BIS 300 CH 7

turing test

One method of determining the strength of artificial intelligence, in which a human tries to decide if the intelligence at the other end of a text chat is human.

knowledge acquisition facility

Part of the expert system that provides a convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all the components of the knowledge base.

intelligent agent ( also called an intelligent robot or bot)

Programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific task for a person, a process, or another program; also called an intelligent robot or bot. EX: search for the best price of car on the internet

multimedia

content that uses more than one form of communication

IF-THEN statements

rules that suggest certain conditions

expert shell

a suite of software that allows construction o a knowledge base and interaction this knowledge base through the use of an inference engine. -They can be both for personal and mainframe sytems

steps in selling and implementing a knowledge management project

1. connect KM to goals and objectives 2. Start with small pilot and enthusiastic participants 3. identify valuable tacit knowledge 4. get employees buy in

neural network (also called neural nets)

A computer system that can recognize and act on patterns or trends that it detects in large sets of data. -employes massively parallel processors in an architecture that is based on the human brain's own meshlike structure. As a result, neural networks can process many pieces of data at the same time and learn to recognize patterns EX: some pattern recognition software uses neural networks to make credit lending decisions by predicting the likelihood a new borrower will pay back a loan.

Community of Practice (CoP)

A group whose members share a common set of goals and interests and regularly engage in sharing and learning as they strive to meet those goals.

game theory

A mathematical theory for developing strategies that maximize gains and minimize losses while adhering to a given set of rules and constraints. -frequently applied to solve various decision-making problems in which two or more participants are faced with choices of action, by which each may gain or lose, depending on what others choose to do or not to do. Thus the final outcome of a game is determined jointly by the strategies chosen by all participants

knowledge engineer

A person who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system.

joint problem solving

A process used to capture tacit knowledge where the novice and the expert work side by side to solve a problem so that the expert's approach is slowly revealed to the observant novice.

case-based system

A system made up of (1) cases and (2) a set of question and answer pairs that can be used to confirm the solution to the incident.

perceptive system

A system that approximates the way a person sees, hears, and feels objects.

virtual reality system

A system that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment.

organizational network analysis (ONA)

A technique used for documenting and measuring flows of information among individuals, workgroups, organizations, computers, Web sites, and other information sources. E: in analyzing social media communications many experts agree that most significant date isn't the content itself , but rather the metadata that connects various pieces of content to form a complete picture. Such as the message is comical and they are a 18 yr old female who is a republican.

genetic algorithm

An approach to solving problems based on the theory of evolution and the survival of the fittest as a problem-solving strategy. the highest scoring candidate solutions are allowed to reproduce with random changes introduced to create new candidate solutions. These digital offspring are subjected ti a second round of fitness evaluation. Again the most promising candidate solutions are selected and used to create a new generation with random changes. Eventually very good solutions to the problems will be discovered.

natural language processing

An aspect of artificial intelligence that involves technology that allows computers to understand, analyze, manipulate, and/or generate "natural" languages, such as English. -after converting sounds into words, natural language-processing systems react to the words or commands by performing a variety of tasks

explanation facility

Component of an expert system that allows a user or decision maker to understand how the expert system arrived at certain conclusions or results. EX: a medical expert system might reach the conclusion that a patients had a defective heat valve given certain symptoms and the results of tests on the patient. The explanation facility allows a doctor to find out the logic or rationale of the diagnosis made by the expert system

interface devices

EX: samsung gear VR. haptic interface- relays sense of touch and other physical sensations in the virtual world. Vibrations of a game controller.

web 2.0

Enhances user's experience by incorporating interactive and collaborative features in a website EX: provide answer to FAQs.

explicit knowledge

Knowledge that is documented, stored, and codified—such as standard procedures, product formulas, customer contact lists, market research results, and patents.

knowledge management

Range of practices used to best leverage a firm's collective knowledge. -foster innovation by the free flow of ideas among employees, leverage the expertise of people across the organization by building on one anothers experience, and capture the expertise of key individuals before they retire.

business rules management system (BRMS)

Software used to define, execute, monitor, and maintain the decision logic that is used by the operational systems and processes that run the organization/ -components include a business rule engine that determines which rules need to be executed and in what order -This is increasingly used to manage the changes in decision logic in applications that support credit applications, underwriting, complex order processing, and difficult scheduling. The result of this leads to faster processing, more accurate implementation of necessary changes to an organization's policies and products. EX: credit approvals

intelligent behavior

The ability to learn from experiences and apply knowledge acquired from those experiences; to handle complex situations; to solve problems when important information is missing; to determine what is important and to react quickly and correctly to a new situation; to understand visual images, process and manipulate symbols, be creative and imaginative; and to use heuristics.

enterprise search

The application of search technology to find information within an organization.

informatics

The combination of information technology with traditional disciplines such as medicine or science while considering the impact on individuals, organizations, and society. - places a strong emphasis on the interaction between humans and technology- with the goal of engineering information systems that provide users with the best possible user experience. -those who study this learn how to build new computing tools and applications. They gain an understanding of how people interact with information technology and how information technology shapes our relationships, our organizations, and our worlds

vision systems

The hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images.

artificial intelligence system

The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes, including learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach conclusions), and self-correction (using the outcome from one scenario to improve its performance on future scenarios).

knowledge user

The person or group who uses and benefits from the expert system.

