Biology Unit 5 Test

antibiotic

Penicillium chrysogenum is considered important because it is the first ________________________ discovered. vaccine fungi microfungi antibiotic

cytoplasm

all the material inside a cell membrane except the nucleus

budding

asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from a portion of the parent cell that has pinched off

longitudinal binary fission

asexual reproduction in which the parent organism divides lengthwise to form two daughter cells which are mirror-images of each other

club fungi

common name basidiomycetes, characterized by club-shaped fruiting bodies

sac fungi

common name of species of the phylum Ascomycota, characterized by sac-shaped fruiting bodies

pseudopodium

false feet (the streaming protoplasm of the amoeba)

host

organism in or on which a parasite lives

Ascomycota

phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "sac fungi" which includes morels and yeasts

anal pore

the structure of a paramecium where undigested food is eliminated from the cell

Plantae

the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms which are capable of producing their own food commonly known as plants

Protozoa

the phylum comprising unicellular organisms in the protista kingdom

Rhizopoda

the phylum of amoeboid protozoans

phagocytosis

the process of enclosing food particles by the cell membrane to form an internal food vacuole

homeostasis

the self-regulating exchange of water, dissolved materials, and dissolved gases between a cell and its surroundings

amoeboid movement

movement by altering the consistency of cytoplasm so that it flows to create pseudopodia

morels

multicellular species of the phlyum Ascomycota which are also known as sponge mushrooms, although they are not true mushrooms

stolon

mycelia of species of the phylum Zygomycota which act as anchors and connect the sproangiophores of a mold structure

rhizoids

mycelia responsible for obtaining food from the non-living organic matter on which a fungus is growing

stalk

stem-like structure of a mushroom which supports the cap and gills

ring

structure found on some mushrooms around the stalk, which structure is left over from a protective covering that was present when the mushroom was first developing

lichens

symbiotic structures between a fungi and an alga or a fungi and a cyanobacteria

radiolarian

the common name of amoeboid protozoans of the phylum Foraminifera which is characterized by tiny shell-like structures composed of silicon

gullet

the deepest part of the oral groove where food vacuoles are formed around a food particle

Protista

the kingdom of eukaryotic organisms which do not fit into the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, or Fungi

Eubacteria

the kingdom of prokaryotic organisms which are commonly known as bacteria

Actinopoda

the phylum of amoeboid protozoans which have a tiny shell-like structure composed of calcium carbonate

Foraminifera

the phylum of amoeboid protozoans, commonly called radiolarians, which have a tiny shell-like structure composed of silicon

Apicomplexa

the phylum of parasitic spore forming protozoans which are not motile during most of their life cycle

Ciliophora

the phylum of protozoans with hair-like structures called cilia, the species of which phylum are commonly known as ciliates

Zoomastigophora

the phylum of protozoans, commonly known as flagellates, with whip-like structures called flagella

apical complex

a cell structure found only in parasitic species of the phylum Apicomplexa; important for interaction with and entry into host cells

conjugation

a kind of reproduction in which two unicellular organisms unite temporarily to exchange nuclear material and then separate

mycelium

a mass of hyphae which form a visible structure and perform a specific function in a fungus

binary fission

a method of asexual reproduction in animals in which a one-celled organism divides by mitosis into two organisms

saprophyte

a plant that lives on decaying organic matter, examples of which include mushrooms, molds, mildew, bacteria, rusts, and smuts

cyst

a protective capsule occupied by protozoa during unfavorable conditions of environment

sporangium

a sac-like structure which holds the spores

cytoplasmic bridge

a temporary thin strand of cytoplasm connecting two microorganisms during conjugation through which structure genetic material may be passed between the cells

pellicle

a thin and firm, but elastic layer over the cell membrane that gives shape to some microorganisms

food vacuole

a vacuole in which food particles are digested by enzymes

motile

able to move by itself

Eukaryote

an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

prokaryote

an organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus that is bound by a membrane

taxis

an organism's response to a stimulus

chemotaxis

an organism's response to the presence of chemicals in its surroundings

fermentation

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by a living organism

ascus

spore-bearing structure or fruiting body of fungi of the kingdom Ascomycota; sac-shaped

Archaea

the kingdom of prokaryotic unicellular organisms known for living in environments in which all other organisms are unable to survive in

Animalia

the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms commonly known as animals

yeast

various unicellular fungi that are capable of reproducing by budding and from ascospores and are able to ferment their own carbohydrates

parasite

An organism which lives directly on or in another organism without providing any benefits to its host is called a: hyphae bacteria spore parasite

do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

Archaea and Eubacteria are kingdoms composed of organisms which: have a membrane-bound nucleus have a true nucleus are capable of producing their own food do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

stolon

Long hyphae that act as anchors to a surface are called _____________________. hyphaites roots columella stolon

True

Morels are commonly found growing on damp forest floors. True False

terrestrial saprophytes

Most species of the kingdom Zygomycota are called ______________________________________________________________________________.

hyphae

Multicellular fungi are composed of thread-like structures called ______________________. rhizoids pileus hyphae spores

contractile vacuole

(or excreting vacuole or water vacuole) a vacuole in unicellular organisms that collects water and wastes and expels them in order to maintain the organism's proper water content

flagellum

(pl. flagella) a long, whiplike tail, or part, used by certain protozoa for locomotion

hypha

(plural: hyphae) a thread-like filament of the molds

cilia

(sing. cilium) hairlike bits of protoplasm that project from certain kinds of cells for locomotion or feeding

