Biomechanics Final

In the space below, write the name of the ankle joint where inversion and eversion occur.

subtalar joint

_____ is produced by the Bursa, and lubricates freely moving (Diarthrodial) joint capsules .

synovial fluid

Lateral Epicondylitis is commonly referred to as _____.

tennis elbow

The point on the load deformation curve past which tissue change (deformation) is permanent.

Elastic limit/yield point

As the angle of pennation increases beyond 45o muscle force production decreases at the point of tendon insertion.

True

81% of 10-year-old girls are afraid of being fat.

True

_____ is defined as weight per unit of volume.

Specific Weight

A vector is a physical quantity that possesses both magnitude and _____.

direction

_____ is the quantity of matter contained in an object.

mass

The Sternoclavicular joint is classified as a _____ joint.

modified ball and socket

What percentage of glenohumeral dislocations occur anteroinferiorly?

95

Approximately 70% of injuries to this ligament are non-contact, primarily occurring when the femur is rotated on the planted leg with the knee close to full extension during cutting, landing, or stopping.

ACL

The average thickness of hyaline (articular) cartilage is _____, which underscores the importance of caring for our Diarthrodial joint.

1-5 mm

A healthy intervertebral disc accounts for _____ of the height of the spinal column.

1/4

Slow twitch motor neurons can innervate _____ muscle fibers.

10-180

Fast twitch alpha motor neurons can innervate _____ muscle fibers.

300-800

The menisci bear what percentage of the total knee load?

45

The optimal angle of pennation for contractile force in a pennate muscle fiber is _____?

45 degrees

An axis of rotation has a _____ relationship with its corresponding cardinal plane.

90 degrees

Which of the following quantities is vector?

Acceleration

Provide the two potential effects of loading.

Acceleration, Deformation

Supinating the Radioulnar joint while simultaneously flexing the Glenohumeral joint results in less than terminal flexion in the Glenohumeral joint due to _____ in the Biceps Brachii.

Active insufficiency

_____ is the application of a single force of sufficient magnitude to cause injury to biological tissue.

Acute loading

__________ is the reference position defined as a subject standing or lying in a supine position with the palms of the hands supinated.

Anatomical

Motion around a central imaginary line known as the axis of rotation, is known as _____.

Angular motion

_____ is defined as bone tissue exhibiting different mechanical properties in response to loads from different directions.

Anisotropic

The component of an intervertebral disc that behaves as a coiled spring is the_____. Write your answer in the space below.

Annulus Fibrosus

_____ is defined as the role played by a muscle acting to slow or stop a movement.

Antagonist

_____ forms a broad fibrous band running the length of the ventral vertebral column connecting the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Approximately where would the center of gravity be found in a person who is standing motionless, in the anatomical position?

Approximately two inches posterior to the umbilicus

C-1 gets its common name from the titan whose punishment is to hold the heavens upon his shoulders for all eternity.

Atlas

This mode of stretching is characterized by a series of quick, uncontrolled bouncing movements. It is generally considered to be avoided.

Ballistic stretching

_____ is defined as the application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms.

Biomechanics

_____ occurs when new bone is formed, but is not preceded by the resorption of old or damaged.

Bone modeling

_____ is the structure found adjacent to diarthrodial joints which produces synovial fluid.

Bursa

_____ is defined as inflammation of the fluid filled sac found adjacent to freely moving joints, which provide them with lubrication.

Bursitis

_____ comprises 60-70% of dry bone weight.

Calcium

_____ is a special case of general motion that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction performed concurrently, resulting in the distal end of the body segment moving in a circular path.

Circumduction

_____ primarily occurs during full extension, when the contact between the articulating bone surfaces is maximal.

Close-packed position

Children's bones have a relatively greater amount of _____, and thus are more flexible and resistant to fracture under day-to-day loading than adult bones.

Collagen

_____ is the simultaneous action of more than one pure of the pure forms of mechanical loads.

Combined loading

In the space below, write the diarthroidal joint classification of the joint found at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint.

Condyloid

This type of skeletal tissue has low porosity and is found in the diaphysis of long bones.

Cortical bone

Muscles comprised of primarily Type I muscle tissue are commonly referred to as _____.

Dark meat

Tendonitis of extensor pollicis brevis and adductor pollicis longus (commonly referred to as "Mommy Thumb" defines_____.

DeQuervain disease

_____ is defined as being inside the body and away from the body's surface.

Deep

_____ is defined as mass per unit of volume.

Density

_____ is the class of joint that permits free movement of its articular surfaces.

Diarthroidal

This mode of stretching involves voluntary, controlled motions of the body segment and has demonstrated beneficial effects when performed before activities requiring muscular power.

