Biology Unit 5 Energy & Life Cellular Respiration

What process is used to produce alcoholic beverages and cause bread dough to rise?

Alcoholic fermentation.

Why is the Krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle?

Because citric acid is the first compound formed in the series of reactions.

What does the body store energy in the form of?

Carbohydrate glycogen which store enough to last for 15 to 20 minutes of activity. After that they break down other stored molecules including fats, for energy.

Why do cells break down food molecules?

Cells break down food molecules gradually and use the energy released from the chemical bonds to produce compounds like ATP.

What happens in fermentation?

Cells convert NADH produced by glycolysis back into the electron carrier NAD+, which allows glycolysis to continue producing ATP.

What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

Where is the electron transport chain found?

In the Mitochondria's inner membrane (cristae)

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm of a cell.

Where does fermentation occur?

In the cytoplasm of the cell.

What is the energy lost in the electron transport chain used for?

It is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter membrane space.

What can cells generate into ATP?

Just about anything. Example, Glucose and proteins.

What would happen if the cell did not release chemical energy in food molecules?

Most of the energy would be released in the form of heat and light.

What carries out fermentation?

Most organisms including humans. Also, some bacteria and fungi which is used to make cheese and yogurt by humans.

What accounts for most of the energy extracted from food following glycolysis and the krebs cycle?

NADH and FADH2

What high energy electrons are passed along the electron transport chin hat generate huge amounts of ATP?

NADH and FADH2

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen.

What does pyruvic acid do in the presence of oxygen?

The acid moves into the mitochondria and undergoes aerobic respiration.

What does pyruvic acid do without the presence of oxygen?

The acid undergoes anaerobic respiration or fermentation.

What happens to NAD+ in glycolysis?

The electron carrier, NAD+ accepts a pair of higher energy electrons and becomes NADH. In one reaction glycolysis removes 4 high energy electrons, passing them on to NAD+ to make it NADH.

What is chemiosmosis?

The use of H+ gradient to drive cellular work.

What can lipids and proteins do in cellular respiration?

They can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places.

What does alcoholic fermentation produce?

ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

What serves as a source of raw material for cells and as a source of energy?

Food.

What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

In order: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Where does anaerobic respiration take place?

In the cytoplasm of the cell.

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

In the matrix of the mitochondria.

How does photosynthesis play a part in cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis stores energy in macromolecules such as glucose. This helps the process of cellular respiration because cellular respiration releases energy from macromolecules such as glucose to make ATP the energy currency of all cells. Also, the products of photosynthesis are used as reactants in cellular respiration.

What is the equation for alcoholic fermentation?

Pyruvic acid + NADH ---> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

What organisms use alcoholic fermentation

yeast and a few other microorganisms.

Compare chemiosmosis in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

1. mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP and chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP 2. Spatial organization differs between C and M 3. In M, protons are pumped to the intermembrane space and drive ATP synthase as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix. In C, protons are pumped in the thylakiod space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma

What is fermentation?

A process by which energy can be released from food molecules in the absence of oxygen.

Does the electron transport chain produce a bulk of the energy in cellular respiration?

Yes, because it uses oxygen a powerful electron acceptor.

Why do energy storing bonds differ?

Cells use all sorts of molecules for food like fats, proteins... The energy stored in each of these molecules differ because of their chemical structure, therefore energy storing bonds differ.

What real eases energy more slowly then fermentation does?

Cellular respiration.

What is released from food molecules when its chemical bonds are broken?

Chemical energy.

Where do plants and animals carry out the final stages of cellular respiration?

In the mitochondria.

What happens in the Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle

In the presence of oxygen, the breakdown of glucose is completed and pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. First, once the pyruvic acid is in the mitochondrial matrix NAD+ accepts 2 high-energy electrons to form NADH. One molecule of CO2 is produced. the remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA.

Explain the energy lactic acid fermentation supplies?

It can supply enough ATP to last for up to 90 seconds. Afterward oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid produced.

What happens to the other 64% of glucose?

It is released as heat.

Where does NADH go in Glycolysis?

NADH carries the higher energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they can be used to produce more ATP.

Does the process of glycolysis produce a lot of energy?

No, only a small amount.

Does the Krebs cycle produce a lot of energy?

No. However, the cycle produces a little more energy generated from the pyruvic acid.

Why is oxygen needed in the Krebs cycle?

Oxygen is needed to accept the carbon which forms CO2.

What is necessary in order for the process of cellular respiration to be carried out?

Oxygen must be present.

What drives ATP synthesis?

The H+ concentration gradient via chemiosmosis

What is an example of chemiosmosis in the electron transport chain?

The electron transfer causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondria matrix to the inter membrane space. the H+ then moves back through the ATP synthase which uses the flow of H+ to drive the synthase of ATP.

Why is the inner membrane folded?

The inner membrane is folded to increase surface area to increase the rate of cellular respiration by making the H+ travel a shorter distance.

What are the advantages of glycolysis?

The process is so fast that cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds. Also,it does not require oxygen.

What is the chemical equation of the process of cellular respiration?

C6H126CO2 + 6O2----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP) in other words.... glucose + oxygen -----> carbon dioxide + water + energy

What is anaerobic process? Give an example?

A process that does not directly require oxygen, nor does it rely on an oxygen-requiring process to run. An example is Glycolysis.

What does the body use for energy?

ATP already in the muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermentation. For energy lasting longer then 90 seconds cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating ATP.

What are the pathways of cellular respiration the require oxygen called?

Aerobic. Like the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

What happens in lactic acid fermentation?

After glycolysis, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid and NADH drops it electrons to create NAD+.

What organisms go through cellular respiration?

All organisms undergo cellular respiration ( the cell(s) that make up the organism). This includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and unicellular or multicellular.

What happens in glycolysis?

Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of the 3-carbon molecules pyruvic acid. Also, 2 ATP and 2 NADH are produced as part of the process.

How is the many ATP is created in every section of aerobic cellular respiration?

Glycolysis- 2 Krebs cycle- 2 Electron transport chain- 32

What happens in the electron transport chain?

High energy electrons convert ADP to ATP. Passes electrons along a series of carrier proteins. At the end of the chain, an enzyme combines the electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water. 4H+ + 4E- + O2 --> 2H2O

What happen's to most of glucose's energy in glycoysis?

(90%) Remains locked in the chemical bonds of pyruvic acid.

Explain differences of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

1. The energy flows in opposite directions. Photosynthesis "deposits" energy and cellular respiration "withdraws" energy. 2. The reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis and vice versa. 3. PS removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back 4. PS releases O2 into the air and CR uses that O2 to release energy from food. 5. CR occurs in all organisms and PS occurs in plants algae and some bacteria ...

In the beginning of glycolysis how many AT molecules are needed to start the reaction?

2 ATP.

How many NADH molecules are produced in glycolysis?

2 NADH molecules are produced for every molecule of glucose the enters glycolysis.

In the presence of oxygen how any ATP does cellular respiration produce?

36 ATP molecules.

How many ATP molecules are produced in Glycolysis?

4 ATP however, there is a net of 2 ATP molecules for each molecules of glucose that enters glycolysis.

How is energy released?

Energy is released by breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds that is captured in the forms of ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

What is lactic acid fermentation?

Fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid.

What is the chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation?

pyruvic acid + NADH ---> lactic acid + NAD+