Blood
The formed elements of the blood are red blood cells, _____ blood cells, and ______
White, platelets
Blood DNA tests
Without a nucleus, red blood cells do not contain any DNA. The DNA housed in the nuclei of white blood cells is what is actually tested during blood DNA tests. It is amazing how few blood cells are truly needed to supply sufficient DNA for these tests.
granul/o
granules
The cardiovascular system has three components:
heart, blood, and blood vessels
The most abundant protein found in red blood cells is
hemoglobin
Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are all types of?
leukocytes
Which leukocytes are classified as agranulocytes?
monocytes and lymphocytes
blast/o
primitive cell
erythr/o
red
When there is a need for more platelets, the liver and kidney produce a chemical called_______ which causes hemocytoblast to grow and divide to become a ________
thrombopoietin; megakaryocyte
leuk/o
white
The three-step process that includes vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and blood clotting (coagulation is called?
Hemostasis
What promotes increased red blood cell production?
Increased erythropoietin levels and decreased oxygen levels in blood
Which of these are characteristics of hemoglobin?
It can bind to and carry four molecules of oxygen. It binds to H and acts as a buffer resisting pH changes in the blood It carries carbon dioxide Each globin chain contains and iron molecule
Lymphocyte
Round nucleus with little cytoplasm; 6-14 μm in diameter Function: Is important for the immune system. Produces antibodies and other chemicals to fight foreign pathogens and is important for tumor control.
What can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation?
Septicemia, inflammation, cancer
Erythrocytes
Commonly called red blood cells. Each is a biconcave disk, thick around its rim and thin at its center. This shape gives the cell a greater surface area for an exchange of gases in the lungs and at the tissues. They are the most plentiful of the formed elements—function to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Note the absence of a nucleus. There are very few organelles in the cytoplasm of a red blood cell. Without mitochondria, erythrocytes cannot carry out aerobic respiration. So red blood cells do not use the oxygen they transport.
Iron is critical for the synthesis of the red blood cell protein called
Hemoglobin
A group of inherited disorders caused by the inability to make one or more clotting factors is
Hemophilia
the term for production of all blood cells is
Hemopoiesis
Leukocytes (WBCs):
Spherical cells that must be stained to be seen Function: Have various functions, depending on type. (See following entries.)
Nutrients
Are necessary chemicals for normal body function. Glucose is a good example. If the blood glucose level falls below normal, the liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases it to the blood. Other examples of nutrients are amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. These and other nutrients are usually absorbed into the blood through the digestive system.
Formed Elements
Are not dissolved, they include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Erythrocytes and leukocytes are cells, but thrombocytes are cell fragments, not complete cells.
A red blood cell is shaped as a _______ disk
Biconcave
After hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, heme decomposes into iron and ________, a waste that must be removed from the body.
Bilirubin
Regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, as well as acid-base balance, are all functions of?
Blood
What is the average blood volume in adults?
4-6 liters
How much blood does an average adult have?
4-6 liters of blood, approximately 8% of the body's weight
How much of the total volume of plasma is water?
91%
Blood type is based on the presence or absence of which antigens on the red blood cell?
A antigens and B antigens
Blood type
A= Type A B=Type B C= Type AB D= Type O
Albumins
Albumins are transport proteins dissolved in plasma. An example of an albumin is the plasma protein that binds to thyroid hormone to extend its half-life while traveling in the blood.
The following three types of dissolved proteins make up another 7% of plasma's total volume:
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen and clotting factors
nutrients found in plasma
Amino acids, fatty acids, glucose
a generalized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is
Anemia
Hematocrit
Blood test that measures the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. In this test, a tube of whole blood is spun in a centrifuge and the formed elements separate from the plasma. Three levels are formed. The formed elements are heavy and settle to the bottom, they are not all the same.
Lymphocytes
Common in circulating blood, making up 20% to 50% of the total WBCs. Although lymphocytes and monocytes stain similarly, lymphocytes are smaller and have less cytoplasm. Two of the subclasses of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Although they look alike, they have different immune system functions.
Electrolytes present in plasma
Calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride
The body system that contains the heart, blood, and blood vessesl is the ______ system
Cardiovascular
Thrombocytes (platelets
Cell fragments surrounded by a membrane; 2-4 μm in diameter Function: Form platelet plugs and release clotting factors.
