Biopsychology final

The corpus callosum is a

neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres

The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called

neurons

In the mathematics of copulation,

ovum + sperm = zygote

The satiety mechanism is

-A brain mechanism that causes cessation of a signal -restores the system variable to the set point

Steroid hormones:

-Build strength and muscle mass. -are synthesized from cholesterol. -play a major role in sexual development

K complexes and sleep spindles

-are EOG waves -occur during stage 2 sleep

Hormones influence sexual behavior by:

-directing the development from many of the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that distinguish one as female or male. -activating the reproduction-related behavior of sexually mature females and male

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

-is released by the anterior pituitary. -activates the adrenal cortex. -increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids.

A normal genetic female who receives injections of testosterone throughout fetal development will be born with

-ovaries. -male external reproductive organs. -undeveloped female reproductive ducts. -male internal reproductive ducts

There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves

12

You stay up until 1am (which is later than usual for you), but still have to get up at 6am. Given what you know about sleep cycles, what kind of deficits should you expect that day? What will your sleep look like the following night?

5 hours of sleep- lack of REM sleep- 2 points effects of no REM sleep the next day ( general deficits in the cognitive abilities like weak attention, poor memory...)- 2 points the next nights consequences, REM rebound- 2 points

The two fluid types are isotonic when

Both fluids have the same concentrations of solutes

Which one of the following heritable condition in which the fetus's adrenal glands release excess androgens, results in males maturing early and females having ambiguous external genitalia.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

The Short term reservoir

Contains glycogen Is Located in the liver and the muscles

Which of the following is used in the treatment of obesity?

Drug treatment gastric bypass surgery Jaw wiring

A cell cannot produce an action potential

During the absolute refractory period

The repetitive uncontrolled electrical brain activity is called

Epilepsy

Dopamine antagonists have been shown to reduce hunger, eating, and body weight in human patients.

False

Generally speaking, feminization of the body at puberty, is stimulated by a high ratio of androgens to estrogens.

False

If the testes of a normal male fetus were removed as soon as they developed, the child would NOT be born with female external reproductive organs.

False

More females than males in the US are overweight.

False

The phase of energy metabolism that occurs after all of the energy from the most recent meal has been used is the __________ phase.

Fasting

Which of the following structures is NOT considered to be part of the limbic system?

Frontal cortex

During an osmotic thirst, the blood becomes _______________

Hypertonic

When the concentration of the solutes is higher than the given volume of water, this solute is

Hypertonic

Usually occurs due to loss of interstitial fluid and/or blood which results in drops in the blood volume are accompanied by drops in blood pressure.

Hypovolemic thirst

What is the stress response in the Cortex?

Identify stimuli and access memories pertaining to the stimuli

is an important homeostatic hormone through the digestion process.

Insulin

The major type of fluid in our body is

Intracellular fluid

Animals with _______lesions do not initiate eating, and starve if not force-fed initially

Lateral hypothalamus

What are the two types of tumors (select all that apply) :

Malignant, Begnin

Professor Bland sometimes falls asleep while she is having a discussion. She would likely be diagnosed as having

Narcolepsy

________ help generate myelin in the central nervous system, whereas ______ help generate myelin in the peripheral nervous system.

Oligodendroglial cells; Schwann cells

The brain detects dehydration in the body via

Osmoreceptors

the process by which water will move from a compartment of low solute concentration to a compartment of high solute concentration

Osmosis

is an example of a psychedelic or hallucinogenic drug.

Phencyclidine (PCP) Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) MDMA (Ecstasy)

is the study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior.

Psychopharmacology

Specialized __________ cells function as receptors for gradual changes in illumination. These receptors contain melanopsin and play a role in regulating circadian cycles.

Retinal ganglion cells

Homeostasis to Allostasis

Single point tuning to multipoint tuning

In the seventh week after conception, the ___________ gene on the Y chromosome of the male triggers the synthesis of ____________ protein.

Sry; Sry

Which of the following stages of sleep is characterized by a low-amplitude, high-frequency sleep EEG signal that is similar to that observed during active wakefulness?

Stage 1

Choose the possible treatments for tumors

Surgical removal Radiation Chemotherapy

5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone masculinizes the external genitalia in the male fetus.

True

Insulin promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat.

True

Stress is a demanding condition in the environment and it is the individuals' internal response to that situation.

