BMED 4853 Exam 2 Review

A hypersecreting tumor in the hypothalamus would result in ______________. A. high CRH, high ACTH, high cortisol B. high CRH, low ACTH, low cortisol C. low CRH, high ACTH, high cortisol D. low CRH, low ACTH, low cortisol

A

A person with secondary hypocortisolism would have ____________. A. decreased cortisol and ACTH B. elevated cortisol and ACTH C. decreased cortisol and elevated ACTH D. elevated cortisol and decreased ACTH E. elevated cortisol and normal ACTH

A

In skeletal muscle, the Ca2+ for contraction comes from __________. A. sarcoplasmic reticulum B. mitochondria C. extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum D. extracellular fluid E. mitochondria, extracellular fluid, sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Propioreceptors monitor ________. A. limb and muscle position B. taste perception C. arterial blood pressure D. A and C

A

Stimulus intensity is directly correlated with the amount of hormone secreted. A. true B. false

A

The "stress hormones" of the adrenal cortex are all derived from cholesterol. A. True B. False

A

The corticospinal tract ________. A. projects to contralateral spinal cord B. arises from parietal cortex C. generates postural reflexes D. None of the above

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the A. sympathetic division B. parasympathetic division C. craniosacral division D. somatomotor division

A

The receptor found on most parasympathetic target cells is ______________. A. muscarinic cholinergic B. nicotinic cholinergic C. alpha adrenergic D. beta adrenergic

A

What is an example of a primary hypersecretion disorder? A. Excess T3/T4 secretion due to thyroid tumor B. Excess ACTH secretion due to pituitary tumor C. Excess Cortisol secretion due to pituitary tumor D. Excess T3/T4 secretion due to hypothalamic tumor

A

What is an example of a primary hypersecretion disorder? A. excess T3/T4 secretion due to a thyroid tumor B. excess ACTH secretion due to pituitary tumor C. excess cortisol secretion due to pituitary tumor D. excess T3/T4 secretion due to hypothalamic tumor

A

What is the function of the alpha motor neuron? The gamma motor neuron? A. innervate the extrafusal muscle fiber and intrafusal muscle fibers respectively B. innervate the golgi tendon organ and tendons respectively C. innervate the extrafusal muscle fibers for both D. innervate the golgi tendon organ and the intrafusal muscle fiber

A

What makes up the cerebrum? A. Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System B. Thalamus, Pineal Gland, Cerebral Cortex C. Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, Thalamus D. Cerebral Cortex, Limbic System, Pineal Gland

A

What makes up the cerebrum? A. cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system B. thalamus, pineal gland, cerebral cortex C. basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus D. cerebral cortex, limbic system, pineal gland

A

Which layer of the meninges is closest to the skull? A. Dura Mater B. Pia Mater C. Arachnoid Spaces D. Subdural Mater

A

Which layer of the meninges is closest to the skull? A. dura mater B. pia mater C. arachnoid spaces D. subdural mater

A

Which of the following is NOT a neurological effect of chronic stress? A. increased neurogenesis B. loss of synapses C. retraction of dendrites D. overly reactive microglia

A

Which of the following statements concerning the brainstem is true? A. damage to the brainstem is usually fatal B. the brainstem is responsible for higher level thinking skills C. the brainstem consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum D. the brainstem is a relay for sensory input E. all twelve cranial nerves enter or exit from the brainstem

A

Which of the following would be a receptor found on sympathetic target cells? A. alpha adrenergic B. muscarinic cholinergic C. nicotinic cholinergic D. A and C E. B and C

A

Which type of sensory information is NOT routed through the thalamus on its way to the brain? A. olfactory B. visual C. tase D. balance E. vibration

A

A hormone traveling in the bloodstream ______. A. travels only to cells with receptors for that hormone B. travels to all cells but elicits responses only in cells with receptors for that hormone C. must return to the endocrine cell to elicit a response

B

A main brain area for integrating and learning due to emotional experiences is the ______. A. hypothalamus B. amygdala C. cerebellum D. pons E. suprachiasmatic nucleus

