black studies final

skip 45, 46. how would critical race theorist, analyze amatos murder in the subsequent criminal trial?

they would argue that Emmett to murder shows that racism is endemic to American life, which is CRTs first element. They then would argue that the subsequent criminal trial applies to the fact that there is systematic racism, specifically in this case in the justice system, which is another element of CRT

discuss specific articulations of resistance that emerge in the 19th century.

during the 19th century, articulations over resistance, focused on escaping slavery, or standing up against the situation, that could not be worse. To do this, many 19th century activist use God, as a means to explain how it is their God-given duty to speak up against systems of oppression. This is seeing in the work of David Walker, where the author states called "God has been pleased to give us two eyes, two hands, 2 feet, and seven cents in our heads as well as they. They have no more right to hold us to the slavery that we have to hold them, we have just as much right, in the side of God, to hold them in their children, in slavery and richness, as they have to hold us, and no more."

Per the Oliver and Shapiro reading, what was the significance about the "economic detour "the black entrepreneurs face during Jim Crow segregation? How does the economic detour relate to to be Wells? Discussion of Thomas Moss and his business associates, owners of the peoples grocery store in Memphis, Tennessee?

economic detour, a concept brought up by Oliver and Shapiro, as it means to explain the lack of self employment success among the black population. Because of systematic racial pression, like Jim Crow, Black people have not had the same access to self-employment. As an authors state "racist state policy, Jim Crow, segregation, discrimination, and violence have punctuated black entrepreneurial efforts of all kinds. "Essentially blacks have had the most difficult time starting businesses. This is similar to the discussion of Thomas Moss, because his case serves as example of economic detour. Just a Shapiro and Oliver explain, systems of segregation, force, Black people to seek customers within their own race. When the peoples grocery started to compete with white stores, the owners were lynched, less suppressing and scaring Black people from achieving economic freedom.

15.How are the events in Derek Bell's parable "the space traders "an example of how critical race theorist address issues of race and racism? What specific examples in the parable point of the first three defining elements of critical race theory?

he covers a historicism, realization that racism is endemic, and finally color blindness. His parable is symbolic to slavery, and is a display of how there is a constant loop of Black people serving for the good of the nation. His parables is also way of addressing a historic view of race. And the parable there is a notion that Black people have never been used to serve the nation or that it's not racist to trade when reality it just ignores the moral acts of slavery that existed.

According to Riggs, what are the enduring aspects of the above stereotypes on African-Americans? Riggs argues at the stereotypes persist.

that is that Black people are "servants "and black is "ugly "are two points he raises. In essence, to be black is to be less; less than the historical construction of citizenship by whites. This results in the notion that Black people need to *** born officially and unofficially. Images of handcuffed or beat black men allow these stereotypes to persist.

44. explain how the segments "awakenings "and "no easy walk "from the eyes on the prize, documentary exemplify the critical race three argument that the law creates and supports racial inequality?

they provide historical events in which the laws enforce when Black people try and achieve first class citizenship but when white people commit a crime against Black people, it is entirely ignored. In the case of Emmett Till, the white men who murdered him, received a biased trial with an all white jury. Even the courtroom was segregated. Thus he did not receive a fair trial. The same word occur with a black man, there should not be the case. That's the law not colorblind. For ML Kay, movement in Birmingham, the same applies. Please are not punished for committing violence against protesters while protesters are arrested for peacefully, breaking unjust laws.

Urban Coon

Black men as brutes and rapists. During the reconstruction era. Often shown with a razor.

What are the basic characteristics of black nationalism?

Black nationalist philosophy focuses on three key points number one separatism number two black self-determination and three promoting black pride. It is important to note that white nationalism is fairly different from black nationalism as white nationalism is predicated on the subordination of Black people, while black nationalism does nothing like that.

