BIOPSYCH- ch. 12
The neural basis of bipolar disorder is not fully understood, but people with bipolar disorder exhibit enlarged ____________ on brain scans.
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Cade (1949) performed an experiment to examine whether injecting urea into guinea pigs will make them manic. Which of the following was the result of the experiment? a. The lithium urate solution injected into guinea pigs calmed them instead of making them manic. b. The control injections of lithium alone produced an excitatory effect on the control group of guinea pigs. c. The lithium urate solution injected into guinea pigs made them manic. d. The control injections of urea alone were effective for calming the control group of guinea pigs
a
Which of the following is a difference between first-generation antipsychotics and second-generation antipsychotics? a. Second-generation antipsychotics generally have only moderate affinity for the D2 dopamine receptors that are the principal site of action of first-generation antipsychotics. b. Second-generation antipsychotics are more likely than first-generation antipsychotics to cause side effects in motor function. c. Second-generation antipsychotics are less effective than first-generation antipsychotics for relieving the symptoms of schizophrenia. d. Second-generation antipsychotics are less likely than first-generation antipsychotics to cause weight gain.
a
Which of the following is a limitation of chlorpromazine? a. It only reduces the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. b. It only reduces the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. c. It reduces the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia but increases hallucinations. d. It reduces flat affect and anhedonia but increases delusions.
a
Which of the following is an antipsychotic drug discovered in the early 1950s that replaced lobotomy as a treatment for schizophrenia? a. Chlorpromazine b. Ketamine c. Valium d. Phencyclidine
a
Which of the following are true statements that support the fact that schizophrenia has a heritable component? (Select all that apply.) a. A few genes have been identified that appear to be abnormal in a small proportion of schizophrenia cases, including genes that are known to participate in synaptic plasticity. b. The biological parents of adoptees with schizophrenia are far more likely to have had this disorder than are the adopting parents. c. First cousins of people with schizophrenia have a higher risk of becoming schizophrenic than do grandchildren. d. The concordance rate of schizophrenia for fraternal twins is substantially higher than that for identical twins.
a, b
A researcher is conducting a sleep study to examine whether depression changes the sleep patterns of people. If the researcher monitors the EEG of a depressed person and then compares it with the EEG of a person who is not depressed, which of the following differences is the researcher most likely to observe? (Select all that apply.) a. The EEG of the depressed person will be marked by a striking reduction in slow wave sleep. b. The EEG of the depressed person will show patterns typical of REM sleep much sooner after sleep onset than is typically the case. c. The sleep of the depressed person will be marked by an increase in stage 1 sleep and stage 2 sleep. d. The sleep of the depressed person will be marked by an increase in stage 3 sleep
a, b, c
Which of the following observations prompted researchers to propose a glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.) a. Treating monkeys with phencyclidine for 2 weeks produces a schizophrenia-like syndrome, including poor performance on a test that is sensitive to prefrontal damage. b. Ketamine prevents the endogenous ligand from having its usual effects. c. Phencyclidine, an anesthetic agent, blocks the NMDA receptor's central calcium channel, thereby preventing glutamate from having its usual effects. d. Ketamine acts as an agonist of NMDA receptors and increases the activity of glutamate in the brain.
a, b, c
Which of the following statements are true of people with schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.) a. They tend to be impaired on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to frontal cortical lesions. b. They lose gray matter over wide regions at a faster rate in adolescence than do nonschizophrenic people. c. They differ from controls in the structure and functional activity of the corpus callosum. d. They have increased metabolic activity in the frontal lobes relative to other regions of the brain.
a, b, c
A doctor prescribes antipsychotic drugs to a person with schizophrenia. If a family member of the person asks the doctor about the long-term effects of the drugs, which of the following responses is the doctor most likely to give? (Select all that apply.) a. A lowering of the dosage of some drugs can lead to supersensitivity psychosis. b. Discontinuation of some drugs can result in a sudden, marked increase in positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions or hallucinations. c. Some antipsychotic drugs can lead to the development of permanent maladaptive motor behaviors such as involuntary facial movements. d. Some antipsychotic drugs can lead to the development of maladaptive motor symptoms called dyskinesia.
