Biology Test Dec 2nd Organelles & Transport
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Cholesterol
A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.
permeable membrane
Able to be passed or soaked through. Chooses what goes in and out.
What type of transport is Proton Pump (Plants)
Active transport (requires ATP and membrane protein
What type of transport is Sodium Potassium
Active transport (requires ATP and membrane proteins
What type of transport is Endocytosis (Phagocytosis)
Active transport (requires ATP and vesicles)
1. In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?
Aerobic respiration (with oxygen) takes place in the Mitochondria. While Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) takes place within the cells cytoplasm.
3. What is the list of organelles that take part in protein synthesis?
All of the organelles that take part in protein synthesis are Ribosomes, Endoplasmic-Reticulum, and the Golgi Apparatus.
4. What organelle is considered a "factory", because it takes in raw materials and converts them to cell products that can be used by the cell?
Answer: Ribosomes, Mitochondria, ER, Chloroplasts are the "factory" of cell because it takes in raw materials and converts them to cell products that can be used by the cell. Explanation: Ribosomes make proteins for the cell and Mitochondria use sugar and oxygen to deliver energy that is utilized by the cell.
If a cell contains 3% carbon dioxide that can cross the cells membrane and is put into into a solution of 2% carbon dioxide, what do you predict will happen to the carbon dioxide.
C02 will move out of the cell (High to low)
6. How does the membrane of the cell differ from the nuclear membrane? What advantages does this difference have for the nucleus?
Cell membrane protects the cell; controls what goes in and out of the cell using the phospholipid bilayer and proteins for communication. Nuclear membrane protects the nucleus. It has pores that communicate the cytoplasm with the interior of the nucleus.
4. Used within animal cells to help the cell divide
Centrioles are found in just animal cells (eukaryotic) and they help order cell division.
13. What is a centriole? In what type of cell (plant or animal) is it found? What does it do for the cell?
Centrioles are paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. Centrioles play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.
If a cell (with 10% oxygen in it) is in a solution of 3% oxygen molecules and the oxygen can cross the cell's membrane, what do you predict will happen to the oxygen?
Oxygen will move out of the cell (High to low)
5. Longer whip-like structures used for movement
Flagella are longer, whiplike projections that propel cells. Both cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules. They move cells through their watery environments. Cilia also move substances along the surface of the cell.
Why does a plant like celery get limp when placed in a hypertonic solution?
H20 leaves the cell
If a salt water protozoan (a single celled protest) is transferred to a freshwater lake. What might happen to the protozoan?
H20 will rush into the organism, causing it to swell/lyse (pop) which kills it
What type of solution is when a cell is placed in a solution, water will enter the cell by osmosis resulting in osmotic (turgor) pressure
Hypertonic Cell (the shriveled dead one (dies due to a process called plasmolysis))
What type of solution is when concentrations of dissolved substances in the solution is lower than the concentration inside the cell
Hypertonic Cell (the shriveled dead one (dies due to a process called plasmolysis))
What type of solution is when the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is higher than the concentration inside the cell
Hypotonic Cell (the fat one that goes saad mode and blows up)
What type of solution is when putting a plant in the solution will result in water loss and cause the plant to wilt
Hypotonic cell (the fat one that goes saad mode and blows up)
What is pure water compared to any cell, and why?
Hypotonic, this is because there are no solutes in it
7. Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products
In plant cells, temporary storage of food enzymes and waste products is provided by the vacuole. In animal cells, this work is done by the lysosomes.
What type of solution is when a solution is injected into the body no cell disruption occurs because no net osmosis occurs
Isotonic Cell (the healthy one
What type of solution is when a cell's concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as inside the cell
Isotonic Cell (the healthy one)
What type of transport is osmosis
Passive transport (requires membrane proteins (aquaporins))
What type of transport is facilitated diffusion
Passive transport (requires membrane proteins)
What type of transport is diffusion
Passive transport (requires no/little kinetic energy)
Phosopholipids
Primary structural component of cellular membrane
passive transport
Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
12. Site where ribosomes are made
Ribosomes are found throughout the cytoplasm of ALL cells.
