Biotech #1

carboxyl

(-COOH) fatty acids, amino acids

amino

(-NH2) amino acids

hydroxyl

(-OH) alchohols, carbohydrates

nucleus

10% of cell's interior, nuclear envelope, DNA, and nucleolus

carbohydrates

1:2:1 ration of C, H, O. polysacharrides (largu sugars): starches, glucose, chitin, cellulose, main source of energy

molecule/organelle

2+ atoms

proteins

70% of dry weight of a cell, average cell makes over 2000 different proteins, are polymers of amino acids, 20 aminos, folded 3D structure whose shape and fn depend on seq of amino acids

most common elements

CHNOPSCaFe

phosphate (-PO4)

DNA

bacteria

E. Coli, streptococcus, staphylococcus

Francis Collins and Craig Venter

Human genome project, sequences entire genome

What is biotech?

Using scientific methods w/ living organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms

molecular BT

alters genetic makeup to achieve goals, aka making transgenic organisms

amino acids =

amino group and carboxyl group attached to central carbon

transgenic orgs

an org that has been genetically modifies (GMO,GEO)

fungi

aspergillus

diagnostic

basic science(how and why), discovery and production of new products

eukaryotic cells

bigger, need oxygen, multi-cellular, DNA is in nucleoid region, membrane bound organelles

peptide bond

bond between amino acids

polymerization

bonding of monomers to make polymers

hydrolosis

breaking down polymers into smaller monomers

phospholipids

building blocks of cellular membranes. one end hydrophobic, one end hydrophilic

dehydration synthesis

builds polymers from monomers

4 types of organic macromolecules

carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid

fatty acid

carbon chain with carboxyl group ending

common functional groups

carboxyl, hydroxl, amino, phosphate

enzymes

catalysits used to speed up chemical reactions, lowers amount of energy needed, only one enzyme for each reaction

microtubules

cell mobility, cell divions, movement of organelles, and maintaining cell shape

animal cell v. plant cell

centrioles vs. cell wall and chloroplasts

industrial/environmental

cleaner processes to produce less waste, use less energy, water, harmful chemicals

Ian Wilmut

cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell (Dolly the sheep, died of lung disease)

ribosomes

collection of about 70 proteins and 4 strands of RNA that assembles proteins

cytoplasm

comprises 50% of cell's interior, site where most cellular activities occur, consists of water, salts, nutrients and proteins

lysosome

contains strong acids and enzymes whose functions include: digesting food, breaking down foreign substances, recycling of cellular components for reuse, role in apoptosis

Craig Venter

creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a a chemically synthesized genome, created artificial life

Rosalind Franklin

determined DNA had a helical structure (x-ray diffraction)

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri

developed chromosomal theory of inheritance

uses of BT

diagnostic research, medical and pharmaceutical, agricultural, industrial + environmental

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

discovered cells: bacteria, protists, red blood cells

Gregor Mendel

father of genetics

classical BT

fermentation, creation of meds, breeding

ancient biotech

food and shelter, domestication of animals

sterols

four ring structure

nucleotides

fuel the cell and coordinate its metabolism, carry genetic info

HeLa cells

human epithelial cells, from cervical cancer cells, 1st human cells continuously grown in culture

lipids

hydrophobic. fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes, sterols

saturated fat

if carbons all make 4 bonds

Vero Cells

kidney cells from African green monkey used to screen for E coli toxins, host cell for growing virus and eukaryotic parasites, influenza vaccine developments

fats and oils made by

linking fatty acid chains and glycerol

Uses of biotech

make/modify product, improve plants and animals, develop microorganisms

endoplasmic reticulum

makes about 10% of cell's volum. Rough ER (RER) modifies proteins by adding sugars and later the the smooth ER will synthesize lipids

modern BT

manipulation genetics with genetic engineering

genetic engineering

manipulation of genes (aka recombinant DNA [rDNA])

tissue

many cells with functions

organ systems

many organs with functions

organ

many tissues with functions

Cis and Trans

molecules enter of Cis face of golgi, exit on trans face

monomers to organic molecules

monosaccharides to polysaccharides, amino acids to proteins

medical and pharm.

more than 400 BT drug products and vaccines in clinical truals targeting more than 200 diesases

agricultural

more than 7 mil farmers around the world grew GMOs each of the last 5 years, breeding/engineering livestock, biopesticides

microfilaments

muscle contractions, cytoplasmic streaming, cell divisons

cytoskeletion

network of fibers within cytoplasm

two types of biotech

organismic and molecular

commons GMOs

papaya, soybeans, corn

nucleic acids

polymers of nucleotides, DNA and RNA

Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO)

produce proteins that increase RBC production, treats anemia

apoptosis

programmed cell death

evolution of eukaryotic cell

prokaryote ingests aerobic bacteria, aerobes turn into mitochondria, prok. also ingests cyanobacteria, which become chloroplasts, this is now a plant cell

Watson and Crick

proposed double helix model for DNA

golgi

receives proteins and lipids from ER and packages them into vesicles and labels them for final destination (outside the cell)

ethical inquiry

seeks what is the best course of action and provides reasons for why that action is best

mitochondrion

site of cellular respiration, converts food molecule into a form of energy usable by your cells

chloroplast

site of photosynthesis, solar panel of cell. only plants have chloroplasts

prokaryotic cells

smaller, don't need oxygen, single cellular, DNA is in nucleus, no membrane bound organelles

atom

smallest unit of chemical element

cell

smallest unit of living thing

bioethics?

subdivision of ethics that involves decisions made in science and medicine

why is BE important?

technical advances in science are increasting at a rapid rate, should we do these things? BE analysis helps make these decisions

what is ethics

the study of moral standards and how they affect conduct

organismic BT

uses intact organisms, does not alter genetic material, crosses two individuals

substrate

what the enzyme works on

Thomas Hunt Morgan

worked with fruit flies, found eye color was on x-chromosome, and that specific genes are on specific chromosome