Block 6 Cell Bio Exam 1
MIT/ DIT coupled into T3/T4
1. Synthesis of TG, excretion into lumen 2. Na+/I- cotransport (I Trap) 3. Oxidation of I- to I2 4. I2 organized into MIT/DIT 5. 6. Endocytosis of TG (back into follicular cells) 7. T3/T4 hydrolyzed into circulation 8. MIT/DIT de-iodinized
Endocytosis of TG (back into follicular cells)
1. Synthesis of TG, excretion into lumen 2. Na+/I- cotransport (I Trap) 3. Oxidation of I- to I2 4. I2 organized into MIT/DIT 5. MIT/ DIT coupled into T3/T4 6. 7. T3/T4 hydrolyzed into circulation 8. MIT/DIT de-iodinized
T3/T4 hydrolyzed into circulation
1. Synthesis of TG, excretion into lumen 2. Na+/I- cotransport (I Trap) 3. Oxidation of I- to I2 4. I2 organized into MIT/DIT 5. MIT/ DIT coupled into T3/T4 6. Endocytosis of TG (back into follicular cells) 7. 8. MIT/DIT de-iodinized
MIT/DIT de-iodinized
1. Synthesis of TG, excretion into lumen 2. Na+/I- cotransport (I Trap) 3. Oxidation of I- to I2 4. I2 organized into MIT/DIT 5. MIT/ DIT coupled into T3/T4 6. Endocytosis of TG (back into follicular cells) 7. T3/T4 hydrolyzed into circulation 8. ?
positive feedback
What is this an example of? When estrogen from the ovaries causes a burst of FSH and LH which induce ovulation and therefore more estrogen
Guanylyl Cyclase
What protein is ANP activated through?
Tyrosine Kinase
What protein is IGF/ insulin activated through?
GH, Insulin and ANP
What three hormones use a Cataclytic receptor?
NO and ANP
What two hormones use Guanylate Cyclase as their MOA?
ADH and Oxytocin
What two neuropeptides come from the Posterior Pituitary?
GTP
When ________ binds the alpha subunit of a G protein the protein is active
GDP
When ________ binds the alpha subunit of a G protein the protein is inactive
euthryroid sick syndrom
When abnormal thyroid function tests are found in the setting of non-thyroidal illness in a patient without preexisting thyroid disease
bulbous nerve terminals
Where are ADH and Oxytocin stored in the posterior hypothalamus?
supraoptic nucleus
Where do ADH( primary) and Oxytocin originate?
paraventricular nucleus
Where do TRH, CRG, and GHIH, ADH and Oxytocin (primary) originate?
Medical Pre-optic nucleus
Where does GnRH originate?
T4
______ is about 90% of the thyroid's production, and is a prohormone
type 2
_________ deiodinase is found in the glial cells; and is not affected by fasting or starvation
T3
_________ is about 10% of the thyroid's production and is in active form
GPCR
___________ --> G proteins --> Effector Enzymes
type 1
____________ deiodinease is found in the liver and kidney
prohormones
___________________ need to be cleaved in order to generate functional hormones
hormone
a chemical substance that is secreted in circulation in small amounts and delivered to target tissues where is produces responses
increased (mod to high)
a diffuse toxic goiter will typically have __________ iodine intake
Hyperthyroidism
a high state of excitability, intolerance to heat, increased sweating, weight loss, diarrhea, muscle weakness nervousness and fatigue, tremors are all indicative of
acromegaly
a hormonal disorder that develops when the pituitary produces too much growth during adulthood (the growth plates are closed)
Infundibulum
a thin stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
increased (mild to mod)
a toxic adenoma will typically have an _____________ iodine intake
increased (mild to mod)
a toxic multi nodular goiter will typically have __________ iodine intake
optic nerves
cancers from the pituitary gland can compress what nerves??
neural mechanism
catecholamines have what type of mechanism?