B

A person taking exogenous thyroid hormone in an illegal diet pill would have _____ TSH levels while taking the diet pill. A. greater-than-normal B. less-than-normal C. equal-to-normal

B

A person with primary hypercortisolism would have _____________. A. decreased cortisol and elevated ACTH B. elevated cortisol and decreased ACTH C. decreased cortisol and ACTH D. elevated cortisol and normal ACTH

B

Activation of a Golgi tendon organ causes ________. A. Reflex inhibition of antagonistic muscles B. Reflex inhibition of the muscle C. Reflex contraction of the muscle D. Reciprocal inhibition

B

Convergence of sensory receptors to the same secondary neuron creates receptive fields that exhibit _______ spatial discrimination. A. greater B. less C. no change to

B

Damage to which of the following brain structures is most likely to result in difficulty in being able to remember meeting new people? A. thalamus B. hippocampus C. hypothalamus D. corpus callosum E. pituitary gland

B

Endocrine pathologies can involve the following ____________. A. Premature hormone catabolism B. Abnormal receptor transduction C. Inadequate positive feedback D. Loss of mechanoreceptors

B

Higher brain centers exert little influence on sensory signals. A. True B. False

B

If a person's vagus nerve was severed in an accident, that person is likely to experience __________. A. Infertility B. Digestion difficulties C. Tingling sensation in their fingertips D. Kidney stones E. An increase in body hair

B

Lipid soluble hormones are able to enter the nucleus of a cell and alter gene transcription. A. false B. true

B

Mechanosensation afferents travel to the cortex along which pathway? A. Sensory receptor to ventral spinal cord to medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. B. Sensory receptor to ipsilateral (same side as entry) dorsal spinal cord to medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. C. Sensory receptor to contralateral (opposite side as entry) dorsal spinal cord, spinal cord to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. D. Sensory receptor to ipsilateral (same side as entry) medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex. E. Sensory receptor to contralateral (opposite side as entry) medulla, medulla to thalamus, thalamus to cortex.

B

Neural responses typically last longer than endocrine responses. A. true B. false

B

The "stress hormones" of the adrenal cortex, such as cortisol, are useful in fight-or-flight situations, such as being chased by a bear. A. True B. False

B

The "stress hormones" of the adrenal cortex, such as cortisol, are useful in fight-or-flight situations, such as being chased by a bear. A. true B. false

B

The effectors in neural reflexes are the ________. A. afferent and efferent neurons B. muscles and glands C. sensory neurons and the interneurons D. sensory neurons and the muscles E. spinal cord and the brain

B

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is best described as_____________. A. an extensive network of neurons that provides short-loop negative feedback B. a modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary and ultimately provides signals to multiple target organs C. providing signals to multiple target organs D. a modified capillary bed that transports hormones directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary E. an extensive network of neurons that provides long-loop negative feedback

B

The muscle spindle monitors muscle _________ while the Golgi tendon organ monitors muscle ___________. A. length; diameter B. length; tension C. tension; length D. diameter; tension

B

The purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to ____. A. cushion the brain during physical impact B. keep potentially harmful substances in the blood away from the brain C. keep glucose levels high within the brain D. keep the levels of brain neurohormones high within the brain E. keep oxygen levels high within the brain

B

The purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to _______. A. keep glucose levels high within the brain B. keep potentially harmful substances in the blood away from the brain C. keep oxygen levels high within the brain D. keep the brain neurohormones high within the brain E. cushion the brain during physical impact

B

The signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease are associated with loss of neurons in the __________. A. Medulla oblongata B. Basal ganglia C. Corticospinal tract D. Midbrain E. Hypothalamus

B

The sympathetic nervous system is primarily characterized by ________________. A. long preganglionic and short postganglionic nerve fibers B. short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers C. no synapses b/w the central nervous system and the innervated organs D. A and C E. B and C

B

What generates power in the cross-bridge cycle? (aka what causes the power stroke) A. partial hydrolysis of ATP B. full hydrolysis & departure of ADP + Pi C. binding of new ATP D. binding of myosin head to actin