Fungi

(sing. fungus) a kingdom of organisms lacking flowers, leaves, or chlorophyll which derive nourishment from dead or living organic matter

obtain food from non-living organic material

Fungi are classified as saprophytes when they exhibit which characteristic? use spores to reproduce can use light for photosynthesis obtain food from non-living organic material are poisonous to humans

the shape of their spore-producing structures

Fungi are grouped into club fungi or sac fungi according to: the number of hyphae they possess their reproduction method the shape of their spore-producing structures the shape of their cap

causes bread to rise

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important to the food industry in what way? causes bread to rise used a thickening agent helps yogurt to thicken flavors different kinds of cheeses

Animalia Protista Plantae Fungi

Select all the kingdoms that are composed of eukaryotes. Animalia Archaea Protista Eubacteria Plantae Fungi

yeast morels

Select common organisms which are part of the phylum Ascomycota. white mushrooms yeast toadstools morels

the production of new organisms by pinching off a portion of the parent cell

The process of budding can be defined as: the process of creating a protective covering around a newly forming mushroom a reproductive process which creates a new organism using cells from each parent the production of new organisms by pinching off a portion of the parent cell the process by which new flowers are formed on plant stems

Ceratocystis ulmi

The wide-spread destruction of elm trees in the United States was caused by ___________________________________________________________________________. Basidiomycota the Dutch elm bacteria Ceratocystis ulmi widespread drought

sporangium

This term refers to the structure in which spores are produced. sporangium columella hyphae stolon

tiny stalk-like structures which support the sporangium

Which of the following best describes the structure of sporangiophore? rhizoidal structures that act as anchors for the mold tiny stalk-like structures which support the sporangium cap-like structures where spores are produced stolons that connect one sporangiophore to another

oral groove

indentation of the pellicle of a Paramecium that opens to the gullet

phylum

level of taxon below kingdom, also called division in the plant and plant-like kingdoms

chitin

main molecular component of the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeleton of some animals

zygospore

reproductive cell containing genetic material from each parent organism, able to grow into a complete new mold structure

spores

reproductive cells often covered with a protective coating

zygosporangium

sexual reproductive structure formed where two hypha of mold contact each other

gills

spore-producing reproductive structures of a mushroom, typically found on the underside of the cap

fruiting bodies

spore-producing reproductive structures of fungi

sporangiaphore

stalk-like structure of mycelia which supports the sporangium of species of the phylum Zygomycota

cap

mushrooms' fruiting body; the umbrella-shaped top of a mushroom.

symbiosis

mutually beneficial relationship between two species, for example, lichens

Basidiomycota

phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "club fungi," which includes mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, and smuts

Zygomycota

phylum (or division) or fungi commonly known as mold

Chytridiomycota

phylum of aquatic fungi commonly called chytrids, characterized by flagellated reproductive cells

They produce enzymes which break down organic molecules into a useable form.

How do rhizoids help fungi to obtain food? They produce deep roots in order to draw more nutrients from the soil. They produce enzymes which break down organic molecules into a useable form. They change the molecular structure of the cell wall so nutrients can easily be absorbed.

Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota

Multiple select. Select the phyla of fungi you will be studying in this section. Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Drosomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota

fermentation

The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules which cells can use for food is called ___________________________________. glycolosis mitosis transformation fermentation

protozoans

The general name for all animal-like protists is ____________________________

ascus

The name of the fruiting body for all sac fungi is ________________. fruitus cappella ascus mycelium

reproduce

Without spores, fungi could not: reproduce differentiate cells conduct respiration obtain food

parasite

an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host.

phototaxis

an organism's response to the variability of light in its surroundings

penicillin

antibiotic formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, which when discovered opened a whole new world of medicine

multi-nucleated

cell structure with more than one nucleus

cellular structure

Organisms are classified as either a prokaryote or a eukaryote based on their ___________________________________________________________________________. cellular structure ability to photosynthesize metabolic rate method of reproduction

The Sexual Reproduction Cycle for Zygomycetes

Read the following passage and then choose the best title for this passage. When hyphae from two fungi come in contact, a structure called a zygosporangium forms at the point where the hyphae touch. Inside this structure, the genetic material from each organism combines to form a zygospore. New complete organisms with a combination of the parental genetics can be formed from a single zygospore. The Sexual Reproduction Cycle for Zygomycetes The Asexual Reproduction Cycle for Zygomycetes The Asexual Reproduction Cycle for Hyphamycota The Sexual Reproduction Cycle for Hyphamycota

The reproductive cells have flagellum. Most members are aquatic.

Select reasons why chytrids differ significantly from other fungi. They use photosynthesis to produce food. The reproductive cells have flagellum. Most members are aquatic. They lack hyphae.

Fungi do not exhibit tissue differentiation. Fungi do not produce their own food. Fungi cell walls are composed of chitin.

Select reasons why fungi are no longer classified as plants. Fungi do not exhibit tissue differentiation. Fungi do not produce their own food. Fungi no longer produce flowers. Fungi cell walls are composed of chitin.

win-win

Symbiosis is defined as a __________________ relationship between two different species. win-win win-lose negative dominant