FSH
causes the growth of follicles in the ovaries and sertoli cells
GHIH (somatostatin)
causes the inhibition of GH
GHRH
causes the release of GH
CRH
causes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
GRH
causes the release of luteinizing hormone and prolactin
thyroid storm causes
causes: untreated hyperthyroidism, overactive thyroid
acidophil
classification for somatotropes (GH)
FSH and LH
control growth of the of the ovaries and testes and other reproductive hormones
TSH
controls secretion rate of thyroxine and the the thyroid gland
ACTH
controls the secretions of some adrenocortical hormones, which affect the metabolism of glucose, proteins and fats
IP3
GPCR --> G Proteins --> Phospholipase A/C --> PIP2 --> ________--> PKc
PIP2
GPCR --> G Proteins --> Phospholipase A/C --> _______ --> IP3 --> PKc
adenylyl cyclase
GPCR --> G Proteins --> ___________ --> cAMP --> pKa
Phospholipase A/C
GPCR --> G Proteins --> _____________ --> PIP2 --> IP3 --> PKc
G proteins
GPCR --> __________ --> Effector enzymes
Phospholipase A/C
GnRH, TRH, GHRH, Angiotensin II, ADH, Oxytocin all use what G protein coupler?
delta basophils
Gonadotropes are (LH and FSH)
hyper
Grave's diseasae is a _____________thyroid disorder
continuous activation
Grave's disease produces hyperthyroidism because the TSI'd bind to the TSH receptors and _________________________ of cAMP
hypo
Hashimotos is a ___________thyroid disorder
3
How many G-proteins are on the intracellular side of the cell membrane?
stalk interruption
Hypoglycemia, micropenis and cryptorchidism, short stature, hypotension and intellectual delay are all signs of what
ACTH
Hypothalamus Hormone: CRH Pituitary Hormone:
GH
Hypothalamus Hormone: GHRH Pituitary Hormone:
LH and FSH
Hypothalamus Hormone: GnRH Pituitary Hormone:
prolactin
Hypothalamus Hormone: PRH Pituitary Hormone:
TSH
Hypothalamus Hormone: TRH Pituitary Hormone:
increased
If LESS hormone is required to reach 50% of the maximal response then sensitivity has
decreased
If MORE hormone is required to reach 50% of the maximal response then sensitivity has
anterior lobe
In a pituitary stalk interruption the ________ hormones are more affected
false
T/F: GH is secreted without life, and peaks in late adulthood
triiodothyonine
T3 AKA
thyroxine
T4 aka
TSH
TRH --> __________ --> T3, T4
protein hormones
TRH and GH are examples of what type of hormone?
thyrotropes
TSH is secreted by
promotes
GH ________________ lipolysis, which can cause someone to become ketogenic especially if they are deficient in insulin
high T4
primary hyperthyroid disease = (high)
low TSH
primary hyperthyroidism = (low)
GH
promotes growth of the entire body by affecting protein formation, cell multiplication and cell differentiation
prolactin
promotes mammary gland development and milk production
inactive
protein bound steroid hormones are _____________
prohormones
protein hormones are often made and stored as what?
Ca
secretion of ADH and oxytocin is stimulated when ________ enters in to the terminal and stimulates the exocytosis of the granules
tryptophan
serotonin is made from
suprachiasmatic nucleus
serves as the mater clock in the hypothalamus
ACTH
simulates synthesis and secretion of adreno-cortical hormones
anterior pituitary
site of secretion for ACTH
hypothalamus to post. pituitary
site of secretion for ADH
hypothalamus
site of secretion for CRH
Adrenal cortex
site of secretion for DHEA
adrenal cortex
site of secretion for DOC
thyroid
site of secretion for FIT
anterior pituitary
site of secretion for FSH
hypothalamus
site of secretion for GnRH
placenta
site of secretion for HCG
liver
site of secretion for IGF
anterior pituitary
site of secretion for LH
thyroid
site of secretion for MIT
anterior pituitary
site of secretion for MSH
hypothalamus
site of secretion for PIF
anterior pituitary
site of secretion for POMC
thyroid
site of secretion for PTH
hypothalamus
site of secretion for SRIF
thyroid
site of secretion for T3
thyroid
site of secretion for T4
liver
site of secretion for TBG
hypothalamus
site of secretion for TRH
anterior pituitary
site of secretion for TSH
hypothalamus
site of secretion for for GHRH
anterior pituitary
site of secretion for for HGH
placenta
site of secretion for hPL
prolactin
sleep, stress, pregnancy and chest wall stimulation can all trigger
cholesterol
steroid hormones are examples of what type of hormone?