2. The site of protein synthesis, transports materials within the cell
Ribosomes are where the process of protein synthesis starts.
7. What do ribosomes do? Where are they found?
Ribosomes start the process of protein synthesis based off of the DNA (gene) instructions given from the Nucleus.
Hypertonic Cell
Shriveled (Plamolyzed, barely alive/dead for animal cells). Shriveled for Plant cells (Plasmolyzed, barely alive/dead for plant cells
8. Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things
The Cilia consists of small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things .
8. What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?
The ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is where lipid parts of the cells membrane are assembled.
10. Packages proteins within the cell and makes lipids
The Golgi Apparatus helps package, sort, and modify materials like protein from storage. Or releases them. The Endoplasmic Reticulum assembles lipid parts of the cell membrane. There are 2 tipes of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) there is RER which is rough ER because it looks bumby. And there is SER which is smooth ER which happens when there are no ribosomes attached.
14. Packages materials to leave the cell
The Golgi Apparatus helps package, sort, and modify materials like protein from storage. Or releases them. The Endoplasmic Reticulum assembles lipid parts of the cell membrane. There are 2 tipes of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) there is RER which is rough ER because it looks bumby. And there is SER which is smooth ER which happens when there are no ribosomes attached.
9. What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?
There are 2 tipes of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) there is RER which is rough ER because it looks bumby. And there is SER which is smooth ER which happens when there are no ribosomes attached.
Isotonic Cell
Normal (normal for animal cells). Flaccid for plant cells (Slightly wilted, though still healthy)
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
flaccid
(adj.) limp, not firm; lacking vigor or effectiveness
turgid
(adj.) swollen, bloated, filled to excess; overdecorated or excessive in language
Identify a solution with 40% solute inside the cell and 30% solute outside the cell
60% H20 inside the cell and 70% outside the cell
Identify a solution with 10% solute inside the cell and 20% solute outside the cell
90% H20 inside the cell, and 80% outside the cell, making it Hypertonic
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
concentration gradient
A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
3. Manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell
Nucleus is the control center of all eukaryotic cells. They contain dna and instructions on how to make new molecules.
isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution
18. Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color
Chloroplasts contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color.
9. Produces usable form of energy for the cell
Chloroplasts turn energy from the sun into food (photosynthesis, plants) this is chemical energy. The mitochondria turns the chemical energy in food to usable compounds for cells.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
5. How is the nucleus involved in protein synthesis?
It tells the Ribosomes how to make the proteins based off of the genes of the person/cells. This happens through mRNA (messenger RNA's). The Ribosome uses the information it contains to build a protein with a specific amino acid sequence.
Hypotonic Cell
Lysed (blown up for animal cells). Turgid for plant cells (normal for plant cells
11. Why might a lysosome fuse with or link up with a food vacuole?
Lysosome contains some digestive enzymes that help in digestion of food stored inside vacuoles. Moreover the undigested materials are broken down by the lysososmes only. For this reason lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles inside a cell and pass the digestive enzymes to the vacuole for digestion of food.
10. What are lysosomes? What types of molecules would be found inside a lysosome?
Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Glycoproteins
Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.
16. Consist of hollow tubes and small fibers which provide support for the cell
Microfilaments consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell. These microfilaments are found in Vacuoles and Vesicles along with microtubules.
Diffusion (passive transport)
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
facilitated diffusion (passive transport)
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
13. The membrane surrounding the cell
The cell membrane regulates what goes in and out of the cell. It also provides protection and support. It had a lipid bi-layer and is embedded with protein.
15. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants and bacteria
The cell wall is a firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protests.
11. Gives the cell structure and holds organelles in place
The cytoskeleton (cellular skeleton) gives structure to the cell and allows it to maintain its shape. "It also helps to hold cell structures such as organelles in place within the cytoplasm."
If a cell (with no dye in it) is in a solution of 10% dye molecules and the dye can cross the cell's membrane, what do you predict will happen to the dye?
The dye would move into the cell because molecules move from high to low concentration and there is less concentration in the cell.