Discuss black studies as an intervention

Black studies is the intervention of universities into the discipline of black studies. There are two main intervention tactics of black studies which are correct activity and inclusivity. The study is inclusive by allowing for an interpretation of history from the perspective of the black experience, and intervening in a Eurocentric model of knowledge parentheses example slaves arrived in 1502, not 1619 corrective and Crenshaws introduction of Intersectionality parentheses. It also serves as corrective surrounding myths and stereotypes about black history of Black people.

discuss the difference between "color blindness "and "post racial." do these two ideologies serve the same purpose?

Color blindness and post racial ideology serve similar purposes to deny the white advantage and deny the black disadvantage. Color blindness, however refers to the notion that we do not see skin color while post racial views think that we are beyond race and race with something of the past. This also promotes a historicism, ignoring the context behind race. critical race theorist look at these differently. Just because progressive legislation is passed, doesn't mean discrimination doesn't persist. Shown as examples in Crenshaw, like Plessy and Croson in Plessy, the law states separate, but equal however, they're not equal.(enforced by official and unofficial policing. In Croson the court needed proof, that disparities were our result of discrimination, which is in a historical view of skin color and ignore his history.

Apply the first three defining elements of critical race theory to crime Crenshaws "color, blindness, history, and the law. "

Contra P supplies to the first element of CRT because she explains that the law, when attempting to remove discrimination, simply uphold racial hierarchy. In brown V. Board the court ruled schools could integrate at own pace, thus serving as a vessel for racial subordination. Crenshaws peace can be applied to the other two elements color blindness, and ahistorical. Through the interpretation of Croson and Plessy. In both cases, they ignore a historical context. The courts that she explains simplified issue to color blindness, noting that train cars are the same for white and black and contracts aren't decided based on race. This is an a historical take which ignores a history which would subject Black people to worse train cars and assumes Black people don't want government contracts by choice.

how does Crenshaw illustrate that "treating different things same can generate as much inequality as treating the same things differently "?

Crenshaw illustrates this message to the Plessy and croson cases were different. Things are treated equally. And the case of Plessy, the lost state, separate, but equal the case of croson Color is viewed equal. This, however, is in equitable because it ignores history and institutionalized racism. Train cars are not equal, and neither were equally judged contracts because it ignores institutionalized racism, unofficial policing of blocks, the economic advantages of whites, and even cultural racism, impacting a bias, all which make, these equal treatments unequal.

11. continued why does Crenshaw illustrate how particular Supreme Court rulings are examples of how the law legitimates racial hierarchy

Crenshaw shows how they legitimate Rachel hierarchy by stating, "when one examines CROSON and plus he together, they're analytical similarities are striking. Both reduce the question of racial equality to a mere formalism, completely obstructed from history or contract. The different meanings and experiences of whiteness and blackness are completely erased, with the categories, formally construed to represent and a historical central view of skin color. "

41. why did Ella Baker believe that it was imperative that SNCC be a separate organization from SCLC? Why did she believe that? It was necessary for black students in the south to emerge as the leaders of SNCC?

Ella Baker gives two main reasons. The first was that the organization did not want to fix its structure. This early in a second was to prevent students from being under adults. They felt it had to be a student lead organization. She believed it was necessary for black students to emerge as leaders of SNCC so that it would be unnecessary to have a leader and students could be strong independently. This is contrary to the SCLC, which looked to King. she believed that was necessary for black students in the south to emerge as the leaders of SNCC, because they had heritage in the south and they had experience.

42. how does Fanny Lou Hammer specific fight to secure black voting rights in the south? Illustrate how white supremacist resisted "by any means necessary quote the advancement of civil rights for African-Americans?

Fannie Lou Hamer specific fight to secure voting rights in the south, illustrates white supremacist, resisting advancement of civil rights by providing first hand account of the violent and great lengths to which white supremacist will go to confirm social hierarchy and prevent blacks from achieving first class citizenship. When hammer goes to register to vote, the plantation where she is sharecropping threatened to kick her out. This is then followed by violence were hammer states, "10 days later, they fired into Mrs. Tucker's house where I was staying. They also shot two girls at mr. Cecil's. "She then explains her situation when arrested, saying, "the patrol man gave the first Negro along blackjack that was heavy. It was loaded with something, and they had me lay down on the bunk with my face down, and I was beat. I was beat by the first Negro he gave out. Then the patrol man order the other man to take the blackjack, and he began a beat." this shows the extent to which white supremacist, silent blacks.

