BMS 507 Exam 1

If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is alkaline. a buffer. acidic. neutral. a salt.

alkaline

The monomers of protein are nucleotides. nitrogen base. glucose. fatty acids. amino acids.

amino acids

What is an ion? Hints an atom that has lost one or more neutrons an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s) an atom that is sharing electrons with another atom an atom that loses all of its protons

an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s)

Ions with a negative charge are called positrons. isotopes. anions. radicals. cations.

anions

Ionic bonds, such as in sodium chloride, __________. are formed by the association of ions with opposite charges are formed by the association of ions with the same charge share electrons are bonds created by the gaining of electrons

are formed by the association of ions with opposite charges

Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons are inert gases. will form many compounds. will normally form cations. frequently form hydrogen bonds. will normally form anions.

are inert gases

The process of forming mRNA is called replication. auscultation. ribolation. transcription. translation.

transcription

The "t" in tRNA stands for transport. transfer. transmit. transcribe. translate.

transfer

The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called mitosis. transcription. translation. auscultation. replication.

translation

Which of following properties of the cytoskeleton is incorrect? supports organelles moves organelles connects cells to each other provides cell strength controls cell shape

it connects cells to each other

Channel proteins, as indicated by the arrow, are involved in __________. chemical reactions transport anchoring immune recognition

transport

Which of the following organs is described as retroperitoneal? large intestine urinary bladder spleen stomach kidney

kidney

Which of these organs is retroperitoneal in location? urinary bladder large intestine stomach kidney

kidney

The energy of motion is dark energy. heat energy. potential energy. light energy. kinetic energy.

kinetic energy

The spleen is located in the __________ quadrant. left lower right upper left upper right lower

left upper

Enzymes __________ the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed to completion. lower equalize increase stabilize

lower

Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials? nucleus endoplasmic reticulum lysosome ribosome

lysosome

Macrophages are cells that engulf and consume germs or debris. What organelle must be especially plentiful in these cells? mitochondria centrioles nuclei ribosomes lysosomes

lysosomes

Which organelle is involved in the destruction of bacteria, old organelles, and the liberation of enzymes? endoplasmic reticulum (ER) peroxisomes lysosomes centrioles

lysosomes

A molecule of ________ contains all the codons needed to produce a particular polypeptide. rRNA tRNA cRNA mRNA dRNA

mRNA

Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing? A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap. Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome. Adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail. Segments of RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected.

mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.

Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA? mRNA includes a cap that consists of extra adenine nucleotides. mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing. mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the cytoplasm. mRNA binds directly to amino acids during translation. Segments of mRNA that code for protein are removed before translation.

mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.

Water and small hydrophilic solutes do not mix with each other. may pass through channels in the plasma membrane. cannot pass through a plasma membrane. can dissolve holes in the plasma membrane. may pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

may mass through channels in the plasma membrane

The "m" in mRNA stands for modifier. molecular. metabolic. messenger. matching.

messenger

Endocytosis is a viral infection. form of anabolism. method for metabolizing within the cytosol. method for transporting substances into the cell. method for packaging secretions.

method for transporting substances into the cell

Tubulin is to microtubules as actin is to ribosomes. microfilaments. flagella. intermediate filaments. microvilli.

microfilaments

Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? intermediate filaments thick filaments microfilaments microtubules basal bodies

microtubules

Which of these cellular organelles is membranous? ribosomes mitochondria cilia centrioles

mitochondria

Which of the following is located in a median position? Hints mouth Right foot lung shoulder

mouth

Permanent alterations in a cell's DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes are called mutations. polymorphs. interferons. reconstructions. changelings.

mutations

__________ feedback control reduces variations away from a desired physiological state. Neutral Negative Depressive Positive

negative

Oxygen, which forms naturally as two atoms, are bonded together with what type of bond? single covalent bond hydrogen bond ionic bond nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond

non polar covalent bond

Transfer of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol occurs through nuclear pores. carrier proteins. nucleosides. gap junctions. gap lines.

nuclear pores

One of the characteristics of cancer cells is an increased need for protein production. Of the following choices, which organelle would be most closely associated with meeting this need? Golgi apparatus mitochondria nucleoli proteasomes

nucleoli

Histones are found in vesicles. lysosomes. proteasomes. endosomes. nucleosomes.

nucleosomes

An amino acid is to a protein as a ________ is to a nucleic acid. neutron nucleotide protein purine proton

nucleotide

The center of an atom is called the hub. nucleus. focus. middle point. core.

nucleus

The chemical properties of an atom are determined by the __________. number of protons in the nucleus number of electrons in the outermost electron shell number of neutrons in the nucleus mass of the nucleus

number of electrons in outermost shell

The cytoplasm contains the fluid cytosol, insoluble inclusions, and the enzymes. organelles. cilia. microvilli. nucleolus.

organelles

Compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom are called ________ molecules. catabolic carbonic organic inorganic anabolic

organic

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as organic molecules. bases. salts. acids. inorganic molecules.

organic molecules

Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest? -tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism -molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism -organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular -cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism -organ, organism, molecular, cellular, tissue, system

organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the number of neutrons. mass of the nucleus. outermost electron shell. number of protons. size of the atom.

outermost electron shell

When an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved? the protons the outermost electrons the neutrons both the protons and the electrons

outermost electrons

The ________ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter. solubility pH acidity charge basicity

pH

Which pH is closest to normal body pH? pH 8 pH 4 pH 7 pH 3 pH 2

pH 7

The ________ is the membrane that covers the inner surface of cavity walls. visceral serosa mucous membrane parietal serosa serous membrane cutaneous membrane

parietal serosa

Organelles that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide are endocytic vesicles. toxisomes. nuclei. lysosomes. peroxisomes.

peroxisomes

A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates phagocytosis. receptor-mediated endocytosis. receptor-mediated exocytosis. exocytosis. pinocytosis.

