Biology Test Review (final)

Geographic isolation

A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is:

intraspecific interference competition

A pack of wolves chase down a rabbit, and the wolves in the pack fight over who gets to eat first. Which type of animal relationship are they exhibiting?

Monophyletic

A taxonomic group which contains the common ancestor and all of its descendants is known as:

Insects

The most common animals on Earth belong to which group?

Turtle

Which of the following has an anapsid skull type:

increase the range of a population.

The occurrence of metapopulations tends to:

G, J, H, K

In the following diagram, we see a part of a phylogenetic tree. Which organisms are extant?

Keystone species: Seastar Foundation Species: mussels

Mussels adhere to rocks in the intertidal zone where they coexist with about two dozen other species of invertebrate animals and seaweeds that make up the kelp forests in marine ecosystems. When the sea star is removed from this environment, mussel populations outcompete other animals for space and decimate seaweeds . As a result, other animal species and seaweeds are eliminated from the rockyshoreline.

Bird, Reptile

Of the following organisms, which is most likely to secrete uric acid?

Semelparity

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), which lives for many years in the ocean before swimming to the freshwater stream of its birth, spawning, and dying. These organisms are best described by:

Gymnosperma

Pine trees belong to the group:

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Primary producers acquire the carbon necessary for photosynthesis from:

Foxes & Rabbits:[predation] Deer & Rabbits:[interspecific competition] Mites & Rabbits:[ectoparasitism] Rabbits & Rabbits:[intraspecific competition] Plants & Rabbits:[herbivory]

Rabbits can interact with a variety of species, as seen in the image below. Using the arrows provided to guide you in the image below, indicate each of the five types of interactions shown.

Smaller; fewer

Reproductive trade-offs exist because resources are limited. A bird that lays many eggs is likely to lay ____ eggs than a bird that lays few eggs. If a bird lays many eggs one season, it is likely to lay ____ eggs the following year.

Results

A statement of overall findings and a description in the trends on the data, including graphs and tables are usually found in which part of a scientific paper?

Developmental homology

A strong general resemblance among the embryos of vertebrates, for example, the gill pouches and tails seen in human, chick, and cat embryos, is an example of:

Protista

A unicellular organism that is part of the plankton trophic level, is autotrophic, and has membrane-bound organelles belongs to which group?

resource partitioning

Although crowded together at high tide, shorebirds begin to sort themselves out into preferred feeding habitats as the tide recedes. Least Sandpipers remain on drier, algae-covered mud; beyond them, Red Knots and Dunlins concentrate on bare, wet mud. Farther out, the long-legged Short-billed Dowitchers wade while rapidly probing the mud beneath the shallow water, accompanied by Greater Yellowlegs skimming prey from the water surface or swinging their bills back and forth to snare small fishes. On sandy, wave-washed soils Sanderlings dash nimbly back and forth at the very edge of the ebb and flow, probing the sand for tiny shrimp-like crustaceans.

Protists

An organism which uses a flagellum to move, has a membrane-bound nucleus, is photosynthetic, and causes sleeping sickness, belongs to which group:

Porifera - asymmetrical Cnidaria - radial symmetry -diploblast Platyhelmenthis - acoleomate -bilateral symmetry - protostome - triploblast Annelida: - true coelom -bilateral symmetry -segmentation -protostome -triploblast Molluska -true coelom -bilateral symmetry -protostome -triploblast Arthropod true coelom bilateral symmetry segmentation protostome triploblast Lancelets belong to the phylum chordata, and subphylum cephalochordata.

Animal Phyla: NOTE: 1- You must spell the phylum correctly for full credit. 2- Incorrect choices in "all that apply" questions may incur a penalty. 3- Make sure you scroll to see #1-7.

Moderate levels of disturbance

Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, some communities' species diversity is increased by:

Developing, Growing rapidly

The age structure diagram shown here best represents a population that is: (NOTE: choose all that apply. Selecting incorrect responses will incur a penalty.)

Asexual organisms

The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping:

Protist

Ciliated organisms that are known for having mutualistic relationships with termites by living in their guts to help them digest tough materials like cellulose are best described as a(n):

Your answer is correct. The correct answer is: Drag and drop the correct type of survivorship and type of selection that corresponds to each item. A. Most Dall mountain sheep survive to old age. Survivorship Type: [Type I] B. Out of a million, Cleome droserifolia seeds, only 39 survive to produce 1 year old plants. Survivorship Type: [Type III] C. Song thrushes have about the same chance of survival at any age. Survivorship Type: [Type II] D. Extended embryonic development, long maturation to reproductive age, large body size. Selection Type: [k‑selection]E. Slowly rising population growth that stabilizes and levels off when it gets very close to the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support. Selection Type: [k‑selection]F. Has high number of young and can live in disturbed or unstable habitats. Selection Type: [r‑selection] G. Demonstrates high levels of parental investment. Selection Type: [k‑selection]For the following three items, refer to the graph below:The line graph labeled A best represents which Survivorship Type: [Type III]The line graph labeled B best represents which Survivorship Type: [Type II]The line graph labeled C best represents which Survivorship Type: [Type I]

Drag and drop the correct type of survivorship and type of selection that corresponds to each item.

