae
An adhesion belt of glycoproteins is found just below a tight junction and acts as weak glue that holds cells together.
True
Approximately half of the body's stored lipids are in the subcutaneous tissue.
True
Determine whether each tissue is a primary tissue type (select "true") or is not a primary tissue type (select "false") in the body. Connective
True
Determine whether each tissue is a primary tissue type (select "true") or is not a primary tissue type (select "false") in the body. Epithelial
True
Determine whether each tissue is a primary tissue type (select "true") or is not a primary tissue type (select "false") in the body. Muscle
True
Determine whether each tissue is a primary tissue type (select "true") or is not a primary tissue type (select "false") in the body. Nervous
True
For each structure, determine if it is a structural specialization of epithelial tissue (select "true") or not (select "false"). Cilia
True
For each structure, determine if it is a structural specialization of epithelial tissue (select "true") or not (select "false"). Microvilli
True
For each structure, determine if it is a structural specialization of epithelial tissue (select "true") or not (select "false"). Stereocilia
True
In primary union, the wound fills with blood, and a clot forms that contains fibrin that binds the edges of the wound together.
True
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system. Excretion
True
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system. Protection
True
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system. Sensation
True
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system. Temperature regulation
True
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system. Vitamin D production
True
Mucous membranes consist of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, lamina propria, and sometimes a layer of smooth muscle cells.
True
People can produce all the vitamin D they need if they absorb enough ultraviolet light.
True
Pus is an accumulation of neutrophils that die in the process of phagocytosis and fluid.
True
Serous membranes consist of mesothelium, their basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue.
True
Stable cells, such as those of connective tissues and glands, retain the ability to divide and are capable of regeneration in response to injury.
True
Subcutaneous tissue attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle tissue.
True
Subcutaneous tissue consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
True
Synovial membranes are made up only of connective tissue.
True
The base of the hair follicle can detect hair movement.
True
The dermis and deeper tissues contain pain, heat, cold, touch, and pressure receptors.
True
The epidermis and dermis have touch receptors.
True
Thick skin is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
True
Thin skin generally does not contain the stratum lucidum.
True
True or False? Positive feedback mechanisms are less common in healthy individuals than negative feedback mechanisms.
True
Vitamin D stimulates the uptake of calcium and phosphate from the intestines.
True
When the skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, it starts a reaction beginning with the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol and ending with the production of active vitamin D in the kidneys and liver.
True
Which of the following statements concerning hair structure is true?
Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.
The arrector pili muscle is attached to __________.
a hair follicle
Which system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance?
Urinary
Which of the following is not found in the epigastric region?
Urinary bladder
Some acne drugs include peroxides that increase 'peeling' or shedding of skin. The main side effects include drying of the skin, redness, rashes, bleaching and possible hair loss at contact areas. Do these drugs have an effect on the sebum-production?
Yes, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.
Some drugs for treating acne include peroxides that increases 'peeling' or shedding of skin. This drug's side effects include drying of the skin, redness, rashes, bleaching, and possible loss of hair in areas in contact. Considering this information, do peroxides have an effect on the sebum production?
Yes, the effect is on the dermis, and the sebaceous glands are located there.
An organelle is
a small structure within a cell
An organ is
a structure composed of several tissue types.
Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by stimulating the
activity of the enzyme tyrosinase.
The girdle of glycoproteins between epithelial cells and just below the tight junction is called a/an ___________.
adhesion belt
Eccrine sweat glands
aid in cooling the body.
The primary determinant for skin color is the _______________, not the ___________.
amount of melanin; number of melanocytes
The navel is __________ to the spine, and _________ to the chin.
anterior; caudal
Most epithelial tissues have one free, or __________, surface not attached to other cells.
apical
Chemical level
atoms combine to form molecules
The basal surface of most epithelial tissues is attached to a ________ membrane, a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells.
basement
Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to
become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end."
The removal of tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes is called a/an __________. Microscopic examination of tissues is often part of a/an __________ to determine the cause of death or study changes caused by disease.
biopsy; autopsy
Fluid connective tissue
blood
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances
blood
A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when
blood calcium levels decrease.
Produces new blood cells and stores lipids
bone marrow
The sternal region is commonly known as the __________.
breastbone
A _______ will develop in response to an area of the skin being subjected to excess friction or pressure.
callus
Pumps blood
cardiac muscle
A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is __________.
carotene
Supporting connective tissue
cartilage and bone
Outer portion of all bones
compact bone
A study of energy production in a muscle cell would be an example of __________ physiology.
cell, cellular
In humans, the anatomical term that is synonymous with "toward the head" is __________. Check all that apply.
cephalic, cranial
The dermis contains receptors that detect __________. (Check all that apply.)
changes in pressure, pain, touch, variations in temperature
Thoracic region
chest
The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.
Fibers
collagen, reticular, elastic, responsible for the flexibility of bone, resists tensile forces
Forms the bulk of the hair; consists of cells containing hard keratin
cortex
Brain
cranial region
Outer layer of the hair; single layer of cells containing hard keratin
cuticle
The outer surface of the hair is called the __________.
cuticle
The portion of the stratum corneum of the nail fold that grows onto the nail body
cuticle
The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called __________.
cyanosis
The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is __________.
cytology
Another name for a bedsore is __________.
decubitus ulcer
Friction ridges of the hands and feet are produced by projections into the epidermis called __________.
dermal papillae
Deeper layer of the skin; responsible for most of its structural strength
dermis
Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have __________.
desmosomes
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the __________.
diaphragm
The wrist is ______ to the elbow.
distal
Nervous system
ectoderm
Skin
ectoderm
External ear, epiglottis, and auditory tubes
elastic cartilage
Lining of the digestive tract
endoderm
Outermost layer of the skin; consists of epithelial tissue
epidermis
Because it forms covering and lining layers for body structures, __________ tissue has very little extracellular matrix.
epithelial
Which tissue type forms glands?
epithelial
When the skin develops a reddish color due to a temporary increase in blood flow, the condition is called _________.
erythema
An example of a structure contained by the mediastinum is the __________.
esophagus
Paul is on the newest diet craze. After a couple of weeks of eating only carrots and carrot-based products, he begins to notice that his skin has a decidedly yellowish tint. This is because
excess carotene from his diet has accumulated in the lipids of the stratum corneum.