a, b, c, d
A psychiatrist who treats depressed people is likely to look out for which of the following signs to recognize people at risk for suicide? (Select all that apply.) a. Withdrawing from friends, family, and society b. Feeling rage or uncontrolled anger or seeking revenge c. Seeing no reason for living or having no sense of purpose in life d. Experiencing dramatic mood changes
a, b, c, d
Identify some of the warning signs of suicide recognized by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (Select all that apply.) a. Talking or writing about death when these actions are out of the ordinary for the person b. Feeling anxious, agitated, or unable to sleep c. Increasing alcohol or drug use d. Acting reckless or engaging in risky activities, seemingly without thinking
a, b, c, d
In the context of the integrative model of schizophrenia, under which of the following conditions is a baby more likely to develop schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.) a. If there are birth complications that deprive the baby of oxygen b. If the baby has a low birth weight for some reason c. If the mother becomes diabetic during pregnancy d. If the mother and baby have incompatible blood types
a, b, c, d
Which of the following are common symptoms of depression? (Select all that apply.) a. Loss of interests b. Restless agitation or torpor c. Difficulty in concentration d. Thoughts of death or suicide
a, b, c, d
Which of the following are some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.) a. Emotional and social withdrawal b. Blunted affect c. Slow and impoverished thought and speech d. Diminished ability to begin or sustain activities
a, b, c, d
Which of the following differences is a doctor likely to observe between the PET scan or fMRI of the brain of a depressed person and the PET scan or fMRI of a person who is not depressed? (Select all that apply.) a. The doctor is likely to observe decreased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex of the depressed person. b. The doctor is likely to observe increased activation in the amygdala of the depressed person during emotional processing. c. The doctor is likely to observe increased activity in the frontal lobes of the depressed person during cognitively demanding tasks. d. The doctor is likely to observe decreased activity in the parietal and posterior temporal cortex of the depressed person.
a, b, c, d
Which of the following statements is true of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)? (Select all that apply.) a. It is aimed at improving interpersonal relationships. b. It helps the client to recognize self-defeating modes of thinking. c. It has proven effective in avoiding suicide. d. It encourages breaking out of a cycle of self-fulfilling depression.
a, b, c, d
Which of the following statements are true of people who display combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? (Select all that apply.) a. They show memory changes such as amnesia for some war experiences. b. They are unable to form long-term memory. c. They show deficits in short-term memory. d. They have flashbacks.
a, c, d
Which of the following statements are true of phencyclidine (PCP)? (Select all that apply.) a. It is a potent psychotomimetic. b. It increases the effects of glutamate. c. It produces phenomena resembling the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. d. It blocks the NMDA receptor's central calcium channel
a, c, d
A person has recently started experiencing memory problems, difficulty in making facial expressions, and trouble with emotional expression. The person has also started hearing imaginary voices and having delusions. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make? a. Panic disorder b. Schizophrenia c. Bipolar disorder d. Tourette's syndrome
b
How do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Prozac help treat both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression? a. SSRI drugs help increase the metabolic rates in the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and caudate nuclei of people with OCD and depression. b. Functional brain imaging suggests that the same SSRI drugs modify the activity of the orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex in people with OCD while affecting primarily ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in people with depression. c. SSRI drugs decrease the synaptic availability of serotonin, thereby improving serotonergic neurotransmission in people with OCD and depression. d. Functional brain imaging suggests that the same SSRI drugs alter the activity of the primarily ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in people with OCD while affecting primarily cingulate cortex in people with depression
b
If the effect of lithium on people with bipolar disorder is positive, why do some people stop taking the medication? a. Because lithium must be taken with urea to produce a calming effect on people, and urea has many negative effects b. Because the manic phases that are blocked by lithium are very exhilarating, and people may want to continue experiencing them c. Because even though lithium relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder, it increases delusions in people with bipolar disorder d. Because lithium has been reported to decrease the volume of gray matter in the brain
b
Sam is consumed by thoughts of germs and toxins and, as a result, spends several hours each day on uncontrollable actions such as repetitive hand washing and disinfecting the surroundings. Sam realizes that this behavior is abnormal but is unable to control the persistent thoughts about germs and to stop the repetitive actions. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make? a. Bipolar disorder b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Panic disorder d. Schizophrenia
b
How do twin studies show that schizophrenia has both environmental and genetic origins? (Select all that apply.) a. When only one twin in a set of identical twins goes on to develop schizophrenia, that twin has behavior that seems less submissive, tearful, and sensitive than that of the unaffected twin. b. When only one twin in a set of identical twins goes on to develop schizophrenia, that twin has an abnormal developmental history and had more physiological distress in early life. c. The concordance rate for schizophrenia in identical twins is the same as that in fraternal twins. d. The concordance rate of schizophrenia for identical twins is about 50%, but it drops to 17% for fraternal twins.
b, d
Which of the following are similarities between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia? (Select all that apply.) a. The normal thinning of cortical gray matter, which is a result of synapse rearrangement, is decelerated in people with bipolar disorder and in people with schizophrenia. b. The self-aggrandizing ideas and extreme talkativeness of people in the manic phase of bipolar disorder may resemble the delusions seen in schizophrenia. c. People with bipolar disorder and people with schizophrenia have increased metabolic activity in the frontal lobes relative to other regions of the brain. d. People with bipolar disorder and people with schizophrenia exhibit enlarged ventricles on brain scans.