Would Fegain, and wise support or challenge post racial and colorblind ideologies?

Feagin talks about the waste of white racism. They talk about the system of white advantages which is widely ignored by white folks. The system of white racism has been used for establishing the systematic subordination of Black people.(sincere fictions.)

11. in "color blindness, history, and a lot, "Kim Crenshaw illustrates how particular Supreme Court rulings are examples of how the law legitimates racial hierarchy. In specifically discussing these cases, explain why Crenshaw makes us argument.

Kimberly Crenshaw brings up four cases in her riding, brown versus board, separate, but equal, not constitutional, but integration could occur at own pace. 2. Plessy, V Ferguson(world separate but equal, although conditions weren't equal because it ignored social and material context, and only noted symmetrical).3. Richmond v. Croson (Affirmative action to award more minority contract struck down in this case race was construed by skin color: since everyone had skin color, everyone had a race and would judge the same according to the Supreme Court) 4. Lochner, the New York(rule that health standards which limited working hours was unconstitutional to free contract - Crenshaw compares to Croson and lochner that Black people choose less lucrative employment as bakers choose oppressive contracts)

What type of resistance did King argue was the best weapon against white supremacy.

King's message of resistance was one of non-violence and direct action. This is shown in kings arrest for nonviolent protest in Birmingham Alabama. He explains that there are four basic steps to this action "1. Collection of facts to determine whether in justices are alive, two negotiation, three self purification, and four direct action. "

39. what type of resistance against white supremacy did Malcolm X support?

Malcolm, X supported resistance by any means necessary shown in his title, the ballot or the bullet. He supported non-violence, as it means to achieve rights, but realize that violence also may be an necessary to achieve rights and defend oneself. This is shown when he says, "a segregationist is a criminal. ""You can't label him as anything other than that. And when you demonstrate again, segregation, the law is on your side. "He continues by, addressing the use of violence, noting, "I'm nonviolent with those who are nonviolent with me. But when you drop that violence on me, then you've made me go insane, and I'm not responsible for what I do. And that's the way every knee you grow should get. Anytime you are within the law, within your legal rights, within your moral rights, in a cord with justice, then die what you believe in. "

what was Marcus Garvey's main critique of other black organizations like the NAACP, urban league working for the cause of black rights? Why did he argue that the UNIA (united Negro improvement Association)was the best model for organizations working on behalf of blacks?

Marcus Garvey was critical of other organizations because he argues that other organizations just push to be part of existing systems, knowing that they will never reach the full height of their constitutional rights. This is shown when the author states, "the difference between the UNI and other movements of this country, and probably the world is that the UNI seeks independence from the government. While other organizations seek to make the Negro, as a secondary consideration, in a great civilization, knowing that in America, the Negro will never reach his highest ambition..."

14. Mark anthony neal relation to CRT

Mark Anthony uses this aspect of critical race theory to explain to a students that intersexuality does exist between race and sexuality. He does through the lens of CRT corrects the misconception that these two aspects don't relate, but rather work in conjunction to form the black experience.

Would Macintosh support or challenge post racial and colorblind ideologies?

McIntosh explains that racism is meant to reaffirm stereotypes. It creates a system of advantages in which white advantage is forgotten and black disadvantage is denied.

why is a historical perspective central to Oliver and Shapiro discussion of the ratio wealth gap? How is this historical perspective related to how critical race theorist challenge ahistoricism.