Dynamic stretching

_____ is the branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to acceleration.

Dynamics

The region on the deformation curve where deformation occurs, however when the load is removed the tissue returns to its original size and shape.

Elastic Region

_____ is when a muscle is stimulated and a brief period elapses before the muscle begins to develop tension.

Electromechanical Delay

Which of the following movements does not occur in the Sagittal plane?

Elevation of the shoulder girdle

This structure is found near the end of long bones; as long as it remains open longitudinal bone growth is possible. Write your answer in the space below. (3 pts.)

Epiphyseal plate

Which of the following movements does not occur in the Transverse plane?

Eversion of the ankle

In the space below, write the four (4) behavioral properties of muscle tissue.

Extensibility, Elasticity, Irritability, Contractility

A 2-3 degree increase in body temperature causes nerve conduction and muscle functioning decrease.

False

A young, physically active woman has absolutely no risk of developing osteoporosis.

False

Fracturing of the bones of very young, healthy children is a common occurrence.

False

It is better to view a very complex skill with the naked eye in person, than to view it with the use of slow motion video in order to provide an accurate kinematic evaluation.

False

Men are 3.5X more likely to sustain a non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury than women.

False

The Acetabulofemoral joint has the same inherent instability issues associated with the Glenohumeral joint.

False

The second cervical vertebra (C-2; Axis) articulates with the occipital condyles at the base of the skull.

False

Under no circumstances should a person use the Valsalva Maneuver when lifting heavy objects.

False

Inertia is quantified using kg/m3 as its units.

Fasle

When the spine is in full flexion, the spinal extensor muscles relax and the flexion torque is supported by the spinal ligaments. This is known as _____.

Flexion-relaxation phenomenon

_____ is defined as a disruption in the continuity of a bone.

Fracture

Nearly all human movement is classified as_____.

General Motion

The loads exerted on the foot are evenly distributed between two structures. Write your answer in the space below.

Heel and ball of the foot

Forced hyperextension, most often occurring in football, gymnastics, and skateboarding results in the following injury.

Humeroulnar dislocation

This type of connective tissue, covers the ends of articulating bones and does not regenerate.

Hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is not a function of articular fibrocartilage?

Increasing a joint ROM

In the space below, write the names of the three ligaments that function to twist the femoral head into the acetabulum during hip extension.

Iliofemoral, Ischiofemoral, Pubofemoral

_____ is defined as the product of force and the time over which the force acts.

Impulse

_____ is the tendency of a body to resist change in its state of motion.

Interia

A muscle contraction where there is no change in muscle length or joint angle is classified as _____.

Isometric

The terms _____ and _____ are related because they are associated with observing a system's movement characteristics. By contrast, the terms _____ and _____ are related because they are associated with numerical representation of the forces associated with a system's movements.

Kinematic, Qualitative, Kinetic, Quantitative

Biomechanists use the tools of _____ , which involves the study of the description of motion without consideration of the forces that cause or result from the motion.

Kinematics

This structure functions to compensate for the significant mismatch between the humeral head and the glenoid fossa.

Labrum

__________ is motion along a line. Provide the form of motion and its two sub-types.

Linear motion, curvilinear motion, rectilinear motion

This spinal malalignment is due in part to a muscle imbalance between the Quadratus Lumborum and the Iliopsoas, weak abdominal muscles and anterior pelvic tilt.

Lordosis

_____ is the largest ligament associated with the Tibiofemoral joint.

MCL

_____ is defined as two adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissue, the functional unit of the spine.

Motion segment

_____ is an oxygen carrying/storage substance found in muscle tissue, in high concentration muscle tissue appears red.

Myoglobin

_____ is recognized as the "thick" filament within the Sarcomere. Write your answer in the space below.

Myosin

This segment of the femur is most often fractured due to primarily being composed of trabecular bone.

Neck

_____ is a muscle acting to eliminate an unwanted action produced by an agonist.

Neutralizer

_____ is the ligament associated with the Tibiofemoral joint which is most often injured in motor vehicle accidents (car crashes). If no other structures are damaged, surgical intervention is not necessary.

PCL

Cauliflower ear is an example of permanent deformation where the tissue becomes increasingly _____.

Plastic

The _____ is typically larger in women, and contributes to an increased likelihood of knee injuries. Write your answer in the space below.

Q angle

In 2014, the International Olympic Committee changed their guidelines for risk assessment and treatment of the Female Athlete Triad in favor of Dr. Margot Mountjoy's more detailed clinical assessment tool, known as _____. Write your answer in the space below.

RED-S

__________is defined as repeated application of a subacute load that is usually of relatively low magnitude.

Repetitive Loading

Provide 3 benefits of videotaping a subject for the purposes of kinematic analysis.