Which of the three hemostatic processes has the most lasting effects at stopping blood loss?
Coagulation
Leukocytes
Commonly called white blood cells. Five types have a different appearance and function, but all have prominent nuclei that must be stained to be seen. Three of the types—neutrophils basophils, and eosinophils contain small granules that differ in color when stained. These leukocytes are classified as granulocytes. Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulocytes because they do not contain visible granules. The size and shape of the nucleus, the presence or absence of granules, and the color they stain help distinguish one type of leukocyte from another. Unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes can move out of blood vessels into the tissues. They are often in circulation only as a means of getting to the tissues where they perform their functions. These functions provide various defenses against foreign pathogens.
What type of tissue is blood classified as?
Connective
All statements that are true of leukocyte development
Development of leukocytes begins in the red bone marrow Leukocytes develop from hemocytoblast Luekopoiesis is promoted by colony-stimulating factors. There is generally 10 to 20 times more granulocytes and monocytes in the red bone marrow than in circulation
Components of plasma are
Dissolved and Plasma is a solution with proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, and regulatory substances as the solutes and water as the solvent. The concentrations of these solutes are important for homeostasis.
Ions in solution are called?
Electrolytes. An example of an ion transported in plasma is Ca2+. Osteoblasts deposit excess calcium ions from the blood into bone (the skeletal system chapter). Other ions in plasma include Na+, K+, and Cl−.
Gases
Enter or leave the body through the lungs, may be required by cells for chemical reactions to occur. Gases may also be produced as a waste product of cellular reactions. Examples of gases dissolved in plasma are oxygen and carbon dioxide. Most of the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood is carried by red blood cells not dissolved in plasma.
Which leukocyte increases in number during allergic reactions and parasitic infections?
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Faint granules; nucleus with multiple lobes connected by a filament; stains pink to purple; 10-12 μm in diameter Function: Phagocytizes microorganisms. Numbers increase in bacterial infections.
Fibrinogen and clotting factors.
Fibrinogen is a clotting protein dissolved in plasma. Fibrinogen comes out of solution to form a clot. Other chemicals, called clotting factors, are needed for the clot to form. Serum is plasma with the fibrinogen and clotting factors removed
Thrombocytes
Formed elements are commonly called platelets. Platelets are not actually cells but cell fragments. Together, platelets and leukocytes make up approximately 1% of whole blood, but platelets outnumber leukocytes. Platelets in the human body have many important functions: Platelets secrete vasoconstrictors (chemicals that reduce the size of broken blood vessels) to slow the flow of blood. Platelets secrete clotting factors to promote the formation of blood clots. Platelets form platelet plugs Platelets secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation. Platelets destroy bacteria. Platelets secrete growth factors to stimulate mitosis to repair vessel walls.
Identify the protein shown here, that is located within red blood cells carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions?
Hemoglobin
Monocyte
Large cell, two to three times the size of an RBC; nucleus that is round, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped; contains more cytoplasm than a lymphocyte; 12-20 μm in diameter Function: Leaves the blood to become a macrophage in the tissues. Phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.
Basophils
Least common type of leukocyte. Basophils average from 0% to less than 2% of all the white blood cells in circulation. The large, dark blue-purple granules of a basophil are so prominent that it is difficult to see the S- or U-shaped nucleus. The number of basophils in circulation tends to increase with allergies. A basophil's primary function is to release two chemicals—histamine and heparin—for defense: 1)Histamine released from basophils causes vessels to dilate (expand). This brings more blood to an area and causes blood vessel walls to become more permeable. The increased blood flow and permeability allow more leukocytes to move out of the blood vessels into injured tissues more quickly. 2)Heparin released from basophils is an anticoagulant, which means it prevents clotting. This chemical allows other leukocytes to move more freely.
Which term describes an abnormally high white blood cell count?
Leukocytosis
The smallest of the white blood cells that have a large round nucleus and cytoplasm which lacks granules are called
Lymphocytes
A phagocytic monocyte that has migrated to the body tissue is called a?
Macrophage
Eosinophils
Make up 0% to 6% of the total circulating white blood cells. Their granules stain orange to bright red, making them easy to distinguish from other WBCs. Eosinophil numbers increase with parasitic infections and allergies. The chemicals they secrete can be effective against large parasites such as hookworms and tapeworms.