Biomedical Informatics

The science that develops methods, techniques, and theories regarding how to use data, information and knowledge to support and improve biomedical research, human health, and the delivery of healthcare services.

learning systems

a combination of software and hardware. reinforcement- the use of sequential decisions with learning taking place between each decision. Dynamic programming- reinforcement learning often involves sophisticated computer programming and optimization techniques, the computer makes a decision,, analyzes the results and makes a better decision based on the analysis. The process often called dynamic programming, is repeated until it is impossible to make improvements in the decision. -require feedback on the results of action or decisions. At a minimum, the feedback needs to indicate whether the results are desirable

rules

a conditional statement that links conditions to actions or outcomes

brain-machine interface

a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device

shadowing

a process used to capture tacit knowledge that involves a novice observing an expert executing her job to learn how she performs

expert systems

a system that consists of hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes interference, enabling a novice to perform at the level of an expert -an expert system is made up of a collection of integrated and related components, including a knowledge base, an interface engine, an explanation facility, a knowledge base acquisition facility, and a user interface. -user interacts with the user interface, which interacts with the interference engine. The interference engine interacts with the other expert system components to provide expertise.

electronic discover (e-discovery)

any process in which electronic data is sought, located, secured, and searched with the intent of using it as evidence in a civil or criminal legal case -effective e-discovery software solutions preserve and destroy data based on approved organizational policies, through processes that cannot be altered by unauthorized users. -a recent development in the area of e-discovery is the use of "predictive coding." Which involves the use of computer algorithms rather than a full manual review to determine the relevance of electronic documents in a lawsuit

assistive Technology

array of devices that permit people with disabilities to improve their functioning

audio editing software

audacity provides tools for editing and producing audio files in a variety of formats

start with a small pilot involving enthusiastic

containing the scope of a project to impact only a small part of the organization and a few employees is definitely less risky than trying to take on a project very large in scope.

metadata

data that describes other data. enables analysts to make judgement about how to interpret and value the content of the message.

participants in developing and using expert systems

domain experts, a knowledge engineer, the knowledge user

AI is a broad field that includes several speciality areas

expert systems, robotics, vision systems, natural language processing, learning systems, and neural networks. Many of these areas are related; advances in one can occur simultaneously with or result in advances of the others.

Get employees to buy in

managers must create a work culture that places a high value on tacit knowledge and that strongly encourages people to share it. -in a highly competitive environment it may be hard to have workers surrender their knowledge -many organizations provide incentives in a combination of ways- linking KM directly to job performance, creating a work environment where sharing knowledge seems like a safe and natural thing to do, and recognizing people who contribute

-changes

organizations must be able to react from _________ quickly to remain competitive. Ex: inventory control.

interface engine

part of the expert system that seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and provides, answer predictions and suggestions similar to the way a human expert would -delivers the expert device

two processes are frequently used to capture tacit knowledge

shadowing and joint problem solving

enterprise search software

software that matches a user's query to many sources of information in an attempt to identify the most important content and the most reliable and relevant source - members of IT and human resources organizations may use enterprise search software to enforce corporate guidelines on the storage of confidential data on laptops that leave the office. -can only be used to support web site visitor searches

artificial intelligence

the ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain

robotics

the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots. EX: roomba

watson

the first commercially available cognitive computing capability, a computer capable of processing information like a human -he learned in three ways: by being taught by its users, by learning from prior interactions, and by being presented with new information.

identify valuable tacit knowledge

the intent of a KM program is to identify, capture and disseminate knowledge gems from a sea of information, Within the scope of the initial pilot project, an organization should ______ ___________ _____ ______________________ if it wants to include it in its KM system.

tacit knowledge

the know-how that someone has developed as a result of personal experience; it involves intangible factors such as beliefs, perspective and a value system

user interface

the main purpose of this is to make expert system easier for users and decision makers to develop and use

domain expert

the person or group with the expertise or knowledge the expert system is trying to capture

augmented reality

the viewing of the physical world with computer-generated layers of information added to it EX: pointing a smartphone camera at a historic landmark, such as a castle museum or other building and have information about the landmark appear on your screen, including a brief description of the landmark, admission price and hours of operation

knowledge base

this stores all relevant information,data, rules, cases and relationships that the expert system uses. -rules and cases are frequently used to create this

connect KM to goals and objectives

when starting a KM effort, you must clearly define how that effort will support specific organizational goals and objectives, such as increasing revenue, reducing costs, improving customer service, or speeding up the time to bring a product to market.

voice recognition software

with the NaturallySpeaking application from Dragon Systems, computer users can speak and have their words transcribed into text for input to software such as Microsoft word.