Biology Unit 2: The Chemistry Of Life
RNA
(or ribonucleic acid) A nucleic acid which participates in the synthesis of proteins.
Carbons valance is ___________.
+4
If an atom is supplied with excess energy:
A) an electron may change to an excited state B) an electron may move to a higher energy level
Many chemical reactions involve the _________ or _________ Of water.
Addition; removal
What are the four bases in a DNA molecule?
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions in organism for maintenance of the processes of life
In the process of forming proteins, what happens?
Amino acids combine to build up the more complex molecules; and water molecules are lost.
Chemical reactions are the result of...
An atom attempting to rearrange its configuration to result in a complete outer energy level
Ion
An electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by loss or gain of electrons
Cofactor
An inorganic metal or small organic molecule which attaches to the protein portion of the enzyme and plays an important role in activating that enzyme.
Hydrogen
An intermolecular force (attraction) occurring between a hydrogen atom, and fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.
Organic
Any chemical compound which contains carbon
base (or alkali)
Any substance capable of combining with hydrogen
Catalyst
Any substance which accelerates a chemical reaction without being used in the reaction
Acid
Any substance which donates a hydrogen atom during disassociation
Where is RNA located in a cell?
Can be located in the nucleus but also found outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm.
Which organic compound has this component? Sugars
Carbohydrates
Which organic compound serves this function? Most readily available energy
Carbohydrates
Anion
A negatively charged ion; an atom which has gained an electron.
DNA
(or deoxyribonucleic acid) A complex molecule containing the genetic code.
Total electrons in Carbons n=3 energy level...
0
Total electrons in Carbons n=4 energy level...
0
Total electrons in Carbons n=1 energy level...
2
Carbohydrates have a ________ ratio of hydrogen and oxygen
2:1
Carbon has __________ for electrons in its outer shell.
4
Total electrons in Carbons n=2 energy level...
4
Ionic Bond
A bond formed by the electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions
Dehydration synthesis
A bonding of subunits to form a polymer out with the loss of water.
Covalent bond
A chemical bond formed between two atoms by the sharing of electrons
Polymer
A chemical compound in which each molecule is made up of two or more simpler molecules strung together.
Inorganic
A chemical compound not containing carbon.
Reversible reaction
A chemical reaction in which the reactants used to form the products can also be synthesized from those products
Synthesis reaction
A chemical reaction when two or more units are added together to form a new compound
Decomposition
A chemical reaction where the compound is broken into its constituent parts
Exchange Reaction
A chemical reaction where the substrates trade constituent parts
Hormone
A chemical synthesized by an organism which aids in the control of a specific function in the organism
Substrate
A compound which is involved in a chemical reaction and is chemically changed by the reaction.
Lipid
A group of organic compounds including fats, steroids, and phospholipids
Protein
A large complex organic molecule consisting of a large number of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Solvent
A liquid which acts to dissolve or suspend solutes
pH
A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
Starch
A polymer of glucose units
Polysaccharide
A polymer of simple sugars (monosaccharides)
Cation
A positively charged ion; an atom which has lost an electron.
Enzyme
A protein molecule which is specialized to speed up a specific chemical reaction in biological systems
Antibody
A protein specialized to defend the body against disease
Polymerization
A reaction in which two or more molecules unite, forming a more complex molecule
Nucleic Acid
A sequence of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogeneous organic bases: DNA and RNA
Glucose
A simple sugar (C6H1206) occurring in plants
Solute
A substance which is dissolved in a liquid
Buffer
A substance which will resist changes in pH within reasonable limits
Carbohydrate
A sugar or polymer of sugar; contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What are the three basic parts of DNA?
A sugar, a phosphate group, and a base
Disaccharide
A two-sugar polymer
The chemistry of life is centered on the chemistry of the element ____________.
Carbon
Cholesterol is a component of...
Cell membranes
What does water have the power to carry out?
Chemical reactions
Steroids include __________.
Cholesterol
What contributes to the production of hormones such as the male and female sex hormone- testosterone, estrogen and progesterone?
Cholesterol
Nucleic acids
Contributes little to the mass of the cell
Guanine always pairs with...
Cytosine
Doubled Stranded
DNA
What is located in the nucleus of a cell?
DNA
Paired set
DNA "Rung"
Sugar & Phosphate
DNA "Upright"
Nucleic Acids exist in two forms:
Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and ribonucleic acids (RNA)
What two parts of a sugar molecule are linked together to form a polymer?
Deoxyribose and a phosphate group
DNA is in the shape of a...