Monocytes
Make up 4% to 8% of the total circulating white blood cells. Although monocytes and lymphocytes stain similarly, there are significant differences between the two types. Monocytes are the largest of the WBCs, measuring two to three times the size of a red blood cell. They have a large, round, kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus surrounded by abundant cytoplasm. Monocytes migrate to tissues where they become macrophages and function to phagocytize (eat) dead and dying tissue, microorganisms, and any other foreign matter or debris. The number of monocytes in circulation increases with inflammation and viral infections
Neutrophils
Most common type of leukocyte. Make up 40% to 70% of all the white blood cells in circulation. Each neutrophil has a lobed nucleus and faint granules in the cytoplasm that contain lysozymes used to destroy bacteria. The number of neutrophils in circulation rises in response to bacterial infections.
Which leukocyte is the most abundant in the blood?
Neutrophil
What is the name of white blood cells that have a lobed nucleus and fine granules?
Neutrophils
What is the fluid portion of the blood called?
Plasma
What is serum?
Plasma with the clotting factors and fibrinogen removed
What three general processes are involved in hemostasis?
Platelet plug formation, blood clotting, vascular spasm
Basophil
Prominent granules that stain blue-purple; lobed nucleus; 10-12 μm in diameter Function: Releases histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to prevent unnecessary clot formation. Numbers increase with allergies.
Eosinophil
Prominent granules that stain orange to bright red; lobed nucleus; 11-14 μm in diameter Function: Attacks some worm parasites. Numbers can increase with allergies.
What is the function of leukocytes?
Protect against foreign pathogens
What are the functions of the blood?
Protection, transportation, regulation
Three layers of blood in test tube
Red blood cells (RBCs)—45% of whole blood—are the heaviest, so they settle at the very bottom of the tube. Above the red blood cells is a thin, buff-colored layer of white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets—less than 1% of whole blood. Above this layer is the clear, straw-colored plasma (55% of whole blood).
What are the cells that function to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood called?
Red blood cells and Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes (RBCs) (Red blood cells)
Red, biconcave disks with no nucleus; 7.5 μm in diameter Function: Mainly, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Formed elements
The cells and cell parts such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Globulins
The globulins are another class of plasma proteins. Examples of globulins are the antibodies produced by white blood cells to fight foreign pathogens.
The heart serves as?
The heart serves as a pump to circulate blood through a closed circuit of blood vessels out to the tissues of the body and back again to the heart.
Vascular spasm
The immediate constriction of a broken blood vessel that reduces blood flow.
Characteristics of Eosinophils
They are granulocytes, their numbers increase in allergies and parasitic infection
Select all of these that are true of people with type O Blood
They have no A or B antigens on their red blood cells They have antibodies against A and B They can donate blood to any other ABO blood type
An unwanted, stationary blood clot
Thrombus
What are functions of red blood cells?
Transport carbon dioxide and oxygen
Match the ABO blood type with the antibody present in its plasma
Type A Blood= Anti-B antibodies in plasma Type B Blood= Anti-A antibodies in plasma Type AB Blood= Neither Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies are present Type O blood= Both Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies are present
ABO blood types with the antigen present on its red blood cell membrane.
Type A= A antigens Type B= B antigens Type AB= A and B antigens are present Type O= Neither A nor B antigens are present
Plasma consists of over 90%
Water
Blood type can be determined by mixing a drop of blood with drops of different sera and looking to see if _______ occurs.
agglutination
The clumping of red blood cells that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed is called?
agglutination
The process of ________ marks red blood cells for removal by macrophages
agglutination
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
The process of coaglulation results in the formation of a
blood clot
Waste products are?
by-products of chemical reactions that occur in the cells. They are secreted into the blood for removal. An example is bilirubin, a waste produced from the breakdown of worn-out red blood cells. Other wastes—such as the nitrogenous wastes removed from the blood by the kidneys.
cyt/o
cell
Regulatory substances
chemicals used for communication. Examples of regulatory substances dissolved in plasma are the endocrine hormones
coagul/o
clot
thromb/o
clot
Agglutin/o
clumping
Plasma
different types of cells and cell parts that exist in a fluid matrix of the blood
phag/o
eat, swallow
Coagulation involves the dissolved protein fibrinogen coming out of solution to form a solid fiber called
fibrin