B

What generates power in the cross-bridge cycle? (aka what causes the power stroke?) A. Partial hydrolysis of ATP B. Full hydrolysis and departure of ADP+Pi C. Binding of new ATP D. Binding of myosin head to actin

B

What is the normal effect of the prefrontal cortex on amygdala activity? A. promotes activity B. surpasses activity

B

What type of memory is declarative memory? A. short term B. long term

B

When comparing nervous and endocrine systems, which of the following is TRUE? A. Both the nervous and endocrine systems have synapses B. The nervous system codes intensity by action potential frequency and the endocrine system codes intensity by amplitude (i.e., hormone concentration). C. The nervous system is typically slower than the endocrine system D. The nervous system and the endocrine system both have an afferent pathway. E. The nervous system response typically last longer than the endocrine system response.

B

Which brain region contains the primary sensory cortex? A. temporal B. parietal C. cerebellum D. frontal

B

Which brain structure, besides the hippocampus, is responsible for the link between stress and memory? A. cerebellum B. amygdala C. hypothalamus D. medulla

B

Which of the following increases the contrast between strongly activated receptive fields and their less active neighbors? A. labeled line coding B. lateral inhibition C. population coding D. two-point discrimination

B

Which of the following regions of the brain stem controls involuntary functions, such as blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting? A. reticular formation B. medulla oblongata C. pons D. midbrain

B

Which region of the cerebrum receives and interprets somatic information from receptors for touch, pain, and proprioception? A. Thalamus B. Primary somatosensory cortex C. Primary motor cortex D. Secondary sensory cortex

B

A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would A. alter receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. B. enhance transmission across the synapse. C. reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse. D. increase exocytosis. E. have no effect on transmission across the synapse.

C

A person with primary hypercortisolism would have _____________. A. elevated cortisol and ACTH B. decreased cortisol and elevated ACTH C. elevated cortisol and decreased ACTH D. decreased cortisol and ACTH E. elevated cortisol and normal ACTH

C

A person with secondary hypocortisolism would have ____________________. A. elevated cortisol and ACTH B. elevated cortisol and decreased ACTH C. decreased cortisol and ACTH D. elevated cortisol and normal ACTH

C

An important structure in both learning and memory is the _________. A. medulla B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. pons E. hypothalamus

C

Ca2+ binds to _______ to help initiate the cross-bridge cycle. A. Myosin B. Actin C. Troponin D. Tropomyosin

C

Ca2+ binds to ________ to help initiate the cross-bridge cycle. A. myosin B. actin C. troponin D. tropomyosin

C

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in A. the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. B. the spinal nerve. C. ganglia. D. the ventral horn of the spinal cord. E. None of the above.

C

Communication in the nervous system involves _______. A. chemical signals B. electrical signals C. chemical and electrical signals

C

Graves' disease results in the body producing antibodies that act as TSH agonists. What will happen to TSH secretion in a patient with Graves' disease? A. No change B. It will decrease due to hypothalamus stimulation C. It will decrease due to negative feedback

C

Hormones act on their target cells by ________. A. Controlling gene expression and the synthesis of proteins B. Controlling the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes C. All items on this list D. secretion into circulation

C

If a person had a partial spinal cord injury on the right side of the spinal cord at thoracic level 8 (T8) what would be the most likely sensory test outcomes? A. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the left leg AND normal sensation to vibration on the right leg B. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the right leg C. Reduced sensation to pin prink on the left leg D. Reduced sensation to pin prick on the right leg AND normal sensation to vibration on the right leg

C

In skeletal muscle, the thick filament consists of __________. A. Actin B. Titin C. Myosin D. Troponin E. Tropomyosin

C

Meninges are __________. A. synapses between CNS neurons and the post-synaptic membranes of other neurons B. bacterial infection of the CNS C. connective tissue coverings around the central nervous system D. non-neuronal cells in the CNS that help regulate ionic concentrations of their ECF

C

Several interconnected structures for emotional learning form the _______ of the brain. A. reticular formation B. medulla oblongata C. limbic system D. basal ganglia E. hypothalamus