phagocytosis

The letter "P" in the name of the energy molecule ATP stands for __________. power protein peptide phosphate

phosphate

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid? fatty acid tails cholesterol phosphate heads of phospholipids hydrophobic molecules

phosphate heads of phospholipids

The backbone of the plasma membrane is a __________ bilayer. cholesterol protein glycolipid phospholipid

phospholipid

Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called phospholipids. disaccharides. prostaglandins. diglycerides. dipeptides.

phospholipids

Which of the following body cavities is superior to the diaphragm? peritoneal cavity pelvic cavity abdominal cavity pleural cavity

pleural cavity

If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) ________ bond occurs. double covalent single covalent polar covalent hydrogen triple covalent

polar covalent

What type of chemical bond holds the atoms in a water molecule together? ionic bond nonpolar covalent bond hydrogen bond polar covalent bond

polar covalent bond

A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond? nonpolar covalent bonds ionic covalent bonds weak bonds polar covalent bonds

polar covalent bonds

Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else? ionic bonds polar covalent bonds oxygen water

polar covalent bonds

A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be monounsaturated. hydrogenated. saturated. carboxylated. polyunsaturated.

polyunsaturated.

If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a __________. negatively charged anion negatively charged cation positively charged cation positively charged anion

positively charged cation

Kinetic energy is stored as ________ energy when a spring is stretched or compressed. probable possible plausible potential positive

potential

mRNA is needed to synthesize ________ in the cytoplasm. carbohydrates proteins phospholipids lipids salts

proteins

The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has. protons + neutrons electrons protons + electrons neutrons protons

protons

Adenine and guanine are pyrimidines represented by T and C. purines represented by A and G. nucleotides represented by A and G. purines represented by T and C. pyrimidines represented by A and G.

purines represented by A and G.

Ribosomes are composed of protein and ATP. rRNA. steroids. glycogen. DNA.

rRNA

The membrane potential in an undisturbed cell is called its resting membrane potential. passive state. quiet potential. inactive state. interphase

resting membrane potential

The "r" in rRNA stands for regeneration. radiation. ribosomal. rebuilding. recurrence

ribosomal

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell? cytoplasm ribosome nucleus plasma membrane

ribosome

The site of translation is ribosomes in the cytoplasm. the plasma membrane. ribosomes in the cell nucleus. the Golgi apparatus. the cell nucleus.

ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins? smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum raised endoplasmic reticulum all forms of endoplasmic reticulum simple endoplasmic reticulum

rough ER

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria nucleoli

rough ER

A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms is dehydrated. unsaturated. denatured. saturated. polyunsaturated.

saturated

The alpha-helix and beta sheet are examples of ________ protein structure. secondary pentanary quaternary tertiary primary

secondary

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane? impermeable semipermeable fully permeable not permeable

semipermeable

A shortage of steroids in the body would result in a shortage of plasma membranes. proteins. sex hormones. sex hormones and plasma membranes. glycogen.

sex hormones and plasma membranes.

The plasma membrane does not include phospholipids. silk mesh. glycolipids. cholesterol. integral proteins.

silk mesh

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion? higher concentration of molecules high temperature small molecule size small concentration gradient

small concentration gradient

An extracellular cation whose concentration gradient drives the secondary active transport of many different solutes is calcium. sodium. potassium. chloride. glucose.

sodium

A(n) ________ is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute. blend solution emulsion compound infusion

solution

If solution A contains a weak acid, and solution B contains a strong acid, in which solution will you observe a one-way reaction? solution B solution A Neither: Both solutions will react equally. Both: Once in solution, the acid dissociates and cannot reform.

solution B

________ cells are all of the cells of the body except the reproductive cells (sperm and oocytes). Main Somatic Core Primary Corpus

somatic

Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as? phospholipid triglyceride steroid

steroid

Which of the following substances would be most acidic? urine, pH = 6 white wine, pH = 3 stomach secretions, pH = 1 tomato juice, pH = 4 lemon juice, pH = 2

stomach secretions

One function of the cytoskeleton is to provide __________. the division of the cell strength and integrity to the cell sensitivity energy production

strength and integrity to the cell

When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This compound would be a strong acid. weak acid. salt. weak base. strong base.

strong acid

Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________. -form; structure -function; form -structure; form -growth; form -structure; function

structure; function

Before an enzyme can work, a __________ molecule must bind at the active site. substrate competitive inhibitor product cofactor

substrate

Consider sweetened ice tea. Which of the following is a solute? water ice the beverage itself sugar

sugar

A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates hydrophilic attraction. static electricity. chemical tension. heat capacity. surface tension.

surface tension

Muddy lake water is an example of a(n) solvent. solution. solute. colloid. suspension.

suspension

AB → A + B is to decomposition as A + B → AB is to replacement. synthesis. exchange. combustion. metabolism.

synthesis

Which of the following are especially important for growth and repair processes? Hints hydrolysis synthesis reactions exchange reactions

synthesis reactions

What is the function of the rough ER? synthesizing, modifying, and packaging proteins synthesis of steroid hormones intracellular storage, like calcium in muscle cells the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates

synthesizing, modifying, and packaging proteins

Amino acids are transferred to the ribosome to be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain by mRNA. tRNA. aRNA. rRNA. pRNA.

tRNA

During wind sprints for field hockey practice, Sarah noticed that her face felt very hot and looked red. Of the choices below, which would be considered the initial location of the receptor(s) for the homeostatic response to Sarah's running? sweat glands in Sarah's skin the thermoregulatory center in Sarah's brain Sarah's pacesetter cells in her cardiac muscle temperature sensors in Sarah's skeletal muscles and blood vessels

temperature sensors in Sarah's skeletal muscles and blood vessels

An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus. regulatory centers that send commands to an effector. sweat glands that act like effectors. sweat glands that increase secretion. effectors that cause blood vessels to dilate.

temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus

Ions in an ionic molecule are held together due to the presence of water molecules. the attraction of opposite electrical charges. each electron orbiting all of the ions in the molecule. the attraction of similar charges of the ions' protons. the sharing of electrons.

