boat

Propeller rings, guards and baskets are designed to do what?

Prevent propeller strikes.

When operating your vessel with a VHF radio, what channel must you monitor?

16

Which of the following items are required on a 12 foot inflatable dinghy?

A PDF for each person aboard

What is a characteristic of a catamaran hull?

A Stable Ride

Navigation Lights Commercial Barge Lights

A common sight on many rivers and waterways are tugs and tows. When a tug tows or pulls a barge they must display certain lights that identify what they are, and what they are doing. Knowing the difference is very important. A tug towing a barge at night might have several hundred feet of cable between the two vessels, cable that is impossible to see. If you don't know what the lights mean, you might think that they are two different vessels and attempt to pass between them at your peril.

Preventative Maintenance Spring Fitting Out

A complete safety inspection of the engine, hull, and other systems should take only an ho ur or two. Attention to detail in spring can make the upcoming boating season a lot safer and more enjoyable. Use the following tips to create your own checklist. Replace deteriorated zincs. Zincs are designed to deteriorate saving other underwater engine components. Zincs that disappear after one season indicate a serious problem with the boat's bonding and/or electrical system. Inspect prop(s) for dings, pitting, and distortion that can cause excessive vibration and loosen everything on the boat. Worn or loose props also cut down your top speed and fuel economy. Inspect rubber outdrive bellows for cracked, dried, or deteriorated spots. Look especially in the folds! A bellows that is suspect should be replaced. Inspect the hull for blisters, distortion, and stress cracks. Small blisters may be dried, sanded and filled. Larger blisters, hull distortion and stress cracks require professional attention. Inspect and lubricate seacocks. Consider replacing gate valves with more reliable seacocks. You also can't visually inspect a gate valve as easily. Hoses and hose clamps should be inspected and replaced as necessary. Make sure engine intake sea strainer(s) are free of corrosion and properly secured. Strainers that were not drained properly in the fall could have been bent by ice over the winter. Inspect the rudder and rudder post to make sure they aren't bent or damaged. Any looseness must be corrected. Check power steering and power trim oil levels as well as transmission fluid. Follow manufacturer's maintenance schedule or use factory-authorized mechanic.

Personal Flotation Devices Life Jackets and Kids

A life jacket