C

The cerebellum is a structure that primarily ___. A. Inhibits reflexes B. Terminates movement C. Computes error between intended versus actual movements D. Initiates movement

C

The golgi tendon organ is a _____ "sensor" for skeletal muscle. A. Length B. Velocity C. Force D. Voltage

C

The golgi tendon organ is a ________ "sensor" for skeletal muscle. A. length B. velocity C. force D. voltage

C

The hypothalamus is involved in which brain function? A. Coordinated movement B. Fear and emotion C. Endocrine regulation of homeostasis D. Learning new procedures E. Processing somatic sensory information

C

The intensity of a sensory stimulus is coded by ________. A. amplitude of action potentials B. which receptors are activated C. frequency of action potentials D. duration of each action potential E. how rapidly the receptor adapts

C

The neurotransmitter in the synapse between the pre- and postganglionic autonomic neurons is ______________. A. dopamine B. norepinephrine C. acetylcholine D. GABA

C

The sympathetic nervous system originates in the ________________. A. brain stem B. sacral region of the spinal cord C. thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord D. A and B E. B and C

C

What is the function of alpha-gamma coactivation? A. To activate antagonistic muscles B. To cause reflex inhibition of the muscle C. To maintain spindle function when the muscle contracts D. To stretch the tendon

C

Which brain region is NOT involved with short term memory storage? A. hippocampus B. medial temporal lobe C. thalamus D. prefrontal structures

C

Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system? A. cardiac muscle B. glands C. skeletal muscle D. smooth muscle in blood vessels E. smooth muscle in the digestive system

C

Which of the following statements about acetylcholine is CORRECT A. Acetylcholine binds to adrenergic receptors. B. Acetylcholine is generally transported back into presynaptic nerve terminals without being enzymatically degraded. C. Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. D. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons. E. Acetylcholine synthesis is catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase

C

Which statement is most true of grey matter? A. it is the dominant type of nervous tissue in the brain B. it is the primary route of communication between hemispheres C. it consists of cells that process information D. it is located in the frontal lobes

C

Cortisol is a useful therapeutic drug because it _________________. A. inhibits the inflammatory response B. helps prevent rejection of transplanted organs C. suppresses the immune system D. all of the above

D

Hypercortisolism is also known as _______________. A. Addison's disease B. acromegaly C. cretinism D. Cushing's disease E. exophthalmos

D

Moving inward from the bony skull, you encounter: A. Dura mater, subdural space, pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid membrane, brain B. Subdural space, dura mater, pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid membrane, brain C. Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater, white matter D. Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater, grey matter E. Venous sinus, subdural space, dura mater, pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid membrane, brain

D

Neurons that lie entirely within the CNS are called ___________. A. afferent neurons B. efferent neurons C. sensory neurons D. interneurons E. somatic motor neurons

D

The long-term stress response includes all of the following EXCEPT A. Damaged neurons of the hippocampus B. Elevated cortisol levels C. Suppression of the immune system D. Low blood pressure E. Sleep disruption

D

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? A. none of the above B. the buoyancy of the CSF reduces the weight of the brain C. the CSF provides a route by which wastes can be removed from the CNS D. all of the above E. the CSF provides a protective padding for the brain

D

Which of the following is true of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? A. produced by specialized cells lining the ventricles B. provides buoyancy to the brain C. provides a route for brain glucose homeostasis D. provides buoyancy to the brain, produced by specialized cells lining the ventricles E. provides buoyancy to the brain, produced by specialized cells lining the ventricles, provides a route for brain glucose homeostasis

D

Which pair of brain structures is most involved in learning to control fear? A. Amygdala and Auditory cortex B. Hippocampus and Fornix C. Cochlea and Auditory cortex D. Amygdala and Hippocampus E. Prefrontal cortex and thalamus

D

A drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in A. an imbalance of blood calcium. B. relaxation of the muscle fiber. C. fibrosis of the muscle. D. muscle hypertrophy. E. contraction with no relaxation.