the attraction of opposite electrical charges

Which of the following is true of polar covalent bonds? The same number of electrons are gained by one atom as are lost by another. The electrons are shared unequally. They are rather weak bonds. Electrons are shared equally

the electrons are shared unequally

Activation energy is stored energy. the energy in chemical bonds. the same as heat energy. the energy needed to start a reaction. the energy of motion.

the energy needed to start a reaction

The knee is proximal to the ankle. Which of these other terms could also be used to correctly describe the relationship between the knee and the ankle? Hints The knee is medial to the ankle. The knee is contralateral to the ankle. The knee is superficial to the ankle. The knee is superior to the ankle.

the knee is superior to the ankle

The electric potential difference across the cell membrane is known as the cellular difference. the membrane difference. the membrane potential. the cellular potential. the plasmalemma potential.

the membrane potential

Which plane separates the body into superior and inferior portions? Which plane separates the body into anterior and posterior portions? frontal/coronal; sagittal frontal/coronal; transverse/horizontal transverse/horizontal; frontal/coronal transverse/horizontal; sagittal sagittal; transverse/horizontal

transverse/horizontal; frontal/coronal

Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding? Hints adipose (fat) tissue cells the heart atoms

atoms

The lipid in the human body that is a stored energy source found inside cells is in the form of __________. cholesterol phospholipids eicosanoids triglycerides

triglycerides

You would expect a peptide bond to link a sugar and a peptide. two amino acids. two simple sugars. a peptide and a fatty acid. two nucleotides.

two amino acids

The imaging technique that builds an image by using sound waves reflected by internal structures is called a digital subtraction angiography. CT scan. PET scan. ultrasound. MRI.

ultrasound

The kidneys are part of the __________ system. reproductive cardiovascular digestive urinary

urinary

A(n) ________ removes hydrogen ions and a(n) ________ releases hydrogen ions. element; compound base; acid acid; base molecule; acid compound; element

base; acid

Proteins of the plasma membrane carry out all of the following functions except catalyzing chemical reactions at the inner or outer surface of the membrane. sending and receiving signals to and from other cells. transporting substances across the membrane. binding to DNA to turn on genes. anchoring the cell to external structures.

binding DNA to turn on genes

If a person's body temperature gets too high, the body will respond by decreasing its temperature to restore homeostasis. What are some of the body's homeostatic responses to decrease body temperature? (Figure 1-9) blood vessels constrict, sweating increases blood vessels are not affected but sweating decreases sweating decreases, shivering increases shivering increases blood vessels dilate, sweating increases

blood vessels dilate, sweating increases

Peroxisomes manufacture proteins. pull the chromosomes toward the poles of a dividing cell. manufacture most of a cell's ATP. contain the genetic information of a cell. both generate and break down hydrogen peroxide.

both generate and break down hydrogen peroxide

A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, it can only divide once more. is malformed. cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months. can repair itself readily. will be a long-lived cell.

cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months

The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a saturated fat. carbohydrate. protein. lipid. nucleic acid.

carbohydrate

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and lipids. fatty acids. carbohydrates. inorganic compounds. nucleic acids.

carbohydrates

Juan had his broken arm in a cast for six weeks. When it was removed, he noticed that he had lost a lot of muscle mass. The loss of the muscle protein is considered what type of reaction? catabolic irreversible anabolic synthesis

catabolic

Ions with a + charge are called anions. positrons. radicals. cations. isotopes.

cations

The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the unequal distribution of ________ across the membrane. water molecules cations and anions phospholipids and proteins acids and bases carbohydrate molecules

cations and anions

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply. some cells are older than others. cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived. cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand. cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a low energy demand.

cells with larger numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand

Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through peripheral proteins. lipid channels. peripheral carbohydrates. defects in the lipid layer of the membrane. channels formed by integral membrane proteins.

channels formed by integral membrane proteins.

When your muscles contract to move your body, such as during walking, work is done, and work requires energy. Based on the Law of Conservation of Energy, from where does this energy come? mechanical energy stored in ATP New energy is created by our cells whenever we need it. heat chemical energy

chemical energy

Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body? Hints potassium chloride calcium sodium

chloride

In cells that are not dividing, chromosomes uncoil to form a tangle of fine fibers known as histiocytes. chromaffin. chromatin. genes. histones.

chromatin

The set of three nucleotides on the mRNA strand that are read by the ribosome is termed the __________. "anti-codon" "tRNA" "triplet" "codon"

codon

Which of the following is common to everyone who experiences radiation sickness? coming into contact with excessive amounts of radioactive isotopes experiencing nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite having x-rays taken at the dentist's office being in close proximity to a nuclear reactor accident

coming into contact with excessive amounts of radioactive isotopes

What type of carbohydrate is best to consume in order to reduce the risk of diabetes? corn syrup triglycerides proteins complex carbohydrates

complex carbohydrates

H2O is an example of a(n) glucose molecule. covalent formula. ion. ionic formula. compound.

compound

Which of the following descriptors regarding cytoplasm is false? syrupy or gel-like consistency includes cytoskeleton the material that fills a cell contains less protein than extracellular fluid includes cytosol

contains less protein than extracellular fluid

Cholesterol is an important lipid derivative in our bodies. Which of the following is NOT a function associated with cholesterol? maintain plasma membrane integrity serve as a precursor for testosterone coordinate and direct local cellular activities important for cell growth and division

coordinate and direct local cellular activities

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form ionic bonds. hydrogen bonds. cations. covalent bonds. anions.

covalent bonds

Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest? hydrogen, ionic, covalent covalent, ionic, hydrogen ionic, hydrogen, covalent hydrogen, covalent, ionic

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Which of these sciences began with the invention of the microscope? surface anatomy systemic anatomy physiology cytology

cytology

The watery component of the cytoplasm is called protoplasm. matrix. interstitial fluid. extracellular fluid. cytosol.

cytosol

Hydrolysis is an example of which type of reaction? synthesis dehydration synthesis exchange decomposition

decomposition

The formation of a complex carbohydrate is what type of reaction? phosphorylation dehydration synthesis decarboxylation hydrolysis

dehydration synthesis

The molecule DNA contains a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose. maltose. ribose. fructose. glucose.