The correct answer is: Drag and drop to match the correct experimental design term to each item below. Use the experimental design described below: The jimson weed plant, Datura wrightii, grows in arid regions of the southwestern U.S. and Mexico. There are two phenotypes of this plant, one with sticky trichomes (hair-like structures) on its leaves and one with velvety smooth leaves. In an effort to understand if there is an advantage to having sticky leaves—if the sticky leaf plants were better protected from herbivores—scientists grew both types of the plant in a greenhouse from seed. After three weeks, they transplanted the plants to an outdoor experimental garden and sprayed only half in each group of plants--sticky and velvety groups--with insecticide to deter herbivores and left other plants of each type alone. After a few weeks, they collected data on plant growth, flower, fruit, and seed production. Plants without insecticide [Control group] Type of plant [Independent variable] Plants with insecticide [Experimental group] Plant growth [Dependent variable] Application of insecticide [Independent variable] Flower, fruit, and seed production [Dependent variable] Soil Type [Controlled variable] Amount of water applied [Controlled variable]

Drag and drop to match the correct experimental design term to each item below. Use the experimental design described below: The jimson weed plant, Datura wrightii, grows in arid regions of the southwestern U.S. and Mexico. There are two phenotypes of this plant, one with sticky trichomes (hair-like structures) on its leaves and one with velvety smooth leaves. In an effort to understand if there is an advantage to having sticky leaves—if the sticky leaf plants were better protected from herbivores—scientists grew both types of the plant in a greenhouse from seed. After three weeks, they transplanted the plants to an outdoor experimental garden and sprayed only half in each group of plants--sticky and velvety groups--with insecticide to deter herbivores and left other plants of each type alone. After a few weeks, they collected data on plant growth, flower, fruit, and seed production.

Allopatric speciation, Hybrid zone diminished over time, Geographic reproductive isolation, Prezyogotic barrier

During the formation of the Grand Canyon, a single population of squirrels started to separate as the canyon formed leaving only a small area of interbreeding between the populations where contact was still possible. As the canyon increased in depth, making it more difficult to cross, the populations accumulated more and more changes, and started becoming isolated. Contact and interbreeding diminished. Eventually, the squirrels became separate species and could no longer make contact or interbreed. They are now known as the Kaibab and Abert squirrels, named for the south and north rim of the Grand Canyon, respectively.

n plants specifically, the life cycle involves a stage known as alternation of generations, in which plant species alternate between both haploid and diploid phases as multicellular structures. The relative sizes of gametophyte and sporophyte stages, which is the diploid multicellular structure, that arises due to mitosis, explain the development of plants from water to land. In order for this process to occur, it was essential for plants to develop vascular tissue which is a support system that aids in water regulation, contains xylem and phloem for water and sugar diffusion, and contributed towards larger plant growth. For instance, the first plant structure to arise was known as nonvascular plants called Brophytes that include mosses. These plants do not contain vascular tissue to aid in water regulation, therefore affecting plant size and lack both xylem and phloem. Moreover, reproduction occurred in bodies of water because of motile sperm that was present in the plant species. Water regulation took place through diffusion, these plants were unable to grow tall, because vascular tissue is necessary to conduct water, sugar, aid in structural support, and encourage strong growth because of strong cell walls. Therefore, the next plant to arise were seedless, vascular plants known as Pteridophytes including whisk ferns and horsetails. This plant phylum contained vascular tissue for water conduction, supportive plant growth, and were more stable plants as a result of stomata and cuticle structural development. For context, stomata are cuticles that are developed for effective gas exchange in plants, and motile sperm were utilized for reproduction in Pteridophytes. Moreover, the transition to terrestrial environments increased rapidly because plants contained supportive structures, but did not have the ability to inhabit diverse ecosystems or perform reproduction with pollen. Finally, once the transition was in full effect, the plant group to arise were the gymnosperms (Cycads and conifers) in addition to angiosperms (roses/ flowering plants). These diverse groups of flowering plants contained both vascular tissue and seeds. Due to their ability to transport sperm with pollen, motile sperm were no longer necessary for reproduction, and their pollen dispersed through mutualistic relationships with organisms. As the land-to-water transition finalized, flowers and fruits developed as a result of successful fertilization by attracting a greater variety of pollinators such as butterflies and bumblebees. Likewise, the plant embryo develops within the embryo sack through sexual reproduction and gametes form in ovules to produce seeds. Throughout this transition, the primary difference between vascular and non-vascular plants included the fact that vascular plants contained conducting tissues for water and sugar, transported valuable resources through plant tissues (xylem and phloem), and inhabited fully terrestrial regions. However, non-vascular plants were solely reliant on bodies of water and motile sperm production to reproduce and develop into smaller plants with less supporting structures such has phloem and xylem.I

Explain the water to land transition in plants with respect to size, vascular tissue, water requirements for fertilization, pollination, seeds, etc. Use the various phyla of the kingdom Plantae in your answer and give the name of at least one organism that belongs to each of the phyla as part of your answer (NOTE: You must include the actual scientific categories/names of the different plant phyla to receive full credit.)