Oliver Shapiro, discussion of ratio, wealth gaps through historical views critical because it provides social context to the understanding of black versus white wealth accumulation. Their historical view technologies have systematic racial oppression, through slavery, segregation, unofficial, policing, etc. Has prevented Black people from obtaining assets/property, investing, accumulating, generational, wealth, and achieving other forms of economic freedom. Disconnects to critical race theory because of challenges a historicism by acknowledging that race has contributed to wealth divide as a result of the history of race.

compare and contrast 19th century (Walker, Stewart, Garnett, Douglas, Delaney) 20th century (Garvey, Dr. King, Malcolm, X, nation of Islam, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella, Baker, black panther party for self-defense) articulations of resistance

One major similarities that all fought for the rights of Black people. The 19th century articulations of resistance, however started with the freedom of slaves while 20th century articulations focus on civil rights. One of the first major points of comparison with the use of religion in articulating resistance. In both centuries activist use religion to explain why Black people must resist these institutions. In the 19th century of the activist, we view primarily focus on Christianity while the 20th century different religions were used. King use Christianity but we're critical of the hypocrisy of the church while Malcolm X followed the nation of Islam to he later broke away from the church. Violence the. Nonviolence is another major point of contrast. Walker, Garnett, Douglas, Malcolm, X, Black Panther, party articulated resistance as any means necessary, including violence, while Stewart, Delaney, King, Baker, and hammer promoted nonviolence. They also disagreed on black nationalism.

Zip Coon

Propaganda that blacks were not as smart as whites and could not comprehend the freedoms that abolitionism offered them. (During slavery)

in middle class in black-and-white what is Shapiro made argument? What evidence does he use to support his argument?

Shapiro made argument is stated at the readings where he states, "well, not seating, the equal opportunity question, because the battle for equal opportunity is far from one. I am arguing that even black and white families with equal accomplishments are separated by a dramatic, wealth gap."He uses the example of the cod, Waze, a white family and the bar, Zach, a black family to explain. Both families have similar income, but different accumulation of wealth. The black Family has education, debt, family loads, a difficult type of tub and no inheritance while the Conway is got for inheritance, help with the home down payment, and have had all the education paid for the dominator race, Shapiro uses this difference to show our stroke context at social forces of opportunity and accumulated wealth. Because of the debt, the Barack are not wealthy like the Waze are.

25. how does Shapiro provide "assets perspective "and considering the respective backgrounds of the Barzak and Conway families?

Shapiro provides an asset perspective as a means to address the difference of accumulation of wealth between white and black families. Assets allow us to better understand the racial advantage that the Conways have compared to the Barack. Even though both allies have similar income, education, job, breaking, the accumulation of wealth from the cod is much higher. The Barack other one head had to take out of a 401(k) to make a down payment on a condo, they also had debt from college to add they received no family inheritance. On the contrary, the Conway college education was paid off, and they received help from family with their help. This transition of generational wealth gives cleared advantage to whites. Slavery segregation have played a Dutch better role black wealth. By preventing Black people from obtaining assets during slavery, Black people have struggled to pass on assets to their children keeping class status low.

What is the relationship between the above stereotypes and Tatum's definition of cultural racism?

Tatum defines cultural racism as the cultural images and messages that affirm the assume superiority of whites, and assumed inferiority of people of color. Thus, the images of characters above reaffirm, cultural images, and supports white superiority.

Would Tatum support or challenge post racial, and colorblind ideologies

Tatum gives her definition of racism as a system of advantages based on race she explains that those with advantages often ignore them. She uses the example of children's drawings and perceptions about a given race to show internalize images from cultural racism.

26. what are the two myths concerning black articulations of resistance.

The 2/5 concerning black articulations of resistance are what black resistance submerge of the 20th century and two articulations of resistance have all been stated by black men. The first meth can be disproved by the numerous works regarding black resistance so the 19th century, including David Walker, Mariah Stewart had regard that- called rebellion of national Negro convention in Buffalo, New York, Frederick Douglass - what the slave is the Fourth of July, Martin R Delaney - expert. The second can be disprove by the work of black will including to be Wells and Mariah Stewart.

in the eyes on the prize, segment "no easy walk " (1963), how did the events in Birmingham, AL support feagin, et al. And Tatum's discussion of racism?