deoxyribose

Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds? Hints valence electrons the nucleus of each atom protons the orbitals

valence electrons

All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes except facilitated diffusion. movement of water. diffusion. osmosis. vesicular transport.

vesicular transport

The ________ is the membrane that covers the internal organs. mucous membrane cutaneous membrane parietal serosa serous membrane visceral serosa

visceral serosa

How do small water-soluble molecules and ions diffuse across the plasma membrane? How do lipid-soluble molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane? diffuse through membrane channels; diffuse directly through the plasma membrane diffuse by carrier-mediated transport; diffuse by passive transport diffuse by endocytosis; diffuse by pinocytosis diffuse by osmosis; diffuse by carrier-mediated transport diffuse directly through the plasma membrane; diffuse through membrane channels

diffuse through membrane channels; diffuse directly through the plasma membrane

When activated, lysosomes function in cell division. formation of new cell membranes. synthesis of lipids. synthesis of proteins. digestion of materials.

digestion of materials

The wrist is ________ to the elbow. distal lateral proximal horizontal medial

distal

If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to synthesize proteins. divide. metabolize sugars. produce DNA. move.

divide

A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n) hypothalamus. stimulus. effector. receptor. thermoregulator.

effector

During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions. These ions can carry a current and so are called cations. electrolytes. acids. counterions. anions.

electrolytes

Electrons whirl around the center of the atom at high speed, forming a(n) cylinder. figure 8. helix. electron cloud. spiral.

electron cloud

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called endergonic. equilibrial. exchange. exergonic. decomposition.

endergonic

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are said to be __________. exothermic endergonic thermal exergonic

endergonic

Pinocytosis is a form of __________. osmosis exocytosis endocytosis diffusion

endocytosis

The intake of materials from the extracellular fluid using vesicles is called endocytosis. an ion exchange pump. osmosis. facilitated transport. exocytosis.

endocytosis

The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and nuclease. H2O. AMP. adenosine. energy.

energy

The cell theory includes all of these concepts except The cell theory includes all of these concepts except cells are the building blocks of all organisms. each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level. cells are the smallest units that carry out the essential functions of life. every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body. all cells come from the division of preexisting cells.

every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body.

Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be thermonuclear. exergonic. activated. endergonic. neutral.

exergonic

Which of these vesicular transport methods expels material from the cell? pinocytosis phagocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis exocytosis

exocytosis

Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water? Water acts as a reactant. Water acts as a lubricant. Water has a high heat of vaporization. Water acts as a cushion.

water acts as a reactant

A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. five-carbon sugar and phosphate group. five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. five-carbon sugar and an amino acid.

five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

Centrioles form the basal bodies that anchor microtubules within cilia and ribosomes. microfilaments. microvilli. flagella. chromosomes.

flagella

What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes? the cytoskeleton the cytosol the plasma membrane the nucleus the nucleolus

the plasma membrane

Water has the ability to dissolve polar covalent molecules like sucrose by ionization. forming hydration spheres around the molecule. taking electrons from the polar covalent molecule. creating crystals of positively and negatively charged atoms. pulling atoms out of the molecule and into solution.

forming hydration spheres around the molecule.

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane? forming channels forming the entire glycocalyx anchoring cells to other structures acting as receptors

forming the entire glycocalyx

A molecule that has unpaired electrons is a(n) free radical. ion. triple bonded molecule. compound. isotope.

free radical

Cumulative damage from reactive ________ is thought to be a major factor in aging. helium double bonds free radicals nitrogen isotopes

free radicals

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is sucrose. vitamins. glucose. protein. caffeine.

glucose

The ________ of a radioactive substance is the time required for 50 percent of a given amount of radioisotope to decay. decay-point half-life mid-life entropy deterioration point

half-life

Systemic physiology is the study of functions of the whole human body. the study of the effects of diseases on system functions. the study of the functional chemistry of cells. the study of all aspects of the functioning of specific organs systems. the study of the function of specific organs.

the study of all aspects of the functioning of specific organs systems.

A midsagittal section of the body would pass through the heart. spleen. leg. kidney. lung.

heart

Visceral pericardium covers the __________. peritoneal cavity lungs pleural cavity heart

heart

A(n) ________ bond is a covalent bond that stores an unusually large amount of energy. forceful charged high-energy power excitable

high-energy

Disease is an indicator of signs and symptoms. homeostatic failure. negative feedback. positive feedback. All of the answers are correct.

homeostatic failure

The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for all of the following except housing the chromosomes. passing molecules to the Golgi apparatus. drug and toxin neutralization. lipid synthesis. modification of new proteins

housing the chromosomes

Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus? carbon neon hydrogen helium argon

hydrogen

The electrostatic attraction between the slight positive charge of a hydrogen of one molecule and the slight negative charge of an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine of another molecule is called a(n) nonpolar covalent bond. polar covalent bond. single covalent bond. ionic bond. hydrogen bond.

hydrogen bond

Which of these pairs indicates an incorrect coupling of reversible reactions? breakdown and synthesis hydrolysis and breakdown dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis anabolic and catabolic

hydrolysis and breakdown

Molecules that do not readily interact with water are called inert. unstable. hydrophilic. stable. hydrophobic.

hydrophobic

The tails of a phospholipid molecule in a plasma membrane are interlocked to provide membrane strength. hydrophobic. facing the cytosol. hydrophilic. composed of amino acids.

hydrophobic

Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of solutes. electrolytes. hydrophobic compounds. hydrophilic compounds. molecules that will dissociate when placed into water.

hydrophobic compounds

A blood cell undergoes crenation when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution. hypotonic hypertonic merotonic homotonic isotonic

hypertonic

The integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the hypothalamus. temperature sensor. positive feedback center. skin. thermostat.

hypothalamus

A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called isotonic. hypertonic. homotonic. merotonic. hypotonic.

hypotonic

Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into a(n) ________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic homotonic merotonic

hypotonic

Receptor-mediated endocytosis does not require energy from the cell. can only move a substance down its concentration gradient. is a type of secretion. imports extracellular fluid, including all of its dissolved molecules. imports target molecules after they bind to membrane proteins.

imports target molecules after they bind to membrane proteins.

Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes? in the DNA within the cell's nucleus in the nucleolus within the nucleus in the chromatin within the cell's cytoplasm in chromosomes within the cytosol

in the DNA within the cell's nucleus

A gene is a set of specific instructions that controls the process of mitosis. copies DNA strands for mitosis. directs carbohydrate synthesis. produces amino acids for proteins. indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.

indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule

The extracellular fluid in most tissues is called ________ fluid. cytosolic outside cytoplasmic peripheral

interstitial

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges, a(n) ________ is formed. molecule ionic bond ion hydrogen bond covalent bond

ionic bond

Calcium's atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion? +2 -2 -1 +1

+2

Which of the following functional groups is the carboxyl group? -NH2 -COOH -OH -PO4 -SH

-COOH

Which of the following functional groups is the hydroxyl group? -NH2 -COOH -SH -OH -PO4

-OH

Which of the following functional groups is the phosphate group? -OH -PO4 -NH2 -SH -COOH

-PO4

Sodium (NA) has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons are in the outer electron shell of a neutral sodium atom? 1 4 8 2 3

1

Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is 1.0. 2.3. 6.0. 12.0. 4.5.

12.0

The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons. 4 8 2 1 6

2

The maximum number of electrons that the first energy level can hold is __________. one two four eight

2

Which of the following is/are needed to form a triglyceride molecule? 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule 1 glycerol molecule 3 fatty acid molecules 3 glycerol molecules and 3 fatty acid molecules 3 glycerol molecules

3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then a non-isotopic atom of this element contains 8 electrons. 6 protons and 8 neutrons. 8 neutrons. 6 protons and 8 electrons. 6 protons.

6 protons, 8 neutrons

Neutral solutions have a pH of __________. 1 3 7 12

7

How many electrons can the second energy level hold when it is completely filled? (Figure 2-3) 6 8 10 2 4

8

An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain? Hints 26 total subatomic particles 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons The atomic number and the mass number do not provide enough information to determine how many of each subatomic particle is present. 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons

8 protons, 8 electrons and 10 neutrons

Which of the following events occurs during transcription? A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. Those segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. mRNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. A cap is added to the RNA molecule. The message in mRNA is translated into a protein.

A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

The creation of a high-energy compound for use by our cells requires the phosphorylation of what molecule? ATP ADP ATPase AMP

ADP

The anticodon for the triplet UCA is TGT. AGU. TCA. AGT. AGC.

AGU

Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. One nucleotide is also used in the high-energy molecule __________. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) adenosine diphosphate cytosine triphosphate guanosine diphosphate (GDP)

ATP

In blood clotting, the platelets __________ to initiate the clotting process. dilate aggregate constrict deliver oxygen

Aggregate

What is a possible rationale for the difference between the DNA in chromatin and chromosome form? The loosely organized chromatin facilitates transcription. The condensed chromatin keeps the DNA organized through cell division. The structure of chromatin allows DNA-binding proteins to access the DNA. All of the listed answers are possible rationales for chromatin-chromosome DNA differences.

All of the above

Which of the following options best describes the main concept(s) associated with study of anatomy and physiology? the principle of complementarity of structure and function the hierarchy of structural relationships the predisposition towards internal balance known as homeostasis All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the above

While standing in the anatomical position, front refers to anterior. back refers to dorsal. back refers to posterior. front refers to ventral. All of the answers are correct.

All of the above

An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can disrupt tissue functions. break chemical bonds. change body fluid pH. change the shape of proteins, rendering them nonfunctional. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Fructose is a hexose. an isomer of glucose. found in male reproductive fluids. a carbohydrate. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Lipids cushion organs against shocks. provide a significant energy reserve. form essential structural components of cells. help to maintain body temperature. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Effective auscultation of the lungs relies on knowledge of which of the following anatomical concepts? sectional planes right and left lower abdominopelvic quadrants anatomical landmarks proximal and distal locations

Anatomical landmarks

Records exist about ancient Greeks and Romans who performed dissections to get a better understanding of the structures that make up our body. Which of the following terms would best describe these early scientists? anatomists embryologists physiologists doctors

Anatomists

Identify the branch of biological science that studies the external and internal structure of the body and the physical relationship among body parts. cytology embryology physiology anatomy genetics

Anatomy

An anatomical term that means the same as ventral is inferior. superior. anterior. posterior. abdominal.

Anterior

The number of protons in an atom is known as its __________. atomic number atomic weight half-life mass number

Atomic number

The smallest stable units of matter are protons. neutrons. molecules. electrons. atoms.

Atoms

In a covalent bond, Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. An atom loses electrons to another to gain stability. An atom gains one or more electrons from another atom to gain stability. Adjacent atoms share a single electron.

Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

f the following statements is NOT true about autopsies? -Autopsies can be used to verify the cause of death. -Autopsies are interesting not just to scientists and physicians but also to artists. -Autopsies are used exclusively for internal examinations of a cadaver. -Autopsies can be used to identify a misdiagnosis.

Autopsies are used exclusively for internal examinations of a cadaver.

Which of the following statements about cells is FALSE? Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems. The cells in our bodies collectively carry out all of the functions necessary for us to stay alive. Although human cells are diverse in size, shape, and function, they have essentially the same organelles and general structure. Cells are the most basic units of life.

Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.

The odd position of Jackson's heart is related to a disorder with his cilia called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). What are cilia? Cilia are very long singular extensions of the cytoplasm. They have an internal arrangement of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central microtubule pair (9+2 array). Cilia are numerous motile extensions of the plasma membrane that have an internal arrangement of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central microtubule pair (9+2 array). Cilia exist in pairs and are structures composed of an internal arrangement of nine microtubule triplets arranged in a cylindrical structure. Cilia are finger-shaped cytoplasmic projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell.

Cilia are numerous motile extensions of the plasma membrane that have an internal arrangement of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central microtubule pair (9+2 array).