E

Hormones act on their target cells by ________. A. controlling the rates of enzymatic reactions B. controlling the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes C. controlling gene expression and the synthesis of proteins D. A and C E. A, B, and C

E

Hyperthyroidism results in ___________________. A. All items on this list B. Decreased protein catabolism C. Hyper-excitable reflexes, irritability, and insomnia D. Rapid heartbeat and increased force of contraction E. Two items on this list

E

If a neuron's axon exits the dorsal root and ascends in the dorsal column of spinal cord, that neuron ____. A. Signals pain B. likely contributes to thermoception C. Releases GABA D. is a second order neuron E. is a first order neuron and likely contributes to proprioception

E

In smooth muscle, the Ca2+ for contraction comes from __________. A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum B. Mitochondria, extracellular fluid, sarcoplasmic reticulum C. Mitochondria D. Extracellular fluid E. extracellular fluid and sarcoplasmic reticulum

E

Lateral inhibition would result in which of the following? A. Poorer two-point discrimination B. Adaptation C. Smaller sensory receptive field D. Finer two-point discrimination E. smaller sensory receptive field and finer two-point discrimination

E

Sympathetic division of the ANS is from which areas of the spine? A. cranial B. thoracic C. lumbar D. sacral E. B,C

E

The brainstem is characterized as ________________. A. Relay for olfactory functions B. Midbrain and Pons C. Control center for visceral functions D. Site of origin of cranial nerves E. Control center for visceral functions and site of origin for cranial nerves

E

The nervous system A. interprets or assesses information. B. maintains homeostasis. C. monitors internal and external stimuli. D. transmits information in the form of action potentials. E. All of the above.

E

The perception of a sensory stimulus occurs through ________. A. Action potentials in cranial nerves B. The duration of receptor potentials C. Glutamate receptor activation D. None of the above E. Multiple stages of the brain

E

The same neurotransmitter may produce different effects on neurons because of differences in the A. amount of neurotransmitter. B. potassium channels. C. size of the neurons. D. strength of the action potential. E. type of receptors on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons.

E

The targets of the autonomic nervous system include _________. A. smooth and cardiac muscles B. some endocrine glands C. skeletal muscle D. some exocrine glands E. A, B, and D

E

Which of the following is true about the corticospinal pathway? A. It crosses over B. It does not cross over C. It begins in the cerebral cortex D. It begins in the brainstem E. A, C F. B, D G. A, D H. B, C

E

Which of the following is true about the corticospinal pathway? A. it crosses over B. it does not cross over C. it begins in the cerebral cortex D. it begins in the brainstem E. A,C

E

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Visceral reflexes are controlled by autonomic neurons. B. Spinal reflexes are integrated in the spinal cord. C. Reflex movements are integrated primarily in the spinal cord. D. Cranial reflexes are integrated in the brain. E. All of these statements are true.

E

Sensation for pain and temperature _____ A. Travels up the anterolateral pathway B. Travels up the dorsal column pathway C. Has a second order neuron in the spinal cord. D. Crosses over in the spinal cord. E. Crosses over between the brainstem and thalamus. F. A,C,D G. B,E

F

Sensation for pain and temperature _________. A. travels up the anterolateral pathway B. travels up the dorsal column pathway C. has a second order neuron in the spinal cord D. crosses over in the spinal cord E. crosses over b/w the brainstem and thalamus F. A,C,D G. B,E

F

Match the different components of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis with their respective secretions. (CRH, ACTH, Cortisol) - Hypothalamus - Anterior pituitary - Adrenal cortex

Hypothalamus (CRH), Anterior pituitary (ACTH), Adrenal cortex (Cortisol)

Sympathetic division of the ANS is from which areas of the spine? A. Cranial B. Thoracic C. Lumbar D. Sacral E. Coccygeal F. A & B G. C & D H. A & D I. B & C

I

What is the function of the alpha motor neuron? The gamma motor neuron? A. Innervate the extrafusal muscle fiber and intrafusal muscle fibers respectively B. Innervate the golgi tendon organ and tendons respectively C. Innervate the extrafusal muscle fibers for both D. Innervate the golgi tendon organ and the intrafusal muscle fiber

a