The correct answers are: Reintroduction of a species to a habitat, In r-selected species, Recovery of a species from overhunting, Species not affected by density-dependent factors

Exponential growth is seen in which of the following situations? Choose all that apply. NOTE: Selecting incorrect responses will incur a penalty.

The tangled mass of branched filaments that typically forms the fungal body below the ground is called a _____mycelium____________________________ and is made of many ___hyphae_______________________. b. Of the three domains, which one(s) can exhibit negative phototaxis to avoid the light? _________________bacteria and archaea_______ [must have both to get full credit] c. __1/2 pt._____amniotes (can also give examples of these organisms like mammals, birds, reptiles) ___________ are organisms that have extra-embryonic membranes, whereas _____1/2 pt.______non-amniotes (can also give examples of these organisms like fish and amphibians)___________ are organisms that lay their eggs in water and so lack extra-embryonic membranes. d. The naked mole rat can regulate its temperature internally, so it is a(n) _______endotherm______________________________, but it also fluctuates its body temperature according to its burrow, so it may also be classified as a(n) ________heterotherm_________________________________________. e. One example of an organism in the group Pteridophyta is __fern (or lycophytes, whisk ferns, horsetails)_____________________________, and they can associate with a fungus called, ____mycorrhizae___________________, that increases surface area for nutrient and water absorption. f. Which marine ecosystem has the highest net primary production? ___algal beds and coral reefs/or kelp forests and coral reefs____________________ g. Which ecosystem accounts for the highest percentage of the Earth's net primary production despite its own low average net primary production? ____Oceans_______

Fill in the blank:

. The __carrying capacity___________________ of an environment is determined solely by the availability of resources in the environment. It represents the maximum sustainable population size in an environment. In this respect, it is a feature of the habitat, not of the population. b. Colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillarus) grows in contaminated soil along metal mines in South Wales as well as in non-contaminated soils. The bentgrass that has adapted to the contaminated soils can no longer inhabit the non-contaminated soils. Which type of speciation is occurring in this case? _____sympatric____________________________ c. The principle of _____competitive exclusion____________________________ states that two species cannot occupy identical niches. d. ___evapotranspiration [1/2 credit for either evaporation or transpiration]______________________________ is a measure of an ecosystem's sunlight and precipitation and an indicator of biodiversity. e. Species diversity is measured by the ____richness/species richness_____________________________, which is the total number of different species; and by the ____abundance/relative abundance_____________________________, which is proportion each species represents. f. A type of nematode develops within a fungus and is dispersed along with the fungal spores. The nematodes land on the vegetation to be eaten by deer. The fungus are the nematode's __intermediate/secondary_______________________________ host, while the deer are considered the nematode's ___final/primary______________________________ host. g. In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed can be considered a(n): ______keystone species___________________________. h. A ___community______________________________ is defined as populations of different species that interact with each other in a given area. i. When studying population dynamics, ecologists measure additions to the population as a function of births plus immigration and loss of individuals to the population as a function of deaths plus __emigration_______________________________. j. From 2008-2011, scientists studying the Northern fur seal populations off the coast of Alaska at the Polovina cliffs Rookery in St. Paul's Island tagged females and tracked their survivorship and age-specific fertility. They found the following: ∑lxmx=0.79. What can you say about the population's growth during that period of time? _______declining__________________________

Fill in the blanks

The life cycle for organisms in the group Pteridophyta will have a diploid multicellular structure called the [sporophyte]. This structure will undergo a process of cell division called [meiosis] to produce the [spores]. Subsequently, another round of cell division called [mitosis] happens to produce a haploid multicellular structure called the [gametophyte], which undergoes [mitosis] to produce the [gametes]. For this organism, it spends most of its life cycle as [equal time as haploid and diploid]. By comparison, an organism belonging to the Zygomycota, spends most of its life cycle as [haploid], and an organism belonging to Aves spends most of its life cycle as [diploid].

