Biotechnology & Forensics Unit I
Nucleotides in DNA are made up of three basic components: a sugar called ______, a ________, and a nitrogenous ________.
(1) a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, (2) a phosphate group, and (3) a nitrogenous base
All nucleotides contain each of the following, except a: (a) Protein (b) Nitrogenous Base (c) Sugar (d) Phosphate Group
(a) Protein
The bonds that hold the 2 strands of DNA together come from: (a) the attraction of phosphate groups to each other (b) strong bonds between nitrogenous bases and the sugar-phosphate backbone (c) weak Hydrogen Bonds between nitrogenous bases. (d) carbon-to-carbon bonds in the sugar portion of the nucleotides
(c) weak Hydrogen Bonds between nitrogenous bases
What are the 3 different functions of RNA?
1. Messanger RNA (mRNA) 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?
12
How many hydrogen bonds do purines have?
2
The genetic code is made up of bases on nucleotides of DNA. How many bases code for a single amino acid?
3
If the percent of Adenine (A), in a DNA sample, is 31.5%, what is the percent of Thymine (D) in the same DNA sample?
31.5%
Enzyme definition
A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
Which are purines?
Adenine and guanine
What is biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the manipulation of organisms for human purposes.
When would a cell copy DNA?
Cell or gamete (re)production
What is fermentation?
Changes sugars to organic compounds
Determine the function of the DNA molecule by the structure of the molecule: When hydrogen bonds break and the strands pull apart
Copy information
What are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix
What happens after the helicase enzyme unzips the DNA?
Each DNA strand serves as a template for a new DNA strand. DNA polymerase matches exposed bases with new bases.
This scientist showed that percentages of Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) are equal in any sample of DNA. The same thing is true for the other two nucleotides Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C).
Erwin Chargaff
Which types of genes have junk?
Eukaryotes
What are the segments of a gene that are essential and expressed in the final protein?
Exon
What does the Double Helix model help explain?
Explains Chargaff's rule of base pairing and how the 2 strands of DNA are held together.
Examples of classic biotechnology?
Fermentation of foods such as yogurt, cheese, bread, vinegar, wine
What kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix?
Hydrogen
What are the segments of a gene that are not essential and are edited out and not expressed in the final protein?
Intron
What invention ushered in the era of modern biotechnology?
Microscope
What are changes in the base sequences of DNA?
Mutations
What is a sugar-phosphate backbone?
Nucleotide in DNA and RNA
What is deoxyribose?
Pentose sugar found in DNA nucleotides
What is ribose?
Pentose sugar found in RNA nucleotides
Rosalind Franklin contributed to the understanding of DNA by...?
Producing images of DNA molecules using X-Rays
What are the two types of nucleotides?
Purines and pyrimidines
What term describes the fact that the new copies of DNA contain one strand that is old and one that is new?
Semi-conservative
It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following?
Sequence of bases
What are the three parts to a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, base
What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
The 5* to 3* direction of one strands runs counter to the 5* to 3* direction of the other
DNA is double stranded. Of the three components of DNA, which form bonds between them to hold the two strands together?
The base
Of the three components of a nucleotide which acts as the genetic code?
The base
What is the outcome of DNA replication?
The outcome of DNA replication is two nearly identical DNA double helix molecules.
What is the Central Dogma?
This overarching process at the head of Molecular Genetics consists of DNA transcription into RNA, RNA translation into proteins, which are expressed as traits.
What process takes place within the nucleus and copies the genetic code to a molecule of RNA?
Transcription
Determine the function of the DNA molecule by the structure of the molecule: When DNA is copied, the sequence of base pairs is copied, so genetic information can pass unchanged from one generation to the next
Transmit information
What is the first step to replicating DNA?
Unwind it
What does the helicase enzyme do?
Unwinds part of DNA helix
