Biology Unit 4
Water, salts, glucose, amine acids, vitamins, and waste leave blood and become...
"filtrate."
The cell wall of the alveoli is... (in terms of how thick it is)
1 cell thick.
Blood flow through the heart
1. Blood enters right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava 2. Blood in the right atrium flows through the right AV valve (tricuspid) into the right ventricle. 3. Contraction of the right ventricle forces the pulmonary valve open. 4. Blood flows through pulmonary valve into and out of the right and left pulmonary arteries. 5. Blood returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veins t the left atrium. 6. Blood in the left atrium flows through the left AV valve (bicuspid) into the left ventricle. 7. Contraction of the left ventricle forcing the aortic valve open. 8. Blood flows through aortic valve into the ascending aorta. 9. Blood in aorta is distributed to every organ in the body, where it unloads O2 and loads CO2. 10. Blood returns to the heart via the venae cava.
Erthrocytes live...
120 days.
Each red blood cell (erthrocyte) has...
250 million hemoglobin.
Each hemoglobin binds....
4 oxygen molecules.
Average stroke volume =
70 mL
In fish gills, more than....
80% of the O2 dissolved in the water is removed as the water passes over the respiratory surface.
What are the three basic components of open or closed circulatory systems?
A circulatory fluid, a set of tubes, and a muscular pump.
A heart attack/ myocardial infarction occurs when...
A coronary artery is blocked and oxygen doesn't reach the heart muscle.
Atherosclerosis
A hardening of an artery due to the build up of plaques.
Plasma
A mix of cells of a liquid called plasma.
In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become _____. A.) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum B.) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus C.) the thickened portion of the uterine wall D.) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses
A.) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum
After ovulation, high levels of _____ inhibit _____ secretion. A.) estrogen and progesterone ... FSH and LH B.) FSH and LH ... estrogen and progesterone C.) HCG ... estrogen and progesterone D.) estrogen ... FSH E.) androgens ... FSH and LH
A.) estrogen and progesterone ... FSH and LH
A primary response by the Leydig cells in the testes to the presence of luteinizing hormone is an increase in the synthesis and secretion of _____. A.) testosterone B.) oxytocin C.) progesterone D.) inhibin
A.) testosterone
A fertilized egg usually implants itself and develops in the _____. A.) uterus B.) ovary C.) oviduct D.) abdominal cavity E.)none of these
A.) uterus
Which of the following correctly traces the path of sperm from their site of production to their exit from a man's body? A.)seminiferous tubule ... epididymis ... vas deferens ... urethra B.)epididymis ... seminiferous tubule ... vas deferens ... urethra C.)seminiferous tubule ... vas deferens ... epididymis ... urethra D.)epididymis ... urethra ... seminiferous tubule ... vas deferens E.)vas deferens ... epididymis ... urethra ... seminiferous tubule
A.)seminiferous tubule ... epididymis ... vas deferens ... urethra (Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules, mature in the epididymis, and during ejaculation pass through the vas deferens into the urethra.)
Arteries branch to...
Arterioles.
Cardiovacular disease is bad and can cause
Atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attacks and strokes.
Arteries =
Away from the heart.
In which region of the nephron is a steep osmotic gradient created? A.) Distal tubule. B.) Loop of Henle. C.) Collecting duct. D.) Proximal tubule.
B.) Loop of Henle. (The steep osmotic gradient created along the loop of Henle allows water and salts to be returned to the body.)
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of flow through the nephron? A.) Renal corpuscle > loop of Henle > collecting duct > proximal tubule > distal tubule B.) Renal corpuscle > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > distal tubule > collecting duct C.) Distal tubule > loop of Henle > collecting duct > renal corpuscle > proximal tubule D.) Renal corpuscle > distal tubule > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > collecting duct
B.) Renal corpuscle > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > distal tubule > collecting duct
Which of the following statements is true? (Of the kidneys) A.) The kidneys are paired organs that remove nitrogenous wastes from the urine. B.) The kidneys are paired organs that regulate water and electrolyte balance in terrestrial vertebrates. C.) Most humans have one kidney, which regulates water and electrolyte balance, removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood, and eliminates the wastes in the urine. D.) The kidneys regulate water and blood glucose in terrestrial vertebrates.
