BISC 227 Ch 17&18

Phases of the swallowing mechanism in order from beginning to end.

1) voluntary phase; the tongue forces a bolus into oropharynx 2) soft palate elevates; epiglottis covers larynx; esophagus opens 3) Peristalsis transports the food in the esophagus to the stomach

The structures through which bile flows through after being synthesized by hepatic cells in the liver.

1. Bile canaliculi 2. Bile ductules 3. Hepatic ducts 4. Common hepatic duct

order that undigested material would pass

1. Cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum 4. Anal Canal

Steps of fat absorption in the small intestine.

1. Fatty acids diffuse through intestinal cells 2. fats are reconstructed in intestinal cells 3. fats are encased in chylomicrons 4. Fats are carried off by lymph in lacteals as chylomicrons

events of the defecation reflex in chronological order.

1. Gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes are triggered. 2. Mass movements in colon propel contents towards the rectum 3. Rectum is distended 4. Local reflexes stimulate contraction of colon and rectum and relaxation of internal anal sphincter.

List in order the organs of the digestive tract starting from the oral cavity and ending with the anus.

1. oral cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large Intestine

intrinsic factor

Aids in vitamin B12 absorption in the intestine. Produced by parietal cells.

parts of the colon in order as food moves through.

Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon

what is normally found in feces?

Bile pigments unabsorbed nutrients mucus Bacteria

Match the enzymes with their digestive action.

Breaks down fats: Pancreatic lipase Intestinal lipase Breaks down proteins: Pepsin Peptidase Trypsin Breaks down carbohydrates: Salivary amylase Pancreatic amylase

the ______, forming the lateral walls of thee mouth, consist of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium.

Cheeks

A series of hydrolysis reactions that breaks dietary macromolecules into monomers is known as ______ digestion.

Chemical

the basic functions of the digestive system?

Digestion Absorption defecation Ingestion Mastication

the alimentary canal and accessory organs are part of the _____ system.

Digestive

The primary products of the chemical digestion of triglycerides

Fatty acids & Glycerol

Pyl-

Gatekeeper

Villi-

Hairy

Pepsinogen

Inactive form of pepsin. Produced by chief cells of the gastric glands.

what are the functions of the oral cavity?

Ingestion Chemical Digestion Mastication

Match the nutrient with the means of absorption from the small intestine.

Into blood in capillaries: water electrolytes Monosaccharides Amino acids Into lymph in lacteals: Fatty Acids

Nasopharynx

It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway from air during breathing. It is connected to the middle ears, through the auditory tubes.

Chym-

Juice

Where is bile produced?

Liver

hepat-

Liver

submandibular gland

Located in the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the lower jaw; the secretory cells of these glands are about equally serous and mucous.

what are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?

Mixing and propelling

Nutri-

Nourish

Enzyme name with the source that secretes the enzyme:

Pancreas: Pancreatic lipase trypsin Nucleases Gastric Chief cells: Pepsin Intestinal mucosal cells: Sucrase Intestinal lipase Peptidase

Which nervous system(s) innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system?

Parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system Sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

Indicate the components of gastric juice

Pepsinogen Hydrochloric acid pepsin Mucus Intrinsic factor

What two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food?

Pharynx & Esophagus

what are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

Polymerizes glucose to glycogen Breaks down glycogen to glucose Converts noncarbohydrates to glucose

What are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

Polymerizes glucose to glycogen Breaks down glycogen to glucose Converts noncarbohydrates to glucose

Where is the pancreas located?

Posterior to the stomach and posterior to the parietal peritoneum

The following classes of nutrients supply energy to the body

Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates

Hydrochloric acid

Provides the acid environment needed for production and action of pepsin. produced by parietal cells.

Functions of the adult liver:

Secretion of bile Storage of glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D and B12

In the small intestine, normal mixing movements are called _____ and normal propelling moments are ______.

Segmentation; peristalsis

Gastr-

Stomach

what are some roles of the liver in the metabolism of lipids?

Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol Oxidizes fatty acids

What is mechanical digestion?

The breakdown of large food particles into smaller ones.

