Biology unit 7

-identifying victims -cataloging endangered species -narrowing down suspects -paternity

Which are reasons that forensic scientists use DNA fingerprinting?

the phosphates

Which component of a DNA molecule gives the DNA its negative charge?

Towards the + end

Which direction will the DNA travel towards?

Female 1 (orange)

Which female guppy seems to be the mother of the baby guppy?

sperm and egg

Which of the following is NOT a source for stem cells?

-adenine and thymine -guanine and cytosine

Which of the following is an example of ONE DNA base pair (bp)?

plasmid

A circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome

biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A method of easily producing millions of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase

Human Genome Project

A research project that has linked over 20 scientific laboratories in six countries in an effort to sequence and locate the entire collection of genes in human cells.

Gel electrophoresis

A technique used to separate segments of DNA based on their size using an electric current

genetic engineering

A technology that includes the process of manipulating the DNA of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally.

transgenic

An organism that contains DNA from another species.

clone

An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced.

genetically modified organisms

An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some technology or technique.

Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of replicating itself or differentiating into many other cell types

mutations

Changes in DNA structure

inbreeding

Continued mating of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics of a kind of organism

hybridization

Crossing different individuals to make a genetic cross of both organisms

Restriction enzyme

Cut DNA into shorter fragments in a predictable and controllable manner.

Restriction Enzyme

Cuts DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments

electrophoresis

DNA fingerprints are made by...

Bands

DNA fragments of the same length on the gel produce visible

Enzymes

DNA is cut into fragments by...

recombinant DNA

DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different sources (or species)

restriction fragments

DNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme

Nucleus

Where specifically in your cells is your genetic material (DNA) found?

their size

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments based on _____.

Shorter DNA fragments

Move faster through the gel and end up farther from the wells than longer DNA fragments

Longer DNA fragments

Move slower through the gel and end up closer to the wells than shorter DNA fragments

True

Only identical twins would have the same DNA fingerprint

gel electrophoresis

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by size after applying an electrical current, short fragments travel further down the gel

The band closest to the well

Remember how far small and large fragments travel through the gel! Think! Now... which orange band on the gel do you think contains 1500 base pairs? (That would mean that it has the largest DNA fragments)

Embryonic Stem Cells

Stem cells that are able to develop into any cell type, controversial

Negative

The charge on DNA, and electrode at the end where the wells are

Positive

The electrode that the DNA migrates towards

gene therapy

The insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders

Cell Specialization / Differentiation

The process by which stem cells change into specific cell types meant for a specific function in the body

Wells

The spaces that are loaded with DNA samples

False. The mother and the baby have different DNA.

True or False: If you use the same restriction enzyme on the baby DNA and the mother DNA, they will have identical DNA fragments.

False

True or False: You should use different restriction enzymes to cut the DNA samples so that you can compare them accurately.

DNA fingerprint

Unique sequence of DNA base pairs that can be used to identify a person at the molecular level

Paternity

Used to determine the identity of the father of a child; when looking at a gel, each of the child's bands much match up to Mom OR Dad

nulceotides

What are the building blocks of a DNA molecule?

Cut (splice) the DNA

What do restriction enzymes do?

Small

What fragments of DNA travel fastest through the gel?

Large

What fragments of DNA travel slowest through the gel?

2

What suspect matches the crime scene?

protein

What type of macromolecule are restriction enzymes?

carbohydrate

What type of macromolecule is a polysaccharide?

The band farthest from the wells

Which orange band on the gel do you think contains 500 base pairs? (That would mean that it has the smallest DNA fragments)

Pattern

a particular arrangement of objects

DNA fingerprinting 2

analysis of fragments of DNA as a form of identification

Adult Stem Cells

stem cells that have specific cell types they differentiate into, these are more limited than embryonic stem cels

selective breeding

method that allows only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to reproduce the next generation

forensics

scientific study of crime scene evidence

forensic science

scientific study of crime scene evidence the scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene and other investigations

DNA ladder

set of known DNA fragments with different sizes in base pairs or kilo bases. these DNA fragments are separated and visualized as DNA bands on a gel. used to determine the size and quantity of DNA fragments