What structure in the nucleus stores the instructions for protein synthesis? ribosomes histones nucleotides DNA

DNA

Which one of the following does not play a role in translation? DNA Amino acids Ribosomes Anticodon tRNA

DNA

Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE? Because the two strands of original or parental DNA run in opposite directions, the new strands must be made in different ways. DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand. DNA polymerase III builds a new strand by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time. The two strands of original or parental DNA are separated during DNA replication. The lagging strand is made of a series of fragments that must be joined together to make a continuous strand.

DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.

Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________. water; RNA RNA; carbohydrates DNA; proteins DNA; lipids RNA; proteins

DNA; proteins

Which of the following statements concerning enzymes is FALSE? Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction. Enzymes are proteins. Enzymes are consumed during a reaction. Enzymes function as biological catalysts.

Enzymes are consumed during a reaction.

What constitutes a free radical? The free radicals formed in the body are made up of mostly carbon atoms. A molecule that acts as a buffer. Free radicals are considered as inert molecules. Free radicals are highly reactive atoms with an unpaired electron.

Free radicals are highly reactive atoms with an unpaired electron.

The majority of individuals with PCD have defects associated with the ciliary protein dynein, which functions in the cilia's motility. Many of these affected individuals have mutations associated with two genes: DNAI1 and DNAH5. How do genes relate to proteins? Genes are a set of nucleotides in a strand of DNA that specify the specific sequence of the amino acids that comprise a protein. Genes are the molecule that adds the nucleotides to the RNA strand during transcription. Mutations in these molecules cause the wrong nucleotides to be inserted, ultimately creating a fault protein during translation. Genes are the molecules of RNA that translocate from the nucleus to associate with ribosomes during translation of protein synthesis. Genes are a type of RNA molecule that brings the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome complex during protein synthesis.

Genes are a set of nucleotides in a strand of DNA that specify the specific sequence of the amino acids that comprise a protein.

The ________ typically consists of five or six flattened membranous discs called cisternae. mitochondria centrioles Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Many medical terms are rooted in Greek or Latin. Latin. Greek. Phoenician. German.

Greek or Latin

Which of the following is an exchange reaction? C6H12O6+C6H12O6→C12H24O12 dehydration hydrolysis HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O

HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O The reactants exchange parts to produce new chemical combinations.

Which property of water helps keeps body temperature stabilized? reactivity surface tension thermal inertia kinetic energy lubrication

thermal inertia

The central idea for understanding the existence of a stable internal environment is the principle of __________. homeostasis nutrition evolution disease

Homeostasis

The central principle of physiology is reflexes. nutrition. temperature regulation. homeostasis. stimulation.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in an organism is termed negative feedback. integration. effector control. positive feedback. homeostasis.

Homeostasis

tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called homeostasis. self-regulation. equilibriosis. hemopoiesis. amplification.

Homeostasis

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is false? Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms. Hydrogen bonds are important for holding large molecules together. Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the properties of water. Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules.

Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms.

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane? In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane. Simple diffusion is passive but facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses energy. In simple diffusion, molecules move down the concentration gradient but in facilitated diffusion molecules move up the concentration gradient. Simple diffusion requires molecules to move through special doorways in the cell membrane.

In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

The chin is ________ to the nose. anterior posterior inferior medial superior

Inferior

How do ions form ionic bonds? One atom swaps all of its negative electrons for all of the other atom's positive protons. Ions of the same type are drawn together because they are attracted to their own kind. Two atoms come together to share their electrons. Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges.

Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges.

Think about a 10% saline solution (saline refers to salt.). Which of the following is a correct statement? It contains 10% solvent and 90% water. It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent. It contains 10% solvent and 90% solute. It contains 10% salt and 90% solution.

It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent.

Which of the following statements about water is false? It is composed of polar molecules. It contains hydrogen bonds. It has a relatively low heat capacity. It can dissolve many substances. It is responsible for much of the mass of the human body.

It has a relatively low heat capacity.

How is the plasma membrane involved in structural support of body tissues? It is inflated by cytoplasm at high pressure. It is hydrophobic, so it repels extracellular fluid and attracts the membranes of other cells. Tissues are largely composed of empty plasma membranes left by dead cells. It primarily consists of fibrous proteins. It has specialized connections to other cells or extracellular materials.

It has specialized connections to other cells or extracellular materials

Which of these is NOT a property of glucose? It contains only C, H, and O atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. It is a disaccharide. It is the body's most important fuel. It is a monosaccharide.

It is a disaccharide.

Wheat produces starch and cellulose, both of which are polysaccharides. While we rely on one for energy, we cannot digest the other. What causes such a physiological difference in digestion? It is because cellulose is in the stalk, and starch is in the seed. It is the ability of our bodies to break down the linkages between the multiple glucose molecules. There are more glucose molecules linked together in cellulose, making it energetically more difficult to digest. The chemical formulas are more complicated for cellulose.

It is the ability of our bodies to break down the linkages between the multiple glucose molecules.

The common name for the patella is the heel. forehead. palm of the hand. knee. chin.

Knee

The diaphragm muscle separates the ________ from the ________. pericardial sac; pericardial cavity thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity pericardial cavity; pleural cavity abdominal cavity; pelvic cavity pleural cavity; mediastinum

thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity

The lungs are __________ to the heart. proximal medial posterior lateral

Lateral

Identify the quadrant that contains most of the stomach. left lower quadrant right lower quadrant left upper quadrant right upper quadrant

Left upper quadrant

Which of the following imaging techniques causes particles within atoms to line up in uniform direction allowing the imaging of soft tissue? ultrasound CT scan digital subtraction angiography PET scan MRI

MRI

The heart is ________ to the lungs. proximal posterior medial lateral distal

Medial

Anatomy uses a special language, called ________ terminology, which involves the use of word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to construct terms related to the body in health and disease. anatomical surgical pathological medical clinical

Medical

Cilia are composed of microtubules. How are microtubules different from the other cytoskeletal filaments? Microtubules are large bundles composed of the protein myosin. They are generally 15 nanometers in size. Microtubules are the smallest cytoskeletal element with a diameter of 5 nanometers, and they are composed of the protein actin. Microtubules vary in size from 9-11 nanometers and have different protein compositions depending upon the type of cell. Microtubules are hollow tubes with a diameter of 25 nanometers and are composed of the protein tubulin.