Life Cycles

Sexual dimorphism

Males are more affected by sexual selection than females and so display characteristics that although are attractive to mates, can make them more obvious to predators. This is known as:

a. _______inbreeding__[half credit for non-random mating]______________________ is mating of genetically related individuals and favors homozygous genetypes. b. What is a testable statement used to explain a scientific observation or problem? _______hypothesis__________________________________ c. The Australian wombat and the American badger both have adaptations for burrowing---sturdy snouts and strong fore paws and claws. Both of these animals live in similar environments but do not share a recent common ancestor. This would be an example of: ____convergent evolution___________________________. d. ___mutations___________________ is an evolutionary mechanism that causes unpredictable changes in DNA, introducing new alleles into a gene pool in a random manner. e. In ___artificial selection OR selective breeding_______ selection, the selecting agent is humans. f. All of the genes present in a given population define the ________gene pool ___________ for that population. g. ______gene flow___________________________________ is the movement of alleles caused by the migration of individuals between populations, causing changes in allele frequencies. h. Although natural selection causes change at the genetic level, what is the smallest unit that can evolve? _______population__________________________________ i. The skeleton of a whale reveals the presence of pelvic bones that are not functional. These nonfunctional remnants of structures are called ________vestigial___________________ structures. j. In science, the term ______theory______________________ generally applies to an idea that is based on data gathered over a long period of time that yields the same results to explain natural phenomena.

Fill in the following blanks. Each blank is worth one point. IMPORTANT: Please do not remove the blanks when you fill in your responses and make sure you scroll down to see all fill-in-the-blanks, a-j.

Evolutionary adaptation results from interactions between organisms and their environments

Fitness is a term often used by biologists to explain the evolutionary success of certain organisms. Below are descriptions of four fictional male birds. Which bird might a biologist consider to be the "most fit"?

Your answer is partially correct. You have correctly selected 8. The correct answer is: For the following three descriptions, drag the correct terms for description, randomness, and effect on variation. This will allow you to compare and contrast the three items. 1-Occurs when a subset of a population either leaves, is moved, or is isolated from a parent population. Description: [Founder Effect] Random or Non-Random: [Random] Effect on Variation: [Decreases variation] 2-Occurs when a subset of the population is decimated due to some unexpected cause: Description: [Bottleneck] Random or Non-Random: [Random] Effect on Variation: [Decreases variation] 3-Transfer of genes from one population to another due to migration into (immigration) or out of (emigration). Description: [Gene Flow] Random or Non-Random: [Either Random or Non‑Random] Effect on Variation: [Can either increase or decrease]

For the following three descriptions, drag the correct terms for description, randomness, and effect on variation. This will allow you to compare and contrast the three items.

10%

From the base of plant productivity, about how much of the biomass (energy) of each trophic level is passed on to the next-higher level?

Founder effect, Inbreeding, Assortative mating, Non-random mating

Geneticists who sampled DNA from Finns and from the European population at large found that Finns exhibit considerably less genetic variation than other Europeans. This evidence supports the hypothesis that Finns are descended from a small group of people who settled about 4,000 years ago in that area that is now Finland and remained separate from other European societies for centuries. Using your knowledge of evolutionary mechanisms, select everything you think may be playing a role in this scenario. NOTE: Selecting incorrect choices will incur a penalty.

pests with resistant genes will survive and reproduce.

Many commercial pesticides become less effective after 2-3 years because:

For the world population growth, how would you describe the growth model and why? = 2pts. The growth model would be exponential or J-curve; because we have not yet reached the carrying capacity and we are still growing. b. Some ecologists argue that the population growth cannot continue with this trend. What are some factors about population ecology which you can apply to support this argument? =2 pts. Eventually, if the population continues to grow along this trend, it will exceed the carrying capacity and crash, since the resources will not be enough due density dependent factors (can list these here) c. What implications are there for humankind if population growth levels off at the top of a sigmoid curve? = 2 pts. If the population levels off, then it may be maintained at a healthy level, perhaps by measures taken to stabilize the population growth overall. d. How does the population growth compare across the major geographical areas represented on this graph? What conclusions can you draw from these various growth trends and what factors do you think may be causing them? Based on the data, there appears to be some countries contributing more than others to the world population growth. For example, Asia seems to be growing at the fastest rate, but Latin America and Africa also seem to show an exponential trend. On the other hand, Europe seems stabilized or maybe decreasing and North America as well.=2 pts. The factors contributing to these trends could include education, access to health care and prevention, for example. = 2 pts.

Human population demographers have been predicting that world population would soon reach intolerable levels. They were looking at graphs like the one shown below: For the world population growth, how would you describe the growth model and why? b. Some ecologists argue that the population growth cannot continue with this trend. What are some factors about population ecology which you can apply to support this argument? c. What implications are there for humankind if population growth levels off at the top of a sigmoid (S) curve? d. How does the population growth compare across the major geographical areas represented on this graph? What conclusions can you draw from these various growth trends and what factors do you think may be causing them?

1.25

In North Carolina, the bald eagle is listed as a threatened species and are no longer endangered. The mating pairs have increased from four pairs in 1963 to 41 pairs in 2006 with continued increases. You are given some values for "r" and you must match one of them to this population. Which of the following is the most likely "r" for this population?