The events in Birmingham AL support feagin and Tatum, because it provides that racism is systematic. Even though when writing, the law protects all citizens, and practice, it only protects whites. The use of the National Guard only when the white race suffers from violence, and not when black protesters suffer from violence, establishes racist systems, which legitimate blacks as second-class citizens

how do the events "the space traders "support the arguments by Feagin, Tatum, McIntosh, and Wise concerning What constitutes racism?

The events of space traders support the arguments of these authors concerning what constitutes race because the space traders parable also shows how racism in the nation is systematic and meant to support the racial hierarchy. The 27th amendment, for example is equal in writing, but not practice. The systematic existence of racism in the law is used to sacrifice blacks for whites, just as these authors have described, systematic racism, and advantage of whites at the cost of Black people.

47. in the eyes on the prize, segment "no easy walk " (1963) , what was the significance about Attorney General Robert Kennedy, refusing to send federal troops to protect peaceful, civil rights activist?

The lack of reaction from the attorney general were significant because it established systematic racism by which the law only protected whites. Even though black suffered violence at the hands of whites in response to peaceful protest, it wasn't till whites were subject to violence that troops were sent. This proves that race is the determining factor when it comes to protecting black citizens first white citizens from violence

What is the most basic difference between articulations of resistance among black leaders in the 19th century and the 20th?

The most basic difference between 19th and 20 century articulations of resistance are the goals of what they're fighting for. The 19th century articulations of resistance. Focus on resistance slavery. Betty of the 19th century articulations focus on approving the black experience and noting how the black experience cannot get any worse. This can be seen and David Walker piece where he states, "can our condition be any worse. "20th century differs from that of 19th century, articulations of black resistance, and that it focused on civil rights meeting, social, political, and economic freedom

The 19th century, what is the most obvious difference between articulations of resistance made by walker, Stewart, and Garnett and comparison to the ladies articulation of resistance?

The most obvious difference between articulations versus made by Walker, Stewart, Ed Garnett, compared to the lady with the promotion of black nationalism. Walker, Stewart, Edgar, all posed Black people returning to Africa. Well, they all have different beats for resisting slavery and justice of the nation- Walker and Garnett violet/by Eddie beats necessary - Stewart nonviolent legislation as means to freedom - agree that the station was built all the blood, sweat, tears of Black people, so this station is just as much theirs. The other hand is pro colonization. He believes that Black people in the station will never receive social, political or economic rights, and therefore should emigrate back to Africa where they could receive these rights and establish their own independent society.

43. how does hammers life and civil rights activism serve as a challenge to Dubois conceptualization of the talent to 10th

The notion or philosophy of the talented 10th brought forth by Dubois argues that the black race should be led by the educated (higher liberal arts, educated) black men. This meant doctors, lawyers, Fannie Lou Hamer challenges this conception, because she was a sharecropper who had no higher education and only made it to the sixth grade and still resisted unjust treatment of blacks and helped push black voting rights.

16. Given the discussion of critical race theory, what are some of the similarities between points to raised by bell and "the space traders "and Kim Crenshaw "colorblindness, history, and the law? "

The similarities between Crenshaw and Bell include the endemic nature of racism, a historic views, and the untrue nature of a colorblind nation. Just as the space traders, parable ignores slavery, proving that Americans held in ahistoric view of race, and that racism is endemic Crenshaw, uses CROSON and Plessy to show that, despite the law, segregation and the disapproval of affirmative action display a nation which ignores history and makes these equal systems in equitable. In both, despite the law being equal in writing, it is unequal in practice.

what are the three indicators or definitions of middle-class status stated in the Shapiro chapter? Are these indicators accurate in assessing middle class Status would compare middle-class black middle-class whites?

The three indicators or definitions for establishing middle-class status, or occupation, income, education. Well, these are valid to examine the similarities of families, we find that these indicators are not accurate when assessing class status between black and white families, because of ignore sociological definitions, which impact middle-class, and ignores, how wealth accumulation, specifically inheritance and situation play role. This is see-through, the black family and the cod Waze. Both have similar indicators, but wealth is different as a result of generational wealth. This is explained by historical context of race.