Rewind, slow motion, multiple viewing angles

_____ is an autoimmune disorder that involves the body's immune system attacking healthy tissues. Write your answer in the space below.

Rheumatoid arthritis

_____ is an overuse injury typically associated with repetitive, forceful overhead movements such as swimming, serving a tennis ball, or pitching a baseball.

Rotator Cuff Impingement

Provide the names of the cardinal planes and the corresponding axis of rotation for each.

Sagittal plane = frontal axis, Frontal plane = sagittal axis, transverse plane= longitudinal axis

Often misdiagnosed as a sprain, the fracture of this carpal has the potential to for severe complications. Write your answer in the space below.

Scaphoid

_____ is a regular pattern of scapular rotation that accompanies and facilitates humeral abduction.

Scapulohumeral Rhythm

_____ is the element of the contractile component that is located in the tendons, and acts as a spring to store elastic energy when a tensed muscle is stretched.

Series Elastic component

Which of the following elements is widely believed to be responsible for the phenomenon in the previous question?

Series elastic component

_____ is the type of pure mechanical load is directed perpendicular to a surface, in opposite directions.

Shear

The distribution of force within a body, quantified as force divided by the area over which the force acts, is known as _____.

Stress

_____ involves inflexible curvatures in the vertebral column that persist even with lateral bending of the vertebral column.

Structural Scoliosis

_____ is defined as an object or group of objects chosen by the analyst for study.

System

Impairment at the shoulder, shoulder girdle or wrist can contribute to this condition, which is caused by inflammation and microdamage to the extensor carpi radialis brevis origin and possibly the extensor digitorum. Write your answer in the space below.

Tennis elbow

The ability to resist a pulling or stretching force.

Tensile strength

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion occur at the following joint.

Tibiotalar

In the space below, write the anatomical name of the largest diarthrodial joint in the body.

Tibofemoral joint

_____ is defined as a rotary effect of a force. It's also considered to be the angular equivalent of linear force.

Torque

Kinetics is the study of the action of forces.

True

The size of the alpha motor neuron determines whether muscle fibers will be either slow twitch (Type I) or fast twitch (Type II).

True

Which muscle fiber type is the first to be recruited during a contraction? Write your answer in the space below.

Type I or slow twitch

_____ is the point on the deformation curve at which mechanical failure of the tissue occurs.

Ultimate failure point

In the space below, write the names of the two quadriceps muscles most responsible for proper patellar tracking.

Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis

The densities, and to some extent, the shape and size of bone are a function of the magnitude and direction of the mechanical stress placed on them, is the definition of _____?

Wolff's law

_____ is a class of joint that permits slight movement of the adjoining bony surfaces.

amphiarthordial

Asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of a body's longitudinal axis and compression on the other side.

bending

Compressive forces at the patellofemoral joint are significantly higher when a person _____.

climbing stairs

Increased pressure in a muscle compartment (primarily in the lower extremity), secondary to a contusion leads to increased pressure which can impact nervous function and blood flow.

compartment syndrome

The ability to resist pressing or squeezing without fracture.

compressive strength

A sprain of the Deltoid ligament, resulting from the plantar surface of the foot turning away from the midline is is commonly referred to a what injury?

eversion sprain

Rotation may occur at the tibiofemoral joint, when the joint is extended.

false

Which joint associated with the proximal end of the upper extremity sustains the greatest load?

glenohumeral

During the Disuse mode of Remodeling, osteoclast activity is _____ osteoblast activity, leading to a _____ in bone density.

greater than, decrease

The Sacroiliac is classified as what type of joint?

irregular diarthrodial

_____ are specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue. Write your answer in the space below.

osteoblast

_____ joins the right and left pelvis anteriorly in the pelvic girdle.

pubic symphysis

In the space below, write the anatomical name for the joint commonly referred to as the wrist.

radoiocarpal joint

_____ is a fibrous band of tissue situated around the wrists and ankles which retain tendons and vessels closer to the extremity.

retinaculum

A _______ is a physical quantity that possesses only magnitude.

scalar

_____ is characterized by a muscle undergoing an eccentric contraction, followed immediately by a concentric contraction. Which produces substantially more work.

stretch-shortening cycle

In the space below, write the names of the two sections of the vertebral column that have anterior concavity.

thoracic, sacral

_____ anchors Myosin to the sarcomere. Write your answer in the space below.

titin

_____ is a highly porous type of bone which can handle greater amounts of strain prior to fracturing. Write your answer in the space below.

trabecular bone

Why is the carrying angle greater in females than in males? Write your answer in the space below.

women have wider hips