prolactin
stimulates development of breasts and milk
oxytocin
stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions
Growth Hormone
stimulates protein synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
TSH
stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
LH
stimulates testosterone, stimulates ovulation, forming the corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis
TRH
stimulates the secretion of TSH and prolactin
inhibit
stress and opioids _____________ oxytocin
pitocin
synthetic version of oxytocin; used IV to induce labor
Phospholipase C
the V1 receptors for ADH are coupled to which G protein cascade?
adenylyl cyclase
the V2 receptors for ADH are coupled to which G protein cascade
TSH
the anterior lobe of the pituitary secretes (thyroid pathway)
hypophyseal portal vessels
the anterior pituitary gland senses and releases hormones via the
ATPase pumps
the energy for thyroid activates due to transporting iodine across the boundary is needed in
releasing or inhibotry
the hormones from the anterior pituitary are either?
TRH
the hypothalamus PVN secretes (thyroid pathway)
directly
the hypothalamus ___________ directly releases hormones through the posterior pituitary
negative feedback
the main control mechanism for the thyroid pathway is through a ________________ mechanism
cortisol
the negative feedback for ACTH is
IGF-I
the negative feedback for GH is
T3
the negative feedback for TSH is
hypothalamus
the nerve signals for the posterior pituitary originate in the
down-regulation
the number or affinity of the receptors for the hormone decreases
up-regulation
the number or affinity of the receptors increases
hypothalumus
the posterior pituitary is an outgrowth of the
nerve signals
the posterior pituitary releases signals according to
POMC
the pre-cursor for the ACTH family
increases
the pulmonary function of thyroid hormones is to ______________ both the respiratory rate and erythropoietin production
T4, T3
the thyroid secretes
thyroxine
the treatment for hypothyroidism is
TRH and VIP
these hormones can stimulate prolactin
water-soluble hormones
these hormones tend to have a faster clearance from the blood, and therefore a shorter half life
fat-soluble hormones
these hormones tend to have longer half-lives; especially if they are protein bound
beta
these subunits fro TSH, FSH and LH are synthesized from mRNA and are different for each hormone
prolactin excess
this disorder is caused by disruption from the hypothalamus thereby loosing the tonic dopamine contraction
diaphragma sellae
this is the barrier that separates the pituitary gland from the rest of the brain
G protein/ cAMP Cascade
this is the method through which GHRH stimulates GH
cholesterol
this is the precursor molecule for steroid hormones
methimazole
this is used to lower thyroxine levels in neonatal thyrotoxicosis
regulated pathway
this pathway is caused by an external stimulus which triggers the cell to release the stored hormone
constitutive pathway
this pathway is when hormones are secreted from the ER or golgi; it is less responsive to external stimuli, and a less common mean of secretion
Hasimoto Thyroiditis
this type of thyroid disease is with or without initial hyperthyroidism by eventually leads to thyroid burnout and then hypothyroidism
increase, increase
thyroid hormone serves to ________ base metabolic rate by _________, Na/K ATP-ase, O2 consumption, heat production and BMR
decreased
thyrotoxic phase of subacute thyroiditis will typically have ____________ iodine intake
Propylthiouracil
treatment for hyperthyroidism
propanolol and hydrocortisone
treatment for thyroid storm
endocrine
type of secretion system that uses the circulatory system
GH
typically, thyroid hormone may be synergistic with _______ to promote bone turnover and growth
tyrosine
what amino acid are thyroid hormones synthesized from?
cAMP
what are the second messengers in the AC effector cascade?
IP3 and DAG
what are the second messengers in the Phospholipase C effector cascade?
chromaffin granules
what are the secretary vessels called that store catecholamines?
GHIH and Dopamine
what are the two inhibitory hormones of the hypothalamus
thyrogolbulin
what are thyroid hormones attached to in the follicular lumen?
thiocyanate and percholarte
what can block Iodine uptake into the thyroid?
secretion stimulus
what cause the release of hormones; has to do with Ca2+ and or cAMP
deiodinases
what converts T4 to T3?
calcitonin
what do parafollicular cells secrete?
iodine
what is required for thyroid hormone synthesis?
iodine position switch
what is the difference between active and inactive T3?
chatechol
what is the groups that Epi, NE, dopamine ect. all have in common?
cGMP
what is the second messenger in the Guanylyl cyclase mechanism
V1
what receptor can be found on smooth muscle for ADH?