6. The studded organelle that aids in protein synthesis
The endoplasmic reticulum is made up of tubules and sacs, where protein synthesis occurs, and is usually studded with ribosomes.
17. Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles, invading viruses or bacteria
The lysosome breaksdown materials and reuses them. Lysomes act as a cleanup crew. They are rarely found in plants. Usually found in just animals and not bacteria (prokaryote).
receptor-mediated endocytosis
The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.
peripheral proteins
The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
Osmotic solution
The solution outside a cell.
lipid bilayer
Top of lipid bi-layer is phosphate tails are fatty acid. Proteins on lipid bilayer control what comes and goes into cell.
12. In what organelle do molecules move from the ER to the Golgi bodies?
Transport vesicles are able to move molecules between locations inside the cell. For example, transport vesicles move proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes are vesicles that are formed by the Golgi apparatus.
2. Name two storage organelles?
Two storage organelles are vesicles and vacuoles.
1. Stores water within a plant cell
Vacuoles and Vesicles store water and other materials such as salts, proteins, carbohydrates, and more.
Hydrophobic
Water fearing
Phragocytosis (large food substances)
When White Blood cells eat up bacteria molecules
Exocytosis (bulk transport 2)
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. Golgi body creates a membrane like cover to the substance and sends it to the outer cell membrane where it fuses and expells the substances
Equilibrium
a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.
You have a cell, with a semi permeable membrane and a 1.5% potassium concentration. You put it into a solution of 1.05% potassium. Potassium cannot pass through a cell membrane. What direction do you think water will flow? What will happen to the cell?
a) Hyptotonic b) in to cell (water) c) bigger cell
You have a cell with a semi permeable membrane and a 0.05% sodium concentration. You put it into a solution of 0.2% sodium. What direction do you think water will flow? What will happen to the cell?
a) hypertonic b) out of cell c) smaller cell
You have a cell with a semi permeable membrane and a 0.12% sodium concentration. You put it into a solution of 0.2% sodium. What direction do you think water will flow? What will happen to the cell?
a) hypertonic b) out of cell c) smaller cell
You have a cell, with a semi permeable membrane and a 1% potassium concentration. You put it into a solution of 2% potassium. Potassium cannot pass through a cell membrane. What direction do you think water will flow? What will happen to the cell?
a) hypertonic b) out of cell (water) c) smaller cell
You have a cell with a semi permeable membrane and a 0.5% calcium concentration. You put it into a solution of 0.05% calcium. What direction do you think water will flow? What will happen to the cell?
a) hypotonic b) in to cell c) bigger cell
You have a cell with a semi permeable membrane and a 1.2% chloride concentration. You put it into a solution of 1.05% chloride. What direction do you think water will flow? What will happen to the cell?
a) hypotonic b) into cell (water) c) bigger cell
If a cell (with 3% alcohol in it) is in a solution of 10% alcohol molecules and the alcohol can cross the cell's membrane, what do you predict will happen to the alcohol?
alcohol will move into the cell because there is more of that molecule outside than inside the cell.
cytoskeleton filaments
long protein chains that help the cell hold its shape. organelles and other large molecules can travel along these chains like super highways in the cell
integral proteins
penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
Endocytosis (bulk transport 1)
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
alpha helix protein
protein that extends through the membrane and acts as a channel for nutrients entering the cytoplasm; wound like a coil
Tonicity
the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
lysing
the bursting of a cell
Pincocytosis (small liquids)
the cell takes in small droplets of extracellular fluid within small vesicles
lipid bilayer (cell membrane)
the hydrophilic heads are on the inner and outer surface and the hydrophobic tails in the middle. Heads of lipid bilayers like water but the tails are hydrophobic. Head of lipid bilayer is polar similar to water and fatty acid tail is non-polar
osmotic pressure
the pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis, often used to express the concentration of the solution. Cell walls create osmotic pressure to prevent cells from breaking.
Carbohydrates
the starches and sugars present in foods
Hydrophilic
water loving
shriveled
wrinkled and contracted, especially due to loss of moisture or old age.