Is wisest chapter about affirmative action? Explained.

Tim Wise's chapter is not about affirmative action. Instead wise, uses affirmative action as a tool to address the myth that whites have no advantage to address the myth that affirmative action is a black advantage. He displays data to show clear, trans and advantage in society. He explains that affirmative action is simply a tool to help include Black people who have a 300 year disadvantage, and who have otherwise been excluded from opportunities.

Would Wise support a challenge, post racial, and colorblind ideologies?

Wise would challenge these ideologies he believes that there is clear trends of white advantage. All of these authors were challenge, color blindness, and post racial, because as McIntosh says racism doesn't go away by changing attitude, but change in the system. Color blindness, and post racial ideologies, ignore historical context, and the white bandage. They over, simplify based on progressive legislation, and assume color doesn't or no longer matters despite systematic, oppressions and racial policing that exists as a result of the slavery era.

Pickaninny

a small black child often to pick it as messy and unkept Meant to dehumanize these children. ( during slave era). Gave the idea that children could be mistreated.

Mammy

a stereotypical image of a black maid, large and unattractive, stripped of sexuality, typically a houseworker, content with serving others. This was during the enslavement era.

Why do Oliver and Shapiro argue: "racial differences in wealth, provide an important means of combining race and class arguments about racial inequality? "What evidence do the authors provide to support their argument?

according to Oliver and Shapiro, "class explanations emphasize the relational, positioning of blacks and whites and society, and the differential access to power that occurs to the status of each group. "By using race and class, we can see how the racial and class perspectives are intersectional. The authors use examples of families and similar income situations to explain. And Shapiro's "middle-class and black-and-white "he compares the Conways, which are white and the Barzaks who are black that actually make more money, but the families have different wealth and asset accumulation. The common denominator in the situation is race. It seems that the systematic racism in the housing market along with a lack and generational wealth, has resulted in the advantage of assets and wealth, accumulation for the Conways and the disadvantage for the black family.

9. What are the origins/history of critical race theory?

as Matsuda explains in the chapter, critical race theory develop gradually and it's conception can probably be located in the 1970s however Kimberly Crenshaw places the social origins of critical race theory "at a student boycott and alternative course organize in 1981 or Harvard law school. " after the departure of Harvard's first black professor, Derek Bell, the course " race, racism, and American law" no longer had a professor. often demands for a new black professor to teach the course where denied, students organized and alternative course. In this course, critical race theory developed out of critical legal studies. Critical race theory served as an intervention to how we see the justice system.

19. What is the quote sociology/theory of race and wealth "that Oliver and Shapiro propose? How is his theory similar and different from how economist view race and wealth/assets?

as all of your and Shapiro explained, "economist begin with the assumption, that wealth is a combination of inheritance, earnings, and savings, and is enhanced by prudent consumption and investment patterns over a persons lifetime "economist often credit the racial wealth, gap to lack of inherited resources, low investment, and extravagant spending patterns. well these are all valid observations, sociologist argue that "economist have not properly appreciated the social context in which the processes in question. So, the theory of race and wealth goes beyond economist, observation and aims to identify the social context and explain differences in opportunity, structured by the intersection of race and wealth.

How do critical race theorist perceive racism as operating?

as explained by Matsuda, "our work presented racism, not as isolated instances of conscious, bigoted, decision-making or prejudice practice, but as larger, systematic, structural, and cultural, as deeply psychologically and socially ingrained. " - its systematic

40. Compare con contrast Dr. King discussion" letter from Birmingham city jail "with Malcolm X discussion in "the ballot or the bullet. "

both arguments provide encouragement to resist unjust systems, because they are not right and morally wrong. King does this by contrasting just first unjust laws. Malcolm X does this by arguing that human rights must be achieved and when somebody stands in the way of those rights they must be resisted. Both agreed that change must be brought immediately and explained that Black people have waited long enough for their rights. They also both agree on non-violence as it means to achieve rights. They differ, however, because King believes in direct action and solely nonviolence well, Malcolm X expresses his willingness to use violence to defend his rights.