B.) The kidneys are paired organs that regulate water and electrolyte balance in terrestrial vertebrates. (The kidneys also remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood and eliminate them in the urine.)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) makes the _____ permeable to water. A.) ascending portion of the loop of Henle B.) collecting duct C.) Bowman's capsule D.) proximal tubule E.) descending portion of the loop of Henle
B.) collecting duct
If there is no fertilization, degeneration of the corpus luteum results in a drop in _____, which results in the sloughing off of the uterus's endometrium. A.) FSH B.) estrogen and progesterone C.) hypothalamic secretion of releasing hormones D.) HCG E.) LH
B.) estrogen and progesterone
Developing ovarian follicles primarily secrete _____. A.) progesterone B.) estrogens C.) luteinizing hormone D.) follicle-stimulating hormone E.) human chorionic gonadotropin
B.) estrogens
Human sperm cells first arise in the _____. A.) vas deferens B.) seminiferous tubules C.)epididymis D.) prostate gland
B.) seminiferous tubules
What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____. A.) the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus B.) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes C.) the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein D.) electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP
B.) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes
Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the _____. A.) ureter B.) urethra C.) vas deferens D.) seminal vesicle
B.) urethra
Valves prevent the...
Blood from flowing in the wrong direction.
A circulatory fluid =
Blood or hemolymph.
Lub =
Blood recoiling against the AV Valve
Heart murmur =
Blood squirting back through a valve.
A set of tubes =
Blood vessels.
Fluid moves from the blood in the glomerulus into...
Bowman's capsule.
Ovulation usually occurs on or about day _____ of a 28-day ovarian cycle. A.) 1 B.) 7 C.) 14 D.) 21 E.) 28
C.) 14
What is the driving force for the filtration of blood by the renal corpuscle? A.) The presence of large pores in the glomerular capillaries and filtration slits. B.) The presence of microvilli. C.) Higher pressure in glomerular capillaries than in the surrounding Bowman's capsule. D.) The diffusion of small solutes such as urea down a concentration gradient.
C.) Higher pressure in glomerular capillaries than in the surrounding Bowman's capsule. (The blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is higher than in the Bowman's capsule, so water and small solutes are forced out of the blood through capillary pores, leaving the larger components of the blood behind.)
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? A.) The renal corpuscle. B.) The Malpighian tubule. C.) The nephron. D.) The medulla.
C.) The nephron.
After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of _____. A.) increased blood pressure B.) increased aldosterone production C.) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D.) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule
C.) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A rapid increase in the _____ level stimulates ovulation. A.) progesterone B.) estrogen C.) luteinizing hormone D.) follicle-stimulating hormone E.) human chorionic gonadotropin
C.) luteinizing hormone
What is the usual site of the fertilization of an egg cell? A.) uterus B.) ovary C.) oviduct D.) abdominal cavity E.)vagina
C.) oviduct
Arterioles branch to...
Capillaries.
Humans and other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, often called the...
Cardiovascular system.
Erthrocytes
Carry oxygen throughout the body.
Mammals have a double....
Circulatory system with 2 circuits pumping to the heart.
The heart pumps blood by....
Contracting the atria or ventricles.
Electrical impulses from the SA node....
Coordinate heart contractions.
Nephrons span the...
Cortex and medulla.
Fish use a...
Countercurrent exchange system.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (the RAAS) work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways? A.) ADH and the RAAS combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place. B.) ADH and the RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and the RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. C.) Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. D.) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ and water reabsorption.
D.) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ and water reabsorption.
Refer to the following figure, which diagrams the reproductive anatomy of the human female, to answer the question(s) below. 31) In the above figure, which letter points to the corpus luteum? A.) A B.) B C.) C D.) D
D.) D
Which regions of the nephron function independently of hormonal control for the most part? A.) Distal tubule and collecting duct. B.) Renal corpuscle and collecting duct. C.) Proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. D.) Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, and loop of Henle.
D.) Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, and loop of Henle. (Filtration, reabsorption, and the establishment of an osmotic gradient by these regions of the nephron are largely unregulated.)
