Blood

Basophils (G)

*LARGEST granulocyte*, contains dark-purple granules. Accumulate in site of infection, they release granules which *leads to an inflammatory response.*

solutes found in the plasma:

1) Proteins 2) Nitrogenous Wastes 3) Nutrients 4) Electrolytes

What is the lifespan of a RBC?

100-120 days

maturation of cells

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state.

Erythropoietin

A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

Hemoglobin

A red protein that transports oxygen in the blood. Each contains an iron ion bound to a heme group

Globulins

Aids in liver function blood clotting & fighting infection. *It is produced in the liver by the immune system.*

What is plasma made of

Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen.

Where are the binding sites for oxygen on a molecule of hemoglobin?

An O2 molecule binds between the iron atom and the hydrogen ion.

hemoglobin is

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

What types of problems may affect the reticulocyte count?

Aplastic anemia or other types of anemia, such as *iron deficiency anemia (MOST COMMON).* A low reticulocyte count can also be caused by exposure to radiation, a long-term (chronic) infection, or by certain medicines that damage the bone marrow. Describe the process of erythropoiesis

What organ detects hypoxemia?

Carotid body

The main role of plasma:

Cells also put their waste products into the plasma. The plasma then helps remove this waste from the body.

What hormone does this organ secrete in response to hypoxemia?

Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia in the renal circulation.

Reticulocyte

Immature erythrocyte (RBC)

blood plasma

Is the largest part of your blood. It, *makes up more than half (about 55%)* of its overall content. hen separated from the rest of the blood, plasma is a light yellow liquid.

How many molecules of oxygen can bind to each molecule of hemoglobin?

It has four oxygen molecules.

How would no nucleus affect t the lifespan of the RBC?

It won be able to go through cell/DNA duplication making them perishable.

Fibrinogen

It's a glycoprotein complex that during vascular & tissue injury is converted by thrombin to fibrin to a fibrin-based clot. *Main function is to occlude blood vessels to stop bleeding.* *liver*

Albumin

It's the *MOST ABUNDANT pruduced in liver*, the main protein in blood plasma. *It binds water, cations, fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin, thyroxine (T4).* Main Function is to REGULATE ONCOTIC pressure of the blood.

Hypoxemia

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

Eosinophils (G)

More orange-red due to the volume of eosin it has. It has a bi-lobed nucleus (resembles an aliens head). *Part of the body's allergic response and it's abundant in parasitic infection.*

What 2 organs are responsible for clearing the blood of damaged or aged RBCs?

Old or damaged RBCs are removed from the circulation by macrophages in the *spleen and liver*, and the hemoglobin they contain is broken down into heme and —globin.

Lymphocytes (NG)

T-Cells: protects body from pathogen (infection) and cancer cells. B cells: helps immune system to adapt by secreting antibodies.

Explain what happens to the components of a RBC as they are disassembled by macrophages:

The globin protein may be *recycled, or broken* down further to its constituent amino acids, which may be recycled or metabolized

oncotic pressure

The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins.

hematopoisesis

The production of *all types of blood cells including formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells from HSC.*

Neutrophils

They're the *MOST Abundant white blood cells.* Their granules aren't acidic or basic hence the prefix Neutro- they have a multi-lobed nucleus (3-4 lobes) they can squeeze through the pores of capillary walls (Diapedesis) to treat INFECTION.

Describe the function of an erythrocyte

Transports oxygen and Co2.

Describe the shape of an erythrocyte.

biconcave disk

hema

blood

Carotid body

chemoreceptor located in the carotid artery that detects changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood acid levels

Erythropoietin helps..

circulate more red blood cells carrying oxygen molecules throughout the body.

How does erythropoiesis act

complex physiological process to *maintain oxygen level* in the body through production of red blood cells

-emia, -hemia

condition of the blood, congestion of blood

-poisesis

formation

types of leukocytes

granulocytes and non granulocytes Within: Never let monkeys eat bananas

biconcave

having a hollowed surface on both sides of a structure

HSC

hematopoietic stem cell

What is the function of hemoglobin?

is contained in red blood cells, which efficiently *carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body.* Hemoglobin also helps in the transportation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions back to the lungs.

Erythropoiesis

is the production of red blood cells in bone marrow, and it can also be define as the differentiation and maturation erythrocytes.

Hematocrit

measures the volume of erythrocytes in a given volume of blood (expressed as a percentage)

Nongranular

monocytes and lymphocytes

granular

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

Erythrocytes has no

nucleus/ a-nucleated

monomeric

one polypeptide chain

aplastic

pertaining to a failure to form

Differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

eythro

red

Erythrocytes

red blood cells *Most abundant cell*, it's lacks organelles including nucleus. Are biconcave in shape, which increases surface area and facilitates the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Red Tint: it derives from iron called hemoglobin (oxygen carrier).

formed elements

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets; erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cell fragments called platelets—and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma.

Where does hematopoiesis take place?

red bone marrow

What is the significance of the hemopoietic stem cell?

stem cells gives rise to other blood cells. This process occurs in the red bone marrow, in the core of most bones.

Monocytes (NG)

t's the *BIGGEST white blood cell in the immune system.* The nucleus takes over majority of the cell. It's formed in bone marrow, *fights off bacteria, fungus, and viruses.*

Diapedesis

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.

hypo

under, below

Plasma carries what?

water, salts and enzymes.