Your answer is correct. The correct answer is: Instructions: Fill in the blanks using drag-and-drop for type of selection. a. Bighorn sheep display sparring contests between males. The males square off against each other during the fall rutting season. Although the horns are potentially lethal weapons, they are used in ritualized ways that minimize the danger of injury to either contestant. The winner gets access to the females. [Intrasexual selection] b. Biologists who analyzed birth weights and mortality in 13,730 human babies found that babies of average size (slightly over 7 pounds) survived best. [Stabilizing selection] c. The males of coexisting species of Anolis lizards have colorful flaps of skin under their throats called dewlaps, which they use to attract females. A light-colored dewlap is effective at reflecting light in dim forests, whereas a dark dewlap is most apparent in open habitats. Males with the largest, most visible dewlaps will attract more females than those with smaller, less visible ones. [Intersexual selection] d. Limited food supply during a severe drought caused a change in a finch population of one of the Galapagos Islands. The only food supply during this time was wood-boring insects and seeds from cactus fruits. Birds that were able to exploit these food sources has either long beaks to open cactus fruits or wide beaks to strip tree bark and expose insects. Birds with intermediate beaks could not use either food source efficiently, and had a lower survival rate. [Disruptive selection] e. Female bower birds will selectively mate with those males that have the most elaborate and decorative bowers (nest sites). [Intersexual selection] f. Male bull frogs congregate at the edges of ponds and call to attract to mates. Males also defend a stretch of shore and females that choose to mate with a male deposit their eggs on the male's territory. Females are attracted by the quality of male song as well as the suitability of his territory for depositing her eggs. In addition, females look for large males, since they are most successful in providing paternal care in the form of protection from predators. [Intersexual selection] g. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease that affects the body's ability to maintain water equilibrium. However, some studies have shown that a single copy of the cystic fibrosis disease allele can confer resistance to tuberculosis. [Balancing selection]

Instructions: Fill in the blanks using drag-and-drop for type of selection.

NOTE: three points for each scenario--1 point for the name and 2 points for the explanation a. The black-bellied seedcracker (Pyrenestes ostrinus) lives in West Africa, where seeds of two types of sedges (marsh plants) are the most abundant food source in an environment where food sources are scarce for birds. Birds with large beaks can readily crack the hard seeds of the sedge Scleria verrucose. Birds with small beaks can crack seeds of Scleria verrucose only with great difficulty, but feed very efficiently on the soft seeds from Scleria goossensii. Birds with large beaks are not very efficient with the seeds of Scleria goossensii. Young finches that significantly deviate from the two beak sizes that are able to exploit either seed type do not survive as well as birds with beaks closer to those two beak sizes. Selection Type: __Disruptive _________________________________________[1 pt.] Explanation:__ phenotypes at either end of the range of beak sizes fare better (can add or state instead --anything that deviates from either large or small beaks does not do well. Selective pressure = food source/availability of food [2 pts.]____ b. On the Pacific Coast, garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) have evolved resistance to a neurotoxin found in the skin of one of its prey, the newt Taricha granulosa. However, over time, the newt has evolved elevated neurotoxin production. The newts with the highest levels of neurotoxin are detected as undesirable by the snakes and survive predation. These newts leave more offspring than their counterparts with lower concentrations of the toxin. Selection Type: ___Directional____________________________[1 pt.] Explanation:_Shifts in the direction of higher levels of neurotoxin for this newt population. Selective pressure=predation _[ 2pts.] c. Butterflies in the genus, Colias, that live in the Rocky Mountains live in environments where dawn temperatures are often too cold and afternoon temperatures are too hot for butterflies to fly. In these butterflies, there is an enzyme (PGI) that influences how well the butterfly can fly at varying temperatures. Butterflies that are homozygous for the gene, which codes for this enzyme, can either fly in the morning or at night, but butterflies that are heterozygous can fly over a greater range of temperatures. Selection Type: ___balancing—heterozygote advantage (give full credit for either], ___[1 pt.]___ Explanation:___the butterflies that are heterozygous for this trait have greater range for flying at different temperatures throughout the day, (so both alleles are represented. Selective pressure=environmental conditions/temperature _____[2 pts.]__________________ d. On the island of Gotland south of Sweden, the collared flycatcher (Ficedulla albiollis) clutch size (number of eggs the bird lays) has changed over many generations. When birds lay too many eggs, many offspring will die due to inadequate parental care and food. If birds lay too few eggs, they cannot contribute enough individuals to the next generation. Selection Type: ____Stabilizing________________________________[1 pt.]_____ Explanation:_____ the extremes of the range for clutch size is selected against, because the birds laying too many or eggs lack resources, Those laying too few are not successful at passing along their genetic material (so not reproductively fit). [another way to say it is that they average clutch size is favored]. Selective pressure=resource availability when considering too many eggs & survival of offspring as affected many factors if not enough eggs are laid (As long as they have one pressure, that is enough). ____[2 pts.]______________

Instructions: For each of the following scenarios (a-d), state what pattern of selection it best fits and explain the pattern, including the selective pressure. NOTE: You may need to scroll to see all the material for this question.

