BMS213: Chapter 17 Smartbook
Rabies is spread to humans from _____.
domestic animals wild animals
The main method for preventing polio is _________ as early in life as possible.
vaccination
An international partnership is working to eliminate polio by providing ___________ to children worldwide.
vaccines
Haemophilus meningitis is prevented most effectively by ____________.
vaccines
Patients with __________ have the highest rates of cryptococcal meningitis.
AIDS, HIV, or immunodeficiencies
Which of the following are typical signs and symptoms of most cases of meningitis?
Fever Headache Increased WBC in CSF
Which gram-positive organism, resistant to extremes of cold, heat, salt, and pH, and spread through contaminated food products, causes a form of meningitis in immunocompromised patients?
Listeria monocytogenes
______ is an alternate name for tetanus.
Lockjaw
Endotoxin-mediated vascular damage called petechiae can occur in some cases of N. meningitidis infection due to a condition called ________________________.
Meningococcemia
Which of the following statements regarding the polio virus infection are correct?
Polio virus infiltrates motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Most infections are contained as short-term, mild viremia
______ is a slow, progressive zoonotic disease characterized by a fatal encephalitis.
Rabies
________ is a type of viral encephalitis spread by animals.
Rabies
Identify the correct statements regarding rabies transmission.
Rabies can be transmitted through aerosols of bat saliva. Wild animals carrying rabies can bite a human without being provoked by the interaction.
In which system does infection with Coccidioides immitis usually begin?
Respiratory
The presence of distinctive ______________ in sputum, spinal fluid, and biopsies gives a very straightforward diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis.
Spherules
The mode of transmission for most cases of listeriosis is _____.
contaminated food
Routine post-exposure vaccination for rabies involves intramuscular or intradermal injection _________.
four times in two weeks
Neisseria meningitidis appears as _____________________________.
gram negative diplococci
The Gram reaction and cellular morphology of S. pneumoniae are _____________________________.
gram-positive streptococcus
The polio vaccine that is recommended for all childhood vaccinations in the United States is the _________ polio vaccine.
inactivated (IPV)
Jonas Salk developed the ________ polio vaccine and Albert Sabin developed the __________ polio vaccine.
inactivated; oral
If meningitis is suspected, a ________ ________ is performed to test for the presence of bacteria or the presence of white blood cells.
lumbar puncture
To obtain a sample of CSF in suspected cases of meningitis, a _____________________ is usually performed.
lumbar puncture or spinal tap
The primary reservoirs for the rabies virus are wild _________.
mammals
Listeriosis is transmitted mainly through the consumption of contaminated ________.
meat poultry dairy products
Infectious agents and noninfectious causes can lead to an inflammation of the meninges called _________________.
meningitis
______ is an inflammation of the meninges caused by various infectious agents.
meningitis
Complications of meningococcal infection, including vascular collapse, hemorrhage, and accumulation of petechiae on the trunk and limbs, are due to a condition called _______________________.
meningococcemia
The common name for Neisseria meningitidis is _________________.
meningococcus
Zika virus is known to cause a condition in newborns called _______________.
microcephaly
The main prevention for Zika virus infection is avoiding ______.
mosquitos
Crops of lesions called ________ appear as a result of damage to blood vessels seen in cases of meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis.
petechiae
Meningitis caused by S. pneumoniae can be differentiated from meningitis caused by N. meningitidis because it does not produce __________________.
petechiae
A patient suffering from meningitis may have sensitivity to light, called ____________, and may develop ___________ in specific types of the disease.
photophobia; rashes
Cryptococcus neoformans is prevalent in urban areas where ______________ congregate, and it proliferates in the high-nitrogen environment of droppings that accumulate in their roosts.
pigeons
Streptococcus pneumoniae is also referred to as the ___________________.
pneumococcus
An acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis, although preventable through vaccination, is called ____________.
polio
Which disease is caused by an enteroviral infection of the spinal cord, leading to neuromuscular paralysis?
poliomyelitis
Rabies is one of the few infectious diseases for which ______ immunization is successful.
postexposure
The most susceptible group to listeriosis are ___________ women.
pregnant
Rates of neonatal meningitis are rising because more ___________ babies survive and often have immature immune systems.
premature
Why are the rates of neonatal meningitis rising?
premature babies have a greater likelihood of survival neonatal meningitis is favored in immunocompromised patients
Haemophilus meningitis is most effectively prevented by _____.
routine childhood vaccination
Infection with rabies virus typically begins when an infected animal's ___________ enters a(n) ____________ site
saliva; puncture
Diagnosis of Coccidioides infection involves the use of special media allowing observation of ______, that can also be seen in tissue samples.
spherules
A group B Streptococcus that can colonize the female genital tract and is the most frequent cause of neonatal meningitis is _____________ _____________.
streptococcus; agalaciae
A neuromuscular disease that results in uncontrolled contraction of skeletal muscles is ____________.
tetanus
______ is a neuromuscular disease involving powerful muscular contractions, often beginning with clenching of the jaw.
tetanus
In this image, Cryptococcus neoformans is readily identifiable because of its _____, indicated by the letter X.
thick capsule
True or false: Haemophilus meningitis is a severe form of acute bacterial meningitis but has become virtually unknown in the US due to Hib vaccination.
true
True or false: The oral polio vaccine contains an attenuated virus that can in rare instances become virulent and actually cause polio.
true
Which groups are at high risk for rabies?
veterinarians animal handlers
The type of meningitis that is usually milder than the disease caused by other organisms and often resolves within two weeks is ________ or "aseptic" meningitis.
viral
Meningitis caused by ________ is usually milder and shorter lived.
viruses
Which polio vaccine is currently recommended for childhood vaccinations in the US?
Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
Which of the following statements regarding rabies transmission are correct?
Treatment for a wild animal bite is immunization and wound care. A raccoon that bites without provocation is assumed to be rabid.
In addition to the typical symptoms of meningitis, meningococcemia can cause a high fever, chills, delirium, and widespread _____________, or bleeding under the skin.
Petechiae
In paralytic polio, invasion of motor neurons causes flaccid paralysis over a period of _____.
a few hours to several days
The oral polio vaccine contains a(n) _______ virus that in rare cases can become virulent and cause polio.
attenuated
Human rabies _______ is a form of passive immunization given to impede the spread of the virus and provide immediate systemic protection.
immune globulin
Neisseria meningitidis is commonly known as the _____.
meningococcus
Rabies is usually transmitted to humans by ______.
punctures due to animal bites
The worldwide incidence of polio has been ________ through vaccination efforts by the WHO.
reduced
Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes include ______.
resistant to heat resistant to cold resistant to pH extremes intracellular parasite flagellated
The main prevention for polio is _____.
vaccination
The average incubation period for rabies is as short as 2 _______ and as long as several ________.
weeks; years
Paralytic polio results in paralysis of the muscles in the ______.
diaphragm legs
Zika virus is a(n) _____ virus.
RNA
Neonatal meningitis is transmitted ______.
during birth in utero
Zika virus is transmitted through the bite of ________________.
Aedes mosquitoes
Which of the following are the virulence factors of pneumococcal bacteria?
Alpha-hemolysin Hydrogen peroxide Antiphagocytic capsule
Which type of microorganism causes the more serious types of meningitis?
Bacteria
Which are common reservoirs for the rabies virus?
Bats Skunks Wild dogs Racoons
Which of the following are factors that predispose a person to meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans?
Cancer Diabetes Steroid treatments Immunodeficiency
Tetanus is caused by the bacterium __________ __________.
Clostridium tetani
Which organism produces thick-walled, blocklike arthrospores (arthroconidia) that germinate into spherical cells called spherules?
Coccidioides
What is the name for the microbe in this image, readily identifiable by microscopy because of its thick capsule?
Cryptococcus neoformans
Which of the following is a yeast that can cause meningitis?
Cryptococcus neoformans
A gram-negative diplococcus that causes about 15-20% of the cases of meningitis is ____________.
Neisseria meningitidis
Minute hemorrhagic spots in the skin that appear on the trunk and appendages as a sign of meningococcemia are called __________________.
Petechiae
Which clinical sign/symptom is useful diagnostically to differentiate between meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis?
Petechiae
What are the signs and symptoms of meningococcemia?
Petechiae Vascular damage Hemorrhage
Which organism colonizes 10-30% of female genital tracts and is the most frequent cause of neonatal meningitis?
Streptococcus agalactiae
Which organism is the most frequent cause of community-acquired meningitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
A gram-positive flattened coccus that appears end to end in pairs and demonstrating alpha-hemolysis on blood agar is ________ ________.
Streptococcus; pneumoniae
Community-acquired meningitis is most often caused by a microorganism called _____________ ____________.
Streptococcus; pneumoniae
Identify the correct statements regarding polio virus infection.
Virus is carried to the central nervous system through its blood supply. Most people infected with polio virus exhibit mild nonspecific symptoms.
The condition microcephaly, in which babies are born with small heads, may be caused by _____.
Zika virus
Identify the correct statements regarding Zika virus.
Zika virus infection in pregnant women is linked to microcephaly in neonates. Pregnant women are advised to avoid travel to areas with risk of Zika.
Immunization against rabies can occur _______ exposure to the pathogen.
after
Rabies is one of the few diseases in which the vaccine can be given successfully _______ exposure to the virus.
after
The most serious types of meningitis are caused by _______ because they induce the greatest inflammatory response.
bacteria
Cryptococcus neoformans is prevalent in areas populated by which type of organism?
birds
Rabies is spread to humans from both wild and domestic animals through ______.
bites droplet inhalation scratches
Cryptococcus neoformans has an affinity for the ________.
brain meninges
Zika virus is transmitted through several mechanisms, including ______.
by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito vertically, in utero through sexual intercourse with infected individuals
Virulence factors produced by S. pneumoniae include a ______________ that protects against phagocytosis, and both alpha- ___________ and , both of _________ _________ which induce damage in the CNS
capsule or polysaccharide capsule hemolysin hydrogen peroxide
Zika virus is an RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family, closely related to the viruses that cause ______.
dengue fever yellow fever
Neonatal meningitis is almost always a result of infection transmitted by the mother ______.
either in utero or during passage through the birth canal