A physician finds that a nine-year-old male patient is entering puberty much earlier than is usual. Such a condition is most likely the result of a tumor in the _____. A.) hypothalamus, producing elevated levels of testosterone B.) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of testosterone C.) testes, producing elevated levels of estrogen D.) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of gonadotropin-stimulating hormone
D.) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of gonadotropin-stimulating hormone
In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle _____. A.) are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes B.) are not in contact with interstitial fluid C.) are the largest epithelial cells in the body D.) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water
D.) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water
Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), _____ is produced. A.) urine containing more glucose B.) bloody urine C.) urine containing a lower concentration of urea D.) more concentrated urine E.) less concentrated urine
D.) more concentrated urine
Which of the following structures in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in males? A.) urethra B.) vagina C.) cervix D.) oviduct E.) uterus
D.) oviduct
Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after _____. A.) drinking lots of pure water B.) eating a small sugary snack C.) blood pressure becomes abnormally high D.) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity
D.) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity
As a result of the non-selectivity of the kidney's filtration of small molecules, _____. A.) the kidneys have little control over body fluid composition B.) urine is always much less concentrated than blood C.) the proportions of all the substances in the blood are the same as in the urine D.) useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed E.) many useful substances are lost in the urine
D.) useful substances must be selectively reabsorbed
Which of the following statements best describes the actions of the hormone ADH on the nephron? A.) ADH causes the loop of Henle to increase urea reabsorption under conditions of dehydration. B.) ADH causes the distal tubule to increase Na+ reabsorption when Na+ levels in the blood are low. C.) ADH causes the proximal tubule to increase glucose reabsorption when the body's energy needs are high. D.)ADH causes the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by the surrounding tissue under conditions of dehydration.
D.)ADH causes the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by the surrounding tissue under conditions of dehydration.
Relaxation =
Diastole
Aldosterone is _____. A.) a protein hormone that decreases blood pressure without changing blood volume B.) triggers the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin II C.) is released in great quantities when ethanol intoxication takes place D.) decreases water reabsorption in the kidneys E.) a steroid hormone that reduces the amount of fluid excreted in the urine
E.) a steroid hormone that reduces the amount of fluid excreted in the urine
If there is fertilization, secretion of _____ by the early embryo maintains the corpus luteum. A.) progesterone B.) estrogen C.) luteinizing hormone D.) follicle-stimulating hormone E.) human chorionic gonadotropin
E.) human chorionic gonadotropin
More complex animals have either (in terms of circulatory systems)...
Either open or closed circulatory systems.
High blood pressure may damage the....
Endothelium that lines the blood vessels.
Living organisms need to be able to....
Exchange materials with the environment.
Capillaries =
Exchange with body cells.
Kidneys
Filter blood.
Nephrons
Filter the blood to return water to the body and maintain osmolarity of the blood.
Alveoli allow...
Gas exchange in the lungs.
The mammalian respiratory system allows...
Gas exchange.
Hypertension contributes to...
Heart attacks and strokes.
Cardiac output is determined by:
Heart rate (number of beats per minute) and stroke volume (amount of blood pumped in a single contraction)
Hypertension
High blood pressure.
Gases undergo net diffusion from a region of....
Higher Partial Pressure to a region of lower partial pressure.
White Blood Cells help fight....
Infection.
Partial Pressure also apply gases dissolved in...
Liquids such as water.
White blood cells are found in the...
Lymph system.
Stem cells are...
Multipotent cells that can regenerate other cells.
A break in blood vessels attracts...
Platelets that start coagulation.
Surfactant reduces...
Surface tension....
Surfactant prevets...
The collapse of the alveoli.
A stroke
The death of nervous tissue in the brain due to a lack of oxygen.
A muscular pump =
The heart
The excretory system includes
The kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and the urethra.
Partial Pressure
The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases.
Osmolarity
The total number of solutes per volume.
Cardiac out is the...
The volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute.
Veins =
Toward the heart.
Venules lead to the...
Veins.
Capillaries become...
Venules.
Dup =
Vibration of the semilunar valve closing.
It is easier to extract oxygen from air then it is from...
Water
Countercurrent exchange system
Where blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets.
The three main types of blood vessels are:
arteries, veins, capillaries.
The renal Artery supplies...
blood to the kidney.
Filtrate is the same osmolarity as...
blood.
Circulatory systems allow....
exchange of materials in all cells.
When gases diffuse, they move from an area of...
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (down the concentration gradient)
Fluid exits Bowman's capsule via the
proximal convoluted tubule.
The renal vein
returns blood to the vena cava.