Bread mold and fruit rotting in your fridge is most likely caused by this group → Zygomycota Organisms such as morels and truffles are in this group → Ascomycota An organism characterized as being a mushroom, but also part of the group that includes rusts and shelf varieties → Basidiomycota Many plants form associations with members of this strictly mycorrhizal fungal group → Glomeromycota Can form mycorrhizal associations, can be part of lichen, and includes unicellular fungal organism, for example, yeast. → Ascomycota Found commonly in freshwater environments, have enzymes that digest cellulose, and have a flagellated state called a zoospore → Chytridiomycota About 70% of all fungi belong to this group, which can cause disease, have diverse habitats, and form spores in sacs → Ascomycota

Match each description with the appropriate fungal group.

Bromeliads are epiphytes that grow on the bark of tropical trees and collect the nutrient-rich water that drips through the canopy of the tree but do not tap into the vascular system of the trees or damage it any way → commensalism b. The zombie snail is infected by a fungus that changes the color of its antennae in order to gain the attention of a specific bird, the organism it needs to complete its life cycle → endoparasitism c. Tiny mites "hitch" a ride inside the nostrils of hummingbirds to in order to land on the flowers which they eat → phoresy-commensalism d. The bott fly lays its eggs inside the skin of warm-blooded organisms so that the larvae can develop until they are ready to come out, at which point the burst through the skin → parasitoid e. Hookworm larvae are common in areas contaminated by feces. They enter though exposed feet, travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, are coughed up, swallowed, and enter the digestive tract to complete its life cycle → endoparasitism f. Ticks can carry many diseases as they feed on the blood of mammals → ectoparasitism g. Corals have a special relationship with zooxanthellae, a type of algae that gives the coral its color. The algae gets the metabolic byproducts it needs from the corals for photosynthesizing while it provides organic compounds to the coral as a result of photosynthesis. Loss of the algae causes coral bleaching → mutualism h. Oxpeckers eat flecks of dead skin and parasites on the back of water buffaloes and other large grazing mammals. → mutualism i. The remora is a small fish with a special structure on its head that attaches to a shark and swims along with the shark in order to consume small pieces of flesh left over from the shark's meal → phoresy-commensalism j. Thorn ants live in the hollow thorns of a thorn tree. It removes unwanted weeds from the area and wards off herbivores as it gains droplets of nectar from the tree → mutualism

Match each scenario with the appropriate symbiotic relationship

a. Two species of frogs are mated in the lab and produce viable, offspring that cannot have young of its own. → hybrid sterility b. Two species of sea urchins release their gametes at the same time, but no cross fertilization occurs → gametic c. Two orchid species with different length nectar tubes are pollinated by different moths → mechanical d. Two species of mayflies emerge during different weeks in spring → temporal e. Two species of salamanders mate and produce offspring, but the hybrid's offspring has genetic defects and cannot contribute young to subsequent generations. → hybrid breakdown f. Two species of birds have different mating rituals → behavioral g. Embryos of two species of mice bred in the lab usually abort → hybrid inviability h. Peepers breed in woodland ponds; leopard frogs breed in swamps → habitat

Match each scenario with the correct reproduction isolation barrier

2 pts.=for each. Name and description of each example. Possibilities - may have any two of the following: Mimicry coloration: Batesian: examples are 1-monarch butterfly and viceroy; 2- king snake and coral snake; 3-hawkmoth and green snake [one harmless organism mimics a harmful one]; and there may be other possibilities. Mullerian: wasps and bees [several harmful organisms resemble each other] Aposematic or warning coloration: examples: 1-king snake and coral snake; 2- poison arrow/dart frogs; (accept anything that has warning coloration)[coloration that wards off predators with bright colors, usually reds and yellows] Cryptic or camouflage coloration: examples: 1-seahorse in coral reef; 2-tree frog on bark of tree or rocks... many more Disruptive coloration: examples: (any prey animal with stripes or spots) zebras [coloration that confuses the predator]

Name and describe two examples of how prey organisms may use color tactics for predator evasion:

1. Within a forest, a population of sparrows feeds on berries that grow abundantly on bushes. The sparrows can inhabit any of the area where there are berries, which covers the whole of each bush as well as the forest floor, where many of the berries have fallen to the ground. However, Mice, which live on the forest floor, also like to eat berries, and are quick to collect them once they have fallen. The presence of the mice causes fewer or no berries to eat on the forest floor. The sparrows end up at the area on the bush branches only where they have access to all of the berries on all of the branches. The whole of each bush and the forest floor is the [fundamental niche] for the sparrow, whereas the bush branches is the [realized niche]. The relationship between the mice and the sparrow is [interspecific competition]. 2. When multiple species of Darwin's finches are sympatric on one of the Galapagos islands, they show differences in bill depth (and eat different sized seeds) compared to when they are alone on an island.[character displacement]

Niche Scenario:

ordinal

Runners in a race are ranked according to their placing, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th place, etc. These ranking data are best considered?