V2
what receptor is located in the kidneys to increase water absorption through ADH?
binding protein
what to steroid hormones need in order to diffuse through the blood?
peptide hormones
what type of hormones use G-protein receptors?
pre-ganglionic SNS
what type of nerve fiber synapses on the adrenal medulla to cause Catecholamine secretion?
peptides and amines
what type of proteins use G protein coupled receptors?
empty sella syndrome
when a there is a defect in development that causes CSF to encroach on the pituitary gland and impeded its development
steroid hormones
when the liver is diseased, the inability for the liver to process metabolites and secrete hormones can cause an increase in ____________
gigantism
when there is an excessive amount of GH before the growth plates are closed; typically causes people to grow over 8 ft. tall
anterior hypothalamus
where are osmoreceptors located?
late DCT
where are principal cells?
in the cell
where are the receptors for steroid hormones?
follicular epithelial cells
where are thyroid hormones synthesized?
arcuate nucleus
where do GHRH and Dopamine originate?
golgi
where in the cell are the preprohormones generated to prohormones
Rathke's pouch
where is the origin of the anterior pituitary?
Synthesis of TG, excretion into lumen
1. 2. Na+/I- cotransport (I Trap) 3. Oxidation of I- to I2 4. I2 organized into MIT/DIT 5. MIT/ DIT coupled into T3/T4 6. Endocytosis of TG (back into follicular cells) 7. T3/T4 hydrolyzed into circulation 8. MIT/DIT de-iodinized
Na+/I- cotransport (I Trap)
1. Synthesis of TG, excretion into lumen 2. 3. Oxidation of I- to I2 4. I2 organized into MIT/DIT 5. MIT/ DIT coupled into T3/T4 6. Endocytosis of TG (back into follicular cells) 7. T3/T4 hydrolyzed into circulation 8. MIT/DIT de-iodinized
Oxidation of I- to I2
1. Synthesis of TG, excretion into lumen 2. Na+/I- cotransport (I Trap) 3. 4. I2 organized into MIT/DIT 5. MIT/ DIT coupled into T3/T4 6. Endocytosis of TG (back into follicular cells) 7. T3/T4 hydrolyzed into circulation 8. MIT/DIT de-iodinized
I2 organized into MIT/DIT
1. Synthesis of TG, excretion into lumen 2. Na+/I- cotransport (I Trap) 3. Oxidation of I- to I2 4. 5. MIT/ DIT coupled into T3/T4 6. Endocytosis of TG (back into follicular cells) 7. T3/T4 hydrolyzed into circulation 8. MIT/DIT de-iodinized
hypothalamus
A region of the forebrain which acts as the main link between endocrine system and the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
corticotropes
ACTH is secreted by
adenylyl cyclase
ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, ADH, HCG, MSH, CRH, Calcitonin, PTH, Glucagon and Epi all use what G protein coupler?
hypothalamic neurons
ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamic neurons
contract
ADH can also serve to ______________ smooth muscle
increased, decreased
ADH is stimulated by _______________ serum osmolarity and _____________ ECF volume
stimulatory
ADH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH and Oxytocin are all _____________ hormones released from the hypothalamus
tyrosine and tryptophan
Amine hormones are typically derivatives of:
Hypothyroidism
Anti-TPO, and anti-Tg can cause
diabetogenic effect
GH can antagonize the actions of insulin, decreased the uptake of glucose and increase lipolysis, which can all raise body insulin levels
increase
Cirrhosis with decrease TBG there fore ______________ free hormone
basophiols
Coritcotropes are (ACTH)
steroid hormone
Cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol, progesterone are examples of what type of hormone?
somatrotropes
GH is secreted by this cell type
pulsatile
GH is synthesized is a ___________ fashion
IGF
GH stimulates this is the liver
somatrophs
GHIH inhibits the release of GH at the level of the
GHIH
GHRH is inhibited by what hormone?