Double Chain Polymer (Double Helix Structure)
What vital functional roles do proteins play?
Enzymes, antibodies, certain hormones, and oxygen carriers for cells and tissues.
True or False. All the subatomic particles participate in chemical reactions.
False
True or False. Many elements bond to carbon by exchanging electrons.
False
Phospholipids allow the membrane to act as a barrier between ___________ outside the cell and those inside the cell.
Fluids
What are the two basic components of fats?
Glycerol and fatty acids
Water has the power to transfer __________.
Heat
What elements bond with carbon?
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, metals phosphorus, halogens, and fluorine and chlorine.
What has small molecules and are usually held together by ionic bonding?
Inorganic compounds
Lipids are ________ in water
Insoluble
+1, -1, +2, -2, +3, and -3 valences have the greatest tendency to form ...
Ions
When inorganic acids dissolve in water, ____________ are formed.
Ions
Which organic compound has this component? Steriods
Lipids
Which organic compound serves this function? Insulation against cold
Lipids
Which organic compound serves this function? Most highly concentrated energy
Lipids
The largest and most specialized molecules in living organisms are...
Nucleic Acids
Bonds between amino acids are what type bonds?
Peptide
bonds between amino acids are what type of bonds?
Peptide
What is one of the major constituents of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids
Which organic compound serves this function? Enzymes
Proteins
What are four organic molecules common to organisms?
Proteins, fats, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
What does water have to power to dissolve?
Quantities of substances for transport
__________ can sometimes be double stranded or double and single stranded.
RNA
_____________ , in most cases, is single stranded.
RNA
_________ carry out the special instructions coded in __________for the manufacture of (synthesis) proteins.
RNA, DNA
All types of _________ work together to help regulate _________ _________.
RNA, protein synthesis
What are "uprights" of the ladder in a DNA molecule?
Repeating units of a sugar molecule called deoxyribose and a phosphate group
Lipids are ________________ in organic solvents such as acetone, chloroform, and ether.
Soluble
Product
That which is produced as a result of a chemical reaction
What are the connecting "rungs" of the ladder in a DNA molecule?
The bases attached to each sugar
Amino acid
The basic building block for proteins; contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2)
Hydrolysis
The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules
Salt
The compound formed by the ionic bonding of a cation and anion
Law of mass action
The condition where by the concentration of reactant product influences the rate and net direction of a reversible chemical reaction
The opposite of synthesis reaction is...
The decomposition reaction
Activation energy
The energy required to start a chemical reaction
Valence
The number of electrons an element must gain or lose in order to complete its outer electron shell
Active site
The region on the surface of an enzyme molecule where the substrate molecule binds and reacts with the enzyme.
The "uprights" of the ladder in a DNA molecule are sometimes called?
The sugar-phosphate backbone
Chemical Bond
The union between atoms by the interaction of their electrons in the outermost orbit.
Adenine always pairs with...
Thymine
What are synthesis reactions used for?
To build up products in the cell, such as combining amino acids to form a protein
Of the three lipid types, phospholipids are more similar to fats.
True
The DNA bases are attached to the phosphate part of the structure.
True
True or False. Atoms which possess completed outer energy level or have a stable octet are inert.
True
True or False. Lipids are composed of the same basic elements as carbohydrates.
True
True or False. Two bases of DNA connects the double chain of DNA like a step on a ladder
True
What acts as a solvent to a wide variety of solutes, because it can form weak electric bonds, similar to the hydrogen bonds, with the solute molecule?
Water
What is the ideal medium for chemical reactions?
Water
Chemical equilibrium
When a reversible reaction is occurring in both directions at the same rate; the products and reactants do not change in concentration
Chemical reaction
When the atoms of elements or compounds interact to form at least one new compound
When does synthesis reaction occur?
When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a molecule of a new compound
When compounds which are formed from ionic bonds decompose, the products:
are usually ions of the original elements
Steroids are a complex arrangement of __________ __________ into four- ring structures.
carbon, atoms
Polysacccharides
complex sugars
Hydrolysis
decomposition
Fats
most highly concentrated energy source
Nitrogen's energy levels are
n=1 2 electrons n=2 5 electrons n=3 0 electrons n=4 0 electrons
Phosphorus energy levels
n=1 2 electrons n=2 8 electrons n=3 5 electrons n=4 0 electrons
"Blueprint" molecules
nucleic acids
Synthesis
polymerization
Monosaccharides
simple sugars
The bases determine...
the code information contained within DNA