What is the main function of the large intestine?

absorb water and electrolytes

the ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.

anterior

the distal end of the digestive tract that opens to the outside is called the

anus

Peri-

around

the part of the colon that begins at the cecum and is found on the right side of the abdominal cavity is the

ascending colon

Name the nutrient class that includes sugars, glycogen and cellulose.

carbohydrates

at the beginning of the large intestine is a blind pouch, inferior to the ileocecal valve, known as the

cecum

the appendix is attached to the

cecum

Three phases of gastric activity:

cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase

What digestive organ found in the abdominal cavity, runs up the right side, across the top and down the left side of the abdominal cavity, before entering the pelvic cavity?

colon

the right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the ______ hepatic duct.

common

what are the effects of sympathetic impulses on the digestive system?

decreases secretions & peristalsis

the portion of the large intestine found between the transverse and sigmoid colon on the left side of the abdominal cavity is the _____ colon.

descending

The initial segment of the small intestine is the

duodenum

Dental caries are a degeneration of what structure?

enamel of teeth

Decidu-

falling off

Aliment

food

the sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the

gallbladder

the storage and concentration of bile between meals is the function of the

gallbladder

Teeth are the _______ structures in the body & _______ part of the skeletal system.

hardest; are not

the final portion of the small intestine is the

ileum

Where is the stomach located?

in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity

What are the effects of parasympathetic impulses on the digestive system?

increases motility & secretions

The second segment of the small intestine is the

jejunum

the second, and longest, part of the small intestine is the ______, which delivers chyme to the last part of the small intestine called the ______.

jejunum; ileum.

the laryngopharynx is posterior to the ______, and immediately inferior to the _______.

larynx; oropharynx

Mechanically breaking food down into smaller pieces by the mouth is called _____, also known as chewing.

mastication

there are two main components to digestion, _______ digestion and ________ digestion.

mechanical & chemical.

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all types of _____, a class of carbohydrates.

monosaccharides

laryngopharynx

most inferior portion of the pharynx, it is a passageway of food to the esophagus.

what is secreted by the large intestine?

mucus

the nasopharynx is found just posterior to the

nasal cavity

What is the main function of the small intestine?

nutrient absorption

Chemicals obtained from the environment that are needed for survival are called

nutrients

Hiat-

opening

what is the Lumen?

opening in the digestive tract that food passes through

the ______ is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.

pancreas

the insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the

pancreas

the three major salivary glands are:

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the _______ before reaching the esophagus.

pharynx

glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all examples of a type of carbohydrate called

polysaccharides

Where is the oropharynx located?

posterior to the oral cavity

oropharynx

posterior to the soft palate, located in the back of the oral cavity. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity.

Mucus

provides a viscous, alkaline protective layer on the lining of the stomach. produced by mucous cells.

Feces pass from the sigmoid colon into the

rectum

the liver is partially protected b the _____ on the ____ side of the body.

ribs; right

external anal sphincter

skeletal muscle

what is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine?

small intestine

List the substances absorbed from the stomach.

small volumes of water Lipid-soluble drugs Alcohol

Peristalsis is a wave of muscle contraction that occurs in the ____ muscle of the esophagus and other parts of the alimentary canal.

smooth

internal anal sphincter

smooth muscle

what is the effect of parasympathetic impulses on gastric secretion?

stimulates release of gastric juice Stimulates the release of gastrin

In thee mouth, the ______ begin the mechanical digestion of food by breaking the food into smaller pieces.

teeth

parotid gland

the largest salivary glands; they lie anterior and inferior to each ear, between the skin and the masseter muscle; they secrete a clear, watery fluid, rich in salivary amylase

what portion of the tooth is the crown?

the portion of the tooth that extends above the gumline.

Sublingual glands

the smallest of the major salivary glands; located on the floor of the mouth inferior to the tongue; they contain mucous cells that produce secretions thick and stringy.

Lingu-

tongue

after intestinal contents leave the ascending colon, it pass into the what part of the intestinal tract?

transverse colon

the liver is located mainly in the ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just _______ to the diaphragm.

upper right; inferior