increases, decreases
GH _____________ amino acid uptake and in-cooperation into proteins, and ____________ urea production helping with nitrogen balance
cAMP
GPCR --> G Proteins --> Adenylyl cyclase --> ________--> pKa
amine hormones
Epi, NE, Dopa and Serotonin are examples of
Gonadotropes
FSH and LH are secreted by
anterior pituitary
FSH, LH, TSH, GH, Prolactin and ACTH are all secreted from the
increases, decreases, increases
GH ________ blood glucose, ____________ peripheral insulin sensitivity, and ______________ serum insulin levels
stimulates
GH _____________ IGF production which stimulates growth
thyroid neural effects
Maturation of the CNS in the perinatal period, helps maintain emotional tone, and speed and amplitude of the peripheral nerve reflexes
PIH
PRH is inhibited by what hormone?
decrease, increase
Pregnancy increases TBG by slowing the breakdown of TBG by the liver; this ___________ the levels of free hormone, but __________ the total amount the thyroid hormone
Lactotropes
Prolactin is secreted by
inhibits ovulation
Prolactin, through the negative feedback to GnRH reduces levels of hormones which can
three, one
Steroid hormones have _______ cyclohexyl rings and _____ cyclopentyl ring
stimulates
Suckling, sight/sound/smell of infant, cervix dilation and orgasm all ______________ oxytocin
true
T or F: peptides are water soluble, therefore are able to freely be in circulation
indirectly
The hypothalamus ___________ stimulates the anterior hypothalamus to release hormones
Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
The negative feedback for FSH is
craniopharyngiomas
These may from from the remnants of Rathke's pouch
catylclitic receptors
These receptors are normally dimeric in nature and have three domains (extracellular, transmembrane and intracellular)
oxytocin
This hormone is an example of a positive feedback loop during ovulation
increases, B1
Thyroid hormones ____________ cardiac output and increase the response to catecholamines by up-regulating _______ receptors
amine hormones
Thyroid hormones are examples of what type of hormone?
Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins and anti-TPO can cause this
basophils
Thyrotropes are (TSH)
propylthiouracil
What can block thyroid peroxidase?
C
What domain binds DNA on intracellular receptors?
E
What domain do steroid hormones bind to on intracellular receptors?
receptor binding
What is the first step of hormone action?
epithelial
What is the nature of the cells in the Anterior pituitary?
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone abbreviation
slows
another benefit of having steroid hormones bound to proteins is that is ____________ their clearance from the blood
ADH
antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin abbreviation
active; reservoir
free T3/T4 is _____________; bound acts as a _____________
Wolff-Chaikoff effect
high levels of I- inhibit organification and, therefore, inhibit synthesis of thyroid hormone
immunoassays
hormones are typically measured via
7
how many transmembrane proteins are there in G-protein coupled receptors?
free thyroxine (T4)
hyperthyroidism is diagnosed by this value
prolactin
if there is a decrease in dopamine then levels of what will be elevated?
IGF-1 levels
if there is a primary endocrine disorder, then what levels will be affected?
GH
if there is a secondary endocrine disorder in the pars distalis then what hormone's levels will be affected?
GHRH
if there is a tertiary disorder in the hypothalamus then the levels of what will be affected
high, low
in a fasting state, GH is _________ and insulin is ________ ,which conserves glucose for the brain and used lipids for energy
Anabolic
in a fed state, GH is an ___________ hormone which causes IGF production
storage with no growth
in a high CHO setting the main function of GH is __________________, in which insulin and no AA inhibits GH and IGF production
empty sella
in this condition, patients often complain of vertigo, headache and visual alterations, and also have hormonal disorders
T4 (thyroxine) and T3
increases chemical reactions in most cells thus increasing body amine metabolic rate
ADH
increases water reabsorption
dopamine (aka prolactin inhibiting)
inhibits the release of prolactin
negative feedback
insulin and glucose are examples of what type of feedback?
acidophils
lactotropes are (PRL)
Prolactin excess
major symptoms include galactorrhea and infertility which is caused by the inhibition of GnRH and high prolactin levels
TBG
most T3 and T4 are bound in the blood by
graves disease
neonatal thyrotoxicosis occurs exclusively in infants born to mothers with
medullary thyroid carcinoma
parafollicular cells can cause this type of cancer
local clock control
peripheral endocrine tissues display cyclcical changes showing
acidophilic tumors
pituitary hormones that secrete large quantities of hGH
neural tissue
posterior pituitary arises from
thyroid storm
presents with acute onset hyperthermia, tachycardia, and restlessness