4th element of CRT

critical race theory insists on recognition of the experiential knowledge of people of color and our communities of origin in analyzing law society. This knowledge is gained from critical reflection on the lived experience of racism, and from critical reflection, upon active political practice towards the elimination of racism.

5th element of CRT

critical race theory is interdisciplinary and eclectic. It borrows from several traditions, including liberalism, law, society, feminism, Marxism, post, structuralism, critical legal theory, pragmatism, and nationalism. This eclecticism allows critical race theory to examine incorporate those aspects of a methodology or theory that affectively enable our voice and advanced the cause of racial justice, even as we maintain a critical posture

1st defining element of critical race theory

critical race theory recognizes that racism is endemic to American life. Thus, the question for us is not so much whether or how racial discrimination can be eliminated while maintaining the integrity of other interest, implicated in the status quo, such as federalism, privacy, traditional values, or established property interest. instead, we ask how these traditional interest and values serve as vessels of racial subordination.

6th element of CRT

critical race theory works towards the end of eliminating racial oppression as part of the broader goal of ending all forms of oppression. Racial oppression is experienced by many in tandem with oppression on grounds of gender, class, or sexual orientation. Critical race theory measures progress by yardstick that looks to fundamental social transformation. The interest of all people of color necessarily require not just adjustments within the establish hierarchies, but challenge to hierarchy itself. this recognition of intersecting forms of subordination requires multiple consciousness and political practices that adjust the varied ways in which people experience subordination.

3rd element of CRT

critical race theory, challenges, a historicism and insist on a contextual/historical analysis of the law. Current inequalities, and social/institutional practices are linked to earlier periods, in which the tent and cultural meaning of such practices were clear. More important, as critical race theorist, we adopt a stance that presumes that racism has contributed to all contemporary manifestations of group advantage, and disadvantage along racial lines, including differences income, Imprisonment, Health, housing, education, political representation, a military service. Our history calls for this presumption.

2nd element of critical race theory

critical race theory, expresses skepticism toward dominant legal claims of neutrality, objectivity, colorblindness, meritocracy. These claims are central to an ideology of equal opportunity that presents race as an immutable characteristic devoid of social meaning, and tells an a historical, abstracted story of racial inequality as a series of randomly occurring, intentional, and individualized acts.

38. continued

he responds to precipitating violence, claims by stating, "in your statement, you asserted that our actions, even though peaceful, must be condemned because they precipitate violence. Isn't this like condemning the Rob man because his possession of money precipitated the evil active robbery. We must come to see as federal courts have consistently affirmed, that it is immoral to urge an individual to withdraw his efforts to gain his basic constitutional rights because the quest precipitates violence?, Finally, he explains following/breaking laws through just unjust laws.

31. Why does Frederick Douglass pose a question "what the slave is the Fourth of July? "

in Frederick Douglass is July 5, 1852 speech he poses this question about the meeting of the Fourth of July to the slave, in order to highlight the IR asking a black man at former slave, to speak at a celebration of independence. He notes, "do you mean citizens, to mock me by asking me to speak today? "I said this question Douglas Ames, to explain the hypocrisy in place we're talking about a free and independent that still made slavery. He explained that it is problematic for him to give a speech of liberty and justice for all but Black people are being forced to do wage work while surrendering their families, and facing atrocities. It is only a free nation for the white man.

15. Continued

in the parable, the present states, "absolutely no evidence whatsoever to indicate that the selection was intended to discriminate. In fact, Black people for centuries have been serving our nation. The 27th amendment can be used to address critical race, theories, goal of criticizing, beliefs of color, blindness, or meritocracy. Even though the amendment applies to all citizens, it is really only used in practice against Black people.