In the finch population, what are the primary changes that occur gradually over time? The proportions of finches having different traits within a population change

SCENARIO: Scientists have long believed that the 14 species of finches on the Galapagos Islands evolved from a single species of finch that migrated to the islands one to five million years ago. Recent DNA analyses support the conclusion that all of the Galapagos finches evolved from the warbler finch. Different species live on different islands. For example, the medium ground finch and the cactus finch live on one island. The large cactus finch occupies another island. One of the major changes in the finches is in their beak sizes and shapes.

The initial population of the Galapagos finches was a result of random genetic drift (founder effect), There was beak size variation in the initial population, When there was a good match between beak structure and available food, those birds had more offspring.

SCENARIO: Scientists have long believed that the 14 species of finches on the Galapagos Islands evolved from a single species of finch that migrated to the islands one to five million years ago. Recent DNA analyses support the conclusion that all of the Galapagos finches evolved from the warbler finch. Different species live on different islands. For example, the medium ground finch and the cactus finch live on one island. The large cactus finch occupies another island. One of the major changes in the finches is in their beak sizes and shapes.

In the stomach, mucus cells secrete mucous, pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells, and the parietal cells secrete HCL In the mouth, the mucus is secreted by the sublingual; the submandibular secretes mucin and salivary amylase, and salivary amylase is secreted by parotid

Secretion

bogs

Stagnant, shallow areas of water-saturated soil, where the rate of photosynthesis is low, are best characterized as:

Eukarya

Stentor sp. is a unicellular organism with membrane-bound organelles, including a true nucleus. To which of the following would it belong?

Adaptive radiation, Cladogenesis

The figure seen here can represent which of the following:

What are the dependent and independent variables as shown on this graph? Dependent: allele frequency [1 pt.] Independent: generations [1 pt.] --What specific evolutionary mechanism is at work here (be as specific as you can)? How do you know? Bottleneck (Genetic Drift) [2 pts.; half credit [1 pt.]. for genetic drift since the question asked you to be specific]; due to a sudden habitat loss [2 pts.] --Compare the three populations and explain what is happening to the allele frequency. Why does the population size matter? In the n=25 population, there is fixation of the allele in a short time span [2 pts.], but for the larger populations, this is not happening ;meaning that small populations are more affected than larger populations (as a result of genetic drift) [2 pts.]. Can also add that: With the largest population, of n=2500, the population remains stable with respect to the allele frequency.

The following graph shows three populations. The populations are mice populations which experienced a severe and sudden habitat loss and the allele in question is white fur for the gene that governs fur coloration. Answer the following questions in the space provided. What are the dependent and independent variables as shown on this graph? What specific evolutionary mechanism is at work here (be as specific as you can with any categories and subcategories)? How do you know? Compare the three populations and explain what is happening to the allele frequency. Why does the population size matter?

Ring shaped DNA: archea and bacteria Plasmid: Archea and bacteria True nucleus: protista Membrane bound organelles: protista Pseudopodia: protista ingestive feeder: protista Cell wall: archea and bacteria Exhibits taxis: archea and bacteria Non- pathogenic: archea

The following is a comparison of general characteristics of organisms that may be considered prokaryotes, archaea, or protista.

Anatomical homology

The front limbs of humans, bats, birds, and whales all have a similar bone structure but serve different functions. This is considered an observation of evolution that is called:

biogeography, genetic drift, natural selection

The island fox of the Channel Islands has evolved distinct features to foxes in the same genus that are located on the mainland continent. The island fox arrived there when landmasses were still together and later became separated due to geological processes.This is support that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. What applies to these organisms? (Choose all that apply. Note that incorrect choices can incur a penalty.)

a. Describe the effect of air pollution on the phenotypic frequencies of the peppered moth, and what is the selective pressure in this scenario? [6 pts.total] Due to the darkening of the barks, the peppered moths with the darker coloration (the melanic moths) are the ones favored and which survive because they can camouflage to hide from predators (predation is the selective pressure) --[ 2 pts. for saying darker coloration is favored and the other 2 pts. for tying it in to the trees/pollution; 2 pts for saying that it helps them avoid predation/can camouflage=selective pressure] b. Describe the type of evolutionary mechanism that is at play here (be specific if there is a particular pattern). [2 pts. total] Natural selection/directional [1/2 credit for only natural selection; but can say directional selection by itself since it implies natural selection] c. In 1956, the Clean Air Act was passed and the barks of trees started to lighten over the years. The phenotypic frequencies of the peppered moths changed again. With respect to evolutionary mechanisms (and patterns if appropriate), explain what happens to the moths after many generations post Clean Air Act. The frequency of melanic (dark) moths will decrease /the lighter colored ones will increase [2 pts.]. [may add something to the effect of: This decrease correlates with lowered air pollution and provides strong evidence for natural selection; directional in the direction of lighter coloration .]