Microtubules are hollow tubes with a diameter of 25 nanometers and are composed of the protein tubulin.

Jackson has a PCD (primary cilia dyskinesia) where his cilia have defects that affect their motility. How is this related to Jackson's respiratory symptoms? Motile cilia are found on cells lining the airways and function to help push air in and out of the lungs. When an individual has PCD, their cilia are immotile, and they have trouble breathing. Motile cilia are found on the cells that line the trachea. The cilia produce mucus and then, by moving together, distribute the mucus evenly over the cells' surface. When the cilia have motility issues, the mucus is not spread evenly and forms thick clumps that irritate the airways and cause a chronic cough and respiratory infections. Motile cilia are found on cells lining the trachea. The cilia move together in a coordinated wave, helping to push contaminated mucus and fluids out of the respiratory tract. When the cilia have motility issues, these secretions are not cleared, and respiratory infections are the common result. Motile cilia function to trap and ensnare contaminants like bacteria, marking them for removal by phagocytic cells. When the cilia cannot move, the bacteria do not get trapped and removed and thus can cause respiratory infections.

Motile cilia are found on cells lining the trachea. The cilia move together in a coordinated wave, helping to push contaminated mucus and fluids out of the respiratory tract. When the cilia have motility issues, these secretions are not cleared, and respiratory infections are the common result.

Based on the general theme of conservation, which of the following is most likely to happen if an athlete breaks his arm and must wear a cast and not use that arm for six weeks? The muscles in the other arm will get stronger in order to help out. Muscles in the injured arm will get smaller because they are not being used. The muscles in the injured arm will not change—only the bone was broken. The muscles in the injured arm will get stronger to compensate for the injured bone.

Muscles in the injured arm will get smaller because they are not being used.

Which of these substances could be driven across a membrane by the resting membrane potential? CO2 O2 glucose Na+ H2O

Na+

Which of the following is not a passive process? Na+/K+ pump facilitated diffusion of glucose oxygen diffusion osmosis

Na+/K+ pump

An important buffer in body fluids is NaOH. NaHCO3. HCl. H2O. NaCl.

NaHCO3.

When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of fever. diagnostic regulation. negative feedback. positive feedback. nonhomeostatic regulation.

Negative feedback

Which subatomic particles contribute to an atom's mass number but not its atomic number? Hints protons None of them—atomic number and atomic mass number are essentially the same thing. electrons neutrons

Neutrons

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of electrons in the nucleus. neutrons in the nucleus. protons in the nucleus. electrons in energy shells. electron clouds.

Neutrons in the nucleus

Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not? Hints Yes, because the Octet Rule says stable atoms have 8 electrons. Yes, because oxygen is in the air we breathe and it doesn't hurt us. No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability. No, because only atoms with 2 valence electrons are stable.

No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability.

Radioisotopes have unstable isotopes. protons. electron clouds. ions. nuclei.

Nuclei

__________ molecules store and process genetic information. Protein amino acids Lipid Nucleic acid

Nucleic acid

Terms of anatomical direction are used to describe one body part in relation to another. living matter. the nervous system. a supine position. surgical procedures.

One body part in relation to another

Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds? Only hydrogen bonds can form within molecules. Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules. Only covalent bonds can form between molecules. Only ionic bonds can form within molecules.

Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules

Physicians draw on numerous sources of information on patient health. The function of lungs, for instance, can be checked through careful listening with a stethoscope. Such practice is called auscultation and falls under which of the following particular physiological specialties? histology organ physiology systemic physiology cell physiology

Organ physiology

A scientist investigating the amount of force needed to perform a bicep curl with a 10 lb weight is studying which level of organization? chemical level organ system level organ level tissue level

Organ system level

Moving from simpler to more complex, which level of organization is immediately before (simpler than) the cell? molecule organelle tissue atom

Organelle

Based on the Biological Hierarchy of Organization, tissues join together to form what structures? organs cells molecules organelles

Organs

The imaging technique that assesses metabolic and physiological activity of a structure is called a ultrasound. digital subtraction angiography. MRI. PET scan. CT scan.

PET scan

Which of the following is NOT correct for anatomical position? Hints Arms fully extended Palms facing inward towards the thighs Legs are straight with toes aimed forward Nose facing forward

Palms facing inward towards the thighs

Anatomical features that change during illness are studied in ________ anatomy. microscopic pathological gross surface regional

Pathological

The thoracic cavity contains the pleural cavities. pericardial cavity. coelom. pericardial and pleural cavities. pelvic cavity.

Pericardial and pleural cavities

The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the pleura. mediastinum. peritoneum. pericardium. abdomen.

Peritoneum

Identify the branch of biological science that deals with the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions. embryology anatomy physiology genetics cytology

Physiology

Water molecules are formed by __________. hydrogen bonds polar covalent bonds ionic bonds nonpolar covalent bonds

Polar covalent bonds

This type of feedback exaggerates the effects of variations from normal. depressing positive negative neutral All of the answers are correct.

Positive

Which of the following is a term that can be used instead of dorsal? Hints ventral posterior lateral distal

Posterior

A person lying face down is in the ________ position. ventral prone supine prostrate anatomical

Prone

The nucleus of an atom consists of electrons. neutrons. protons. protons + electrons. protons + neutrons.

Protons and neutrons

Which type(s) of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom? Hints protons and neutrons neutrons only protons and electrons electrons only

Protons and neutrons

You are looking at a single-stranded polymer that contains a pentose, a phosphate group, and the nitrogenous base uracil. What kind of molecule are you looking at? DNA RNA ATP amino acid

RNA

The benefits of radiation therapy usually outweigh the negative side effects, such as radiation sickness. The instability of which of the following substances allows radiation therapy to work? protons electrons radioisotopes valence electrons

Radioisotopes

A person lying on the bed and gazing at the ceiling is in the ________ position. prone supine dorsal caudal anatomical

Supine

The study of the function of specific organ systems is called systemic physiology. organ physiology. histology. cell physiology. pathological physiology.