True

The aromatization hypothesis is that estradiol created in the brains of developing males from testosterone masculinizes their brains.

True

Undermining the theory that the VMH is the satiety center is the fact that selective lesions of the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus lead to hyperphagia and obesity.

True

The destruction of this brain structure in rats produced continuous insomnia

Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA

The genotype of Jaccob's syndrome is

XYY

In males, one sex chromosome is an X chromosome and the other is

a Y chromosome

All regulatory systems have

a thermostat. a set-point mechanism. a detector mechanism. an effector mechanism.

Nicotine acts as a(n):

acetylcholine agonist.

Which of the following presynaptic events are in correct chronological order?

action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion channels open, exocytosis, diffusion of neurotransmitter

A drug that prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine at synapses is an example of an:

agonist.

Serotonin ______________ have been used to reduce eating and body weight.

agonists

As a consequence of digestion, three different forms of energy are delivered to the body

alcohol, amino acids, and carbohydrates

A brief depolarization of the neuronal membrane that makes it more likely that the neuron will fire an action potential is called:

an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

The blood-brain barrier is made up of _______ attached to neurons and blood vessels.

astrocytes

Which of the following is NOT involved in producing the resting potential?

calcium ions

The sodium-potassium pump _____________ exchanges three ______ for two _______.

continuously; intracellular Na+; extracellular K+

In the absence of Sry protein, the

cortex of a primordial gonad develops into an ovary.

The site of a blow in a closed head injury is called:

coup

According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.

different

Both anorexics and bulimics tend to have

distorted body image

Sensory input to the spinal cord travels via the:

dorsal spinal cord.

Moving from superficial layers to deep layers, in what order are the meninges found?

dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater

The anterior pituitary releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) during puberty ONLY in females.

false

Most of the body's energy reserves are stored as

fats

The fasting phase is characterized by high blood levels of

glucagon

During the fasting phase, the main fuel of the brain is

glucose.

Cortisol levels are usually regulated by the:

hippocampus.

A change in the resting potential from -70 mV to -73 mV is called:

hyperpolarization.

The _____ produces neurohormones, whereas the _____ secretes releasing hormones.

hypothalamus; pituitary gland

Humans are dimorphic; that is, they come

in two standard models: female and male

epinephrine and norepinephrine

increase output from the heart and liberate glucose from the muscles for energy

If a person is dying and needs lifesaving medication to be administered as quickly as possible, what is the BEST method of administration?

injection into the bloodstream

During REM sleep, there

is little EMG activity in the muscles of the body core.

corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)

is released by PVN of hypothalamus

Body fat releases a hormone called

leptin

The symptoms of multiple sclerosis are caused by:

loss of myelin around axons.

Cell wastes are handled by:

lysosomes.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are

parallel processes

The ________________ nervous system works to help us "rest and digest," whereas the ________________ nervous system helps initiate fight-or-flight responses.

parasympathetic; sympathetic

The _____ does NOT have a blood-brain barrier.

pineal gland

Black widow spider venom:

promotes the release of acetylcholine

ACTH

provides a sustained release of energy for coping with prolonged stress

Cortisol

provides a sustained release of energy for coping with prolonged stress

Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty

recognizing facial expressions of fear.

The __________ are found in the preoptic area, and they are larger in male rats than in female rats.

sexually dimorphic nuclei

Melissa, a 23-year-old woman, has been having tingling sensations in her right arm and leg for a few weeks. Today, when she woke up, she realized that she could barely move her right arm. She had a similar set of symptoms a couple of years ago, but they went away, so she thought everything was fine. Your advice to Melissa is to go to the doctor because:

she may have multiple sclerosis.

Myelin around axons:

speeds up transmission of information

The CNS includes the __________, whereas the PNS includes the _________.

spinal cord and brain; autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

The stress response includes activation of

sympathetic nervous system

Following a brain injury Greg has difficulty in understanding language and music. He is most likely to have suffered damage to his:

temporal lobe.

prefrontal cortex

the frontmost portion of the frontal lobes, especially prominent in humans; important for attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate social behavior, and personality

Ependymal cells are associated with

the production of cerebrospinal fluid,

Which is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system?

the spinal cord

Glial cells are primarily responsible for:

the support of neurons.

Which of the following is NOT part of the forebrain?

the tectum

Spatial summation is more likely to occur

when the two impulses are close together on the membrane.