38. Why was Dr. King critical of white clergy men in his "letter from Birmingham city jail? " 1st part

it is first important to address the claims of these liberal white clergy. And Dr. King's letter from Birmingham city, jail, King response to claims that these protests were untimely, provocative of violence, and a case of outsiders coming in. The outsiders aspect is explained when King says, "I cannot sit idly in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Anyone who lives in the United States can never be considered and outside or anywhere in this country. "He responds to the timely aspect by stating "we know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppression, it must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I have never yet engaged in a direct action movement that was "well timed, "according to the timetable of those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation. For years now, I've heard the words "wait! "it rings in the year of every Negro with piercing familiarity."

what is the "liberal theory of race?" how would a critical race theorist critique the liberal theory of race?

liberal race theory is the notion that meritocracy exists. Is also the concept that we live in a post racial society and maintain color blindness. This, however, isn't true. Critical race theory serves as an intervention to how we see the justice system. The critical race theorist like Matsuda, and Crenshaw, argue or critique this by showing you how just because legislation exist does not mean black-and-white, are treated equally (Plessy and Croson say systems must be equal, but they are clearly not as white advantage exists.) as Crenshaw puts it, "treating different things, the same can generate as much inequality as treating the same things differently."

14.How does the last defining element of critical race theory applied to Kim Crenshaw's discussion in "whose story is anyway? ""Anthony, Neil, discussion" queers, and a barrel "?

need to know sixth element of critical race theory. The last defining element of critical race theories recognizes that racial pression is also experienced with other forms of oppression. This relates to Anita Hill, Crenshaw, and Mark, Anthony, Neil, all who deal with Intersectionality. in the case of Crenshaw, she provides examples of how Intersectionality occurs to providing the lynching trope, and the rape trope, which creates the notion that only black men are lynched and suffer racial violence, and only white woman are raped. Crenshaw view of Anita Hill through critical theory, allows her to analyze the effect of Intersectionality and how he was ridiculed for coming out against Thomas as a result of race and gender.

compare Oliver and Shapiro, discussion of race and wealth, with the chapter by wise

post discussions are similar, and that they acknowledge how history shows that Black people have had disproportionate opportunities to receive education wealth. And Shapiro wises work, the wide advantage is evident as wives have consistently had advantage in opportunity, systematic, structural, cultural, and social racism have continuously established a racial hierarchy. Oliver and Shapiro, however, aimed to show the economic impact through concepts, such as realization state, economic detour, as the sedimentation of racial inequality, while wise used affirmative action to critique the myth that we live in America, Rattek society. Wise, then provides similar historical context of explanation for such

Sambo

was an extreme sterotype of slaves. the sambo acted out the role that the white world expected them to. This was in most cases, only an act in front of the white people. Was often depicted as happy, lazy, docile. During the slavery era. Offered on a couch and very happy go lucky.

what were some of the differences in articulations of black resistance that merge in the 20 century?

well, some leaders of the 20th century agree that violence is a viable tool to achieve civil rights, they all agree on non-violence being an ideal method of achieving such rights. Martin Luther King used direct nonviolent action to achieve right, Ella Baker was a leader in SNCC, who promoted non-violence and organized, sittings, and fannie Lou Hammer work to promote voting rights of black Americans. Malcolm X also bleed a non-violence as a possible means of achieving equality, but also noted that violence might be necessary if equality is not a chief Peacely and also if he is met with violence he will respond with violence, unlike teachings of Martin Luther King. Malcolm X was more a black nationalist along with other 20th century figures and groups like Marcus, Garvey and the black panther party and elijah Mohammed.

30. compare and contrast the discussions by Walker, Stewart, Garnett, and Delaney, concerning why and how Black people should resistance enslavement.

what are the major points of comparison used by walker and the rest is the use of religion as a means to explaining why it is necessary and right for black slaves to resist. One example of Stewart using religion is what she states, "O, tearful ones, throw off your fearlessness, and come forth in the name of the Lord, and the strength of the God justice makes yourself useful and active members in society. "A point of contrast between the authors are the means by which they go about resisting walker, and Garnett have more violent and aggressive approaches while Stewart is nonviolent and legislative. Delaney, on the other hand is a black nationalist.