b, d
Which of the following statements are true of the effects of lithium on people with bipolar disorder? (Select all that apply.) a. Lithium leads to a worsening of brain loss over time. b. Lithium calms people with bipolar disorder and relieves the symptoms of the disorder. c. Lithium has been reported to excite people with bipolar disorder. d. Lithium has been reported to increase the volume of gray matter in the brains of people with bipolar disorder.
b, d
Which of the following statements is true of people with Tourette's syndrome? (Select all that apply.) a. They often exhibit verbal tics such as shouting out insults and profanities but seldom display compulsive actions such as kicking. b. They are supersensitive to tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. c. They display a thickening of primary somatosensory and motor cortex representing facial, oral, and laryngeal structures. d. They often exhibit attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder
b, d
How do tricyclics help treat depression? a. They act to decrease serotonin levels in the brain. b. They increase the reuptake of monoamine transmitters. c. They inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine. d. They inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
c
Jules has persistent mood swings that alternate between periods of depression and periods of mania that are marked by overactivity, talkativeness, and increased energy. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make? a. Tourette's syndrome b. Tardive dyskinesia c. Bipolar disorder d. Panic disorder
c
Parents of a 6-year-old child take their child to the doctor when the child starts displaying compulsive actions such as banging the head against the wall and repeatedly makes loud noises. The parents also observe that the child has become supersensitive to tactile stimuli. If the doctor orders a brain scan of the child and observes a thinning of primary somatosensory and motor cortex representing facial, oral, and laryngeal structures, which of the following diagnoses is the doctor most likely to make? a. Bipolar disorder b. Post-traumatic stress disorder c. Tourette's syndrome d. Schizophrenia
c
Which of the following is a true statement that provides support for the hypofrontality hypothesis of schizophrenia? a. Brain scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic people, people with schizophrenia lose gray matter over wide regions at a slower rate. b. Researchers found that, compared with nonschizophrenic controls, people with schizophrenia tend to perform better on neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to frontal cortical lesions. c. PET scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic controls, people with schizophrenia had reduced metabolic activity in the frontal lobes relative to other regions of the brain. d. Brain scans found that, compared with nonschizophrenic people, people with schizophrenia have shrunken lateral ventricles.
c
Which of the following statements is true of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? a. They have enlarged cerebral ventricles, especially the lateral ventricles. b. They display a thinning of primary somatosensory and motor cortex representing facial, oral, and laryngeal structures. c. They display increased metabolic rates in the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and caudate nuclei. d. They exhibit heightened sensitivity to tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli.
c
Who among the following is most likely to receive a diagnosis of phobic disorder? a. A person who has recurrent thoughts about dangerous things and who engages in miscellaneous rituals b. A person who has facial twitches and makes odd sounds or actions c. A person who has an intense fear of spiders and suffers from severe anxiety when faced with a spider d. A person who has recurrent short-lived attacks of intense fearfulness that are prompted by no specific stimuli
c
The contemporary view of the symptoms of schizophrenia retains the older distinction between positive symptoms and negative symptoms, but it also recognizes an additional dimension, which is called _________ impairment.
cognitive
The term ____________ refers to the sharing of a characteristic by both individuals of a pair of twins.
concordance
A person with schizophrenia who has been taking an antipsychotic drug for over a year starts developing maladaptive motor symptoms. The person starts making involuntary facial movements such as grimacing and incessant rolling movements of the tongue. Based on this information, which of the following diagnoses is a doctor most likely to make? a. Bipolar disorder b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Panic disorder d. Tardive dyskinesia
d
Which of the following statements is true of bipolar disorder? a. It is more common among men than among women. b. The age of onset of bipolar disorder is usually much later than that of depression. c. The rate at which periods of depression alternate with mania is consistent across individuals. d. It is clearly heritable, with several different genes affecting the probability of the disorder.
d
A form of classical conditioning in which fear comes to be associated with previously neutral stimuli is called ________________ conditioning.
fear
The _______________ hypothesis is the idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors.
glutamate
The symptoms of bipolar disorder are often relieved by the administration of the chemical element _______________
lithium
The term _____________ is used to refer to the periods of excessively expansive moods in bipolar disorder that include sustained overactivity, talkativeness, strange grandiosity, and increased energy
mania
An enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters, thereby inactivating them, is monoamine _____________
oxidase
A type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by recurrent transient attacks of intense fearfulness is called ____________
panic disorder
A bout of depression that afflicts a woman either immediately before or after giving birth is called ____________ depression.
postpartum
Tardive dyskinesia may arise from the chronic blocking of dopamine receptors, which results in what is called receptor ________________
supersensitivity