The body surfaces include the ________ surface and the lining of digestive and respiratory tracts and many body cavities.
exterior
Epithelial tissue consists almost entirely of cells, with very little ___________ between them.
extracellular matrix
Select all that apply. Granulation tissue is a delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of __________.
fibroblasts collagen capillaries
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
fibrocartilage
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and forms ________ that are derived developmentally from body surfaces.
glands
An increase in the number of cells is __________.
growth
During the _________ stage, hair is formed by matrix cells that differentiate, become keratinized, and die. During the _________ stage, a new cycle begins and a new hair replaces the old hair, which falls out of the follicle.
growth; resting
Expanded knob at the base of the hair root
hair bulb
Contains the hair; consists of epithelial and dermal root sheaths
hair follicle
Protrudes above the surface of the skin
hair shaft
Bone
has a rich blood supply.
The study of tissues is __________.
histology
A glandular secretion has been analyzed and indicates the presence of cytoplasmic components that include DNA and nuclear proteins. This indicates __________ mode of secretion.
holocrine
A type of gland called a/an _________ gland accumulates its secretion in the cytoplasm of the cell; the cell then ruptures and becomes part of the secretion.
holocrine
Allows the growth of long bones
hyaline cartilage
By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in __________.
immunity
Blood vessel dilation in the dermis results in _________ heat loss from the skin, and blood vessel constriction results in _______ heat loss from the skin.
increased; decreased
The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following, except ___________.
increases in sebaceous gland activity
The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except
increases in sebaceous gland activity.
The secretions of endocrine glands are released directly __________.
into the bloodstream
The dermis
is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.
The skin discoloration most likely to result from liver disease is __________.
jaundice
Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called __________.
lanugo hairs
The activity of apocrine sweat glands
leads to body odor
Whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail
lunula
Mass of epithelial cells within the bulb that produce the hair
matrix
The extracellular material of tissues is called __________.
matrix
The nose is ________ to the eyes.
medial
Central axis of the hair
medulla
Precursor to adult connective tissues
mesenchyme
Blood vessels
mesoderm
Bone
mesoderm
Muscle
mesoderm
Epithelial cells retain the ability to undergo ________ and therefore are able to replace damaged cells with new epithelial cells.
mitosis
The change in the shape of tissues or organs is called __________.
morphogenesis
Umbilical cord of the newborn
mucous connective tissue
Stratified epithelium consists of
multiple layers of cells
Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with
muscles, glands, and sensory receptors.
Composed of epithelial tissue; located between the nail matrix and hyponychium
nail bed
Skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail
nail fold
Proximal to the nail root; produces the nail
nail matrix
What is the name of the membrane colored blue?
parietal peritoneum
The wall of the abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a serous membrane called the
parietal peritoneum.
Internal reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
Pelvic region
pelvis
When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.
positive feedback
The scapula is _______ to the breastbone.
posterior
Keratinization
produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion.
A molecule in the extracellular matrix capable of trapping water is _________.
proteoglycan
The shoulder is __________ to the elbow.
proximal
The contraction of the arrector pili
pulls the follicle into a more perpendicular position in relation to the skin surface
Suturing a large wound
reduces risk of infection and helps to heal faster.
During __________, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed.
regeneration
During tissue repair, when the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, ____________ has occurred.
regeneration
The study of the body's organization by areas is __________.
regional anatomy
Nerve cells generate electrical signals in response to changes in the environment. This is an example of __________.
responsiveness
Provides superstructure for lymphatic tissues
reticular tissue
In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector
reverses the original stimulus.
The portion of the hair that is below the surface of the skin
root
A vertical plane that separates the body into right and left portions is called a __________ plane.
sagittal
Adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer
serves as a storage site for lipids, which can be used for energy.
The portion of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin is the __________.
shaft
Attached to bone
skeletal muscle
Long multinucleated fibers
skeletal muscle
Moves the body
skeletal muscle
The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels is _________ muscle tissue.
smooth
Hollow organs and blood vessels
smooth muscle
Inside skull bones, vertebrae, and sternum
spongy bone
In the anatomical position, a person is ________ with the upper limbs ________ and the palms facing ________.
standing erect; hanging against the sides; forward
The epidermis of the skin is composed of
stratified squamous epithelium.
Contains keratinocyte stem cells
stratum basale
Single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells
stratum basale
A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the __________.
subcutaneous layer
The head is ______ to the thorax.
superior
A cell is
the basic structural unit of living organisms.
Homeostasis is defined as
the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
The various types of epithelia are classified by
the shape of cells and number of cell layers.
Eskimos wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to UV light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is
they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine mammals.
Epithelial tissue is characterized by
tightly packed cells.
A collection of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them is known as a/an __________.
tissue
Posterior means
toward the back of the body.
The term "dorsal" means
toward the back of the body.
Medial means
toward the middle or midline of the body.
Amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the __________ plane.
transverse