The peppered moth, Biston betularia, comes in a variety of colors, ranging from light gray with specs or blotches to jet black. Scientists call the jet black variety, "melanic." The melanic moth phenotype seemed to increase during and throughout the industrial age. During the industrial age, there were increased levels of air pollution. In heavily polluted areas, sulfur dioxide and other compounds have darkened the barks of trees where the moths like to rest. The melanic moths can blend with the bark and remain relatively unseen. How does this scenario relate to evolution? In your answer, include the following:a. Describe the effect of air pollution on the phenotypic frequencies of the peppered moth, and what is the selective pressure in this scenario? b. Describe the type of evolutionary mechanism that is at play here (be specific if there is a particular pattern). c. In 1956, the Clean Air Act was passed and the barks of trees started to lighten over the years. The phenotypic frequencies of the peppered moths changed again. With respect to evolutionary mechanisms (and patterns if appropriate), explain what happens to the moths after many generations post Clean Air Act.

Batesian mimicry

The sesiid moth is a harmless insect that has coloration and wing patterns similar to the hornet wasp, which is an unpalatable and dangerous organism. This is an example of:

plant defenses against herbivores such as noxious chemicals, spines, thorns, hairs, prickles, etc., low nutrient supply contained in plants which usually limit herbivores., abiotic factors such as unfavorable seasonal changes in temperature and moisture., factors such as competition, disease, parasitism, and predation that keep herbivores in check.

The world is green, despite the many primary consumers feeding on plants, as a result of:

Eutrophication

Thick, slimy algae blooms covered Lake Erie once again last week, stretching for more than 700 square miles. Such bright-colored blooms have increased in size and frequency since the 2000s, mostly because of heavy fertilizer use on nearby agricultural land. Rain causes the fertilizer to run off the land into rivers that empty into Lake Erie. This best describes:

Which type of growth model best fits the Cladoceran populations shown here from 1-20 days? ____exponential or J-curve___________ What happened when the population grew to 400 individuals? It exceeded the carrying capacity or crashed/stabilized at the carrying capacity over time Where would you say that the carrying capacity is for a healthy population? How do you know? 250-300 =1 pt. We know because this is the point at which the population seems to level off=1pt.

Use the graph below to answer the following questions: a. Which type of growth model best fits the Cladoceran populations shown here from 1-20 days? b. What happened when the population grew to 400 individuals? c. Where would you say that the carrying capacity is for a healthy population? AND How do you know?

decidious forests

Use the graph shown here. After the rainforests, which biome do you think has the highest level of evapotranspiration?

80

We catch 20 banded bandicoots and mark them with colored tags. A week later, we return and catch 40 and ten of them are previously tagged animals. What is the estimated population size?

They have a greater fitness than homozygous dominant individuals, They have a greater fitness than homozygous recessive individuals

What best describes individuals living in the African Continent who are carriers of the sickle cell anemia allele? (Choose all that apply. Note: Selecting incorrect choices will incur a penalty.)

A shift in the average of a trait

What is the effect of directional selection?

Clumped

When spatial distribution of a population is such that individuals are in close proximity to each other in order to be close to resources, the most likely pattern would be (NOTE: only three possible answers):

Sea otters in Yakutat bay, Southeast Alaska

Which best illustrates a population:

Enhydra lutris(sea otter)

Which of following names of organisms follows the proper conventions of binomial nomenclature as first detailed by Linnaeus?

Some individuals have genes that increase their chances for survival and reproduction. These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genes, causing their genes to become more common in the next generation.

Which of the following BEST describes the theory of natural selection?

Global warming, Introduction of invasive species, Loss of habitat, Air and water pollution

Which of the following are human impacts affecting biodiversity?

Estuaries

Which of the following biomes is best described as shallow with lots of sunlight, high degree of biodiversity, with rivers running into the ocean?

Effects of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

The rate of decomposition in the ecosystem

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem?

A sudden volcano eruption, Massive flooding

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent effect on population growth?

characterization of an ecosystem, the human genome project, observing and cataloging tropical rainforest species, observing microscopic organisms to find distinguishing features

Which of the following is an example of discovery-based science? (Choose all that apply. Note that incorrect choices can incur a penalty.)

They have a post-anal tail, They have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, They have a notochord , They have pharyngeal slits/pouches

Which of the following is true about chordates at some point in their development?

sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides

Which of the following is/are a major contributor(s) to the problem of acid deposition?

weeds

Which of the following organisms would be the "pioneers" of an old abandoned farm land that is undergoing succession?

Breeding organisms for the purpose of generating certain favorable features or traits, Modifying a trait in an organism to generate a different strain of that organism that is then valued agriculturally

Which of the following would describe artificial selection? (Choose all that apply. Note: Selecting incorrect choices will incur a penalty.)