BMS 251 exam 2 quiz questions

characteristics of veins

-contain the majority of blood at any one time -collapsed when empty -usually denoted in blue systemically -rely on muscular pumps to propel blood

characteristics of arteries

-most carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body -have pulsatile flow of blood -exhibit greater ability to alter vessel diameter

reabsorption

-movement of fluid back into the blood -occurs at the venous end of the capillary

filtration:

-occurs at the arterial end of a capillary -movement of fluid out of the blood

Place the steps of angiotensin II formation in the correct sequence: 1.) low pressure in kidney 2.) vasoconstriction occurs and thirst center is stimulated 3.) ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II 4.) conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin II 5.) renin released into the blood

1, 5, 4, 3, 2

Place the structures in order, beginning with the one with the highest blood pressure and ending with the one with the lowest: arteries, venules, capillaries, aorta, venae cavae, veins, arterioles

1.) aorta 2.) arteries 3.) arterioles 4.) capillaries 5.) venules 6.) veins 7.) venae cavae

vascular spasm

A sudden drop in blood pressure causes endothelial cells to release substances which induce blood vessel vasoconstriction

blood clot

An insoluble mesh composed of the protein fibrin is made to semi-permanently block the hole in the vessel wall.

platelet plug formation

Passing platelets stick to exposed collagen from damaged vessel wall. The adhesion of platelets to the vessel wall activates the cells, causing them to release cytokines which attract and activate more platelets

About 95% of the volume of the formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide:

Red blood cells, erythrocytes

fibrinolysis

The enzyme plasmin degrades the strands of fibrin which compose the blood clot.

Which of the following is not a mechanism that assists venous return?

The high pressure in large veins as compared to venules

clot retraction

The protein actinomyosin contracts to squeeze excess serum out of the blood clot.

coagulation cascade

The sequential activation of enzymes that ultimately work to weave fibrin into a blood clot.

The driving force that moves blood through the vascular system is:

a blood pressure gradient

Which of the following factors is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO?

a decrease in blood oxygen

Which of the following would result in an increased release of Atrial Natriutetic Peptide? - decreased blood pressure - an overall decrease in peripheral resistance - a large increase in venous return - an increased stretch of the ventricles

a large increase in venous return

Check all that are functions of the blood in the body. a.) Transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells b.) Transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs c.) Produces hormones to be transported to the endocrine glands d.) Regulates body temperature e.) Helps maintain normal body pH levels f.) Helps guard against infection

a, b, d, e, f

Select all that are forms of peripheral resistance: a.) blood viscosity b.) blood pressure c.) vessel length d.) vessel radius

a, c, d

Select all that are true regarding veins. a.) at rest, they contain the most blood in the body b.) during exercise, they decrease in length the shift blood to the systemic circulation c.) during exercise, vasoconstriction of veins brings more blood into systemic circulation d.) after exercise, vasodilation of veins brings blood back into venous reservoirs

a, c, d

Select all the responses to severe blood loss: a.) vasoconstriction b.) vasodilation c.) decreased heart rate d.) increased heart contraction strength

a, d

Select all that are true of a vascular spasm: a.) blood loss is slowed b.) blood flow is slowed c.) several chemicals are released to continue the spasms d.) it will continue during formation of a platelet plug

a,b,c,d

the main pressure is the _______ hydrostatic pressure, which pushes materials _______ the capillary.

blood, out of

Osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins is called __________ osmotic pressure

colloid

true or false: Large proteins in the blood, such as albumin, may diffuse through the endothelial cell membrane and enter the tissue fluid

false

true or false: Both oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to the heme component of hemoglobin when being transferred through the blood.

false - oxygen binds to the heme group and carbon dioxide binds to the globin protein chains

If thrombin levels were low, coagulation would be difficult because:

formation of insoluble fibrin would be slow

The physical force exerted by a fluid on a structure is:

hydrostatic pressue

In a typical capillary, there is more filtration than reabsorption. The extra filtrate drains into the ____________ system.

lymphatic

The other main force regulating filtration and reabsorption is ___________ __________, which refers to the "pull" of water into an area by osmosis due to the _________ relative concentration of solutes

osmotic pressure, higher

Identify the enzyme that destroys fibrin in a degrading blood clot:

plasmin

The cell fragments that are a component of blood are:

platelets

Tiny cell fragments involved in blood clotting:

platelets, thrombocytes

Which of the following would be used by the body for short-term regulation of blood pressure? - atrial natriuretic peptide - the renin-angiotenin system - aldosterone - the autonomic nervous system

the autonomic nervous system

true or false: A deficiency in leukocyte number may lead to an increase in infections.

true

true or false: At the arteriole end of the capillary, blood hydrostatic pressure is greater than blood colloid osmotic pressure resulting in filtration. While at the venule end of the capillary, blood hydrostatic pressure has decreased to levels lower than blood colloid osmotic pressure, resulting in reabsorption.

true

true or false: Blood flow is affected by both the pressure gradient and vessel resistance

true

true or false: Blood pressure is directly proportional to vessel resistance (i.e. if vessel resistnace increases, blood pressure increases)

true

true or false: The renin-angiotensin system results in multiple hormones that raise blood pressure

true

Which of the following would NOT result from activation of the Renin-Angiotensin system? - vasodilation - vasoconstriction - increased thirst - decreased urine formation

vasodilation

In a working tissue like skeletal muscle, carbon dioxide may accumulate along with an increase in lactic acid. In this example, carbon dioxide and lactic acid will act as:

vasodilators

Resistance in the blood vessels is primarily controlled by altering:

vessel radius

Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity:

white blood cells, leukocytes