Systemic physiology

In sickle cell anemia, there is a replacement in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin of glutamic acid by valine. What is the difference between glutamic acid and valine? The protein resulting from this substitution binds more oxygen. Glutamic acid has a lower pH than valine, so the resulting protein is more acidic. Valine does not form a correct peptide bond. The R groups between the amino acids are different.

The R groups between the amino acids are different.

The concentrations of sodium and potassium are fairly constant. However, there is a transmembrane potential charge difference that exists across the membrane. How is this possible? The cell membrane is impermeable to sodium and potassium. The cell is more negative outside than inside. Leak channels allow sodium and potassium to move across the membrane, causing the difference in electric charge. The concentrations of sodium and potassium are not equal inside and outside the cell.

The concentrations of sodium and potassium are not equal inside and outside the cell.

Adenosine triphosphate is considered a high-energy compound. But how is that energy transferred to the cellular machinery? ATPase is used to combine phosphate molecules. This in turn provides energy for metabolism. The covalent bond between phosphates is broken down, releasing energy. ATP is generated from anabolic reactions. Therefore, it builds up electrons to transfer. Decay of ATP allows the release of pent-up energy.

The covalent bond between phosphates is broken down, releasing energy.

The cranial bones almost entirely surround the brain and protect it. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the cranial bones and the brain? Hints The cranial bones are proximal to the brain. Cranial bones are anterior to the brain. The cranial bones are superficial to the brain. The cranial bones are lateral to the brain.

The cranial bones are superficial to the brain

How would the lack of a cofactor for an enzyme affect that enzyme's function? The enzyme would function more quickly. The enzyme's function would not be altered. The enzyme would not be able to function. The enzyme would function more slowly. The enzyme would cease to function after reaching a maximum rate.

The enzyme would not be able to function.

On a camping trip, you are sitting by a pond, watching the fire. You observe a particle of ash fall and hit the surface of the water. It sits there for a moment before sinking and dissolving. Why was it able to sit there for a few seconds? The surface tension created by the hydrogen bonds between water molecules kept it from entering the water. The surface tension formed from the hydrogen bonds between water molecules was low. As a result, the ash could not penetrate the water. The carbon in the ash does not interact with hydrogen bonds. The temperature of the ash was so much higher than that of the water that it evaporated the water at that spot.

The surface tension created by the hydrogen bonds between water molecules kept it from entering the water.

The trunk is subdivided into the abdominopelvic and __________. pelvic cavity thoracic cavity pericardial cavity peritoneal cavity

Thoracic cavity

Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? proximal frontal transverse sagittal

Transverse

Which of the following statements in reference to true body cavities is FALSE? The vital organs of the trunk are suspended within true body cavities. True body cavities are closed such that they separate their contents from the external environment. True body cavities are fluid-filled. True body cavities are lined by a thin layer of tissue called a mucosa.

True body cavities are lined by a thin layer of tissue called a mucosa.

Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds? An enzyme has a unique shape that allows it to bond only with specific molecules. Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas. Some hair is straight, some wavy, and some very curly. Two strands of DNA are linked together taking a shape similar to a ladder.

Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas.

Which of the following best describes dehydration synthesis? Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is added to split them apart. Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them. Two smaller molecules separate and reorganize into two new molecules after a water molecule is added to them. A large molecule is broken down, or splits, to produce salt and water.

Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them.

The dietary practices of the Inuit in the Arctic regions prove the point that diets rich in fat are not automatically unhealthy. Which of the following statements provides one possible explanation? Arctic temperatures convert saturated fats to monounsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats containing Omega 3s reportedly have a positive effect on cardiovascular health. Healthy oleic acids are unusually abundant in arctic fish. Arctic fish naturally contain a healthy amount of trans fatty acids.

Unsaturated fats containing Omega 3s reportedly have a positive effect on cardiovascular health.

Another term for "anterior" is __________. cranial caudal ventral dorsal

Ventral

______ attaches to the surface of the heart. visceral pericardium parietal pericardium visceral peritoneum visceral pleura

Visceral pericardium

Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel? Water acts as a cofactor for enzymes that dissolve the salt. Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond. When water is added to the NaCl, NaCl is broken down by adding OH- to one element and H+ to the other. This is known as hydrolysis.

Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond.

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not? Hints No, because they have an even number of valence electrons so they are already stable. No, because they do not have enough valence electrons. Yes, but only with other stable atoms. Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so.

Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so

The smallest living unit within the human body is The smallest living unit within the human body is a tissue. a cell. an organ. a protein. an organ system.

a cell

What would be an example of a cell maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level? a muscle cell contracts a cell of the intestine secretes digestive enzymes a cell divides to become two cells a sperm fertilizes an egg a cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration

a cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration

When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, two new monosaccharides are formed. a starch is formed. a disaccharide is formed. hydrolysis occurs. a polysaccharide is formed.

a disaccharide is formed.

Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains almost no glycogen. a higher concentration of amino acids. a higher concentration of potassium ions. a lower concentration of dissolved proteins. almost no lipids.

a higher concentration of potassium ions

Most of the surface area of a plasma membrane consists of DNA. cells. a phospholipid bilayer. carbohydrate molecules. a protein bilayer.

a phospholipid bilayer

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following? Hints a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte a solute, specifically both a colloid and a nonelectrolyte a solvent

a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte

When standing, moving toward the cranium is moving in __________ direction. an inferior a superior a lateral a medial

a superior

A solution containing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions is __________. alkaline basic acidic neutral

acidic

The cell's transmembrane resting potential was created by __________. vesicular transport active transport facilitated diffusion osmosis

active transport

In addition to secreting products from the cell, vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus can add new material to the plasma membrane. house chromosomes. transport materials to the endoplasmic reticulum. synthesize proteins. produce ATP.

add new material to the plasma membrane.

The purines found in DNA are ________ and guanine. thymine uracil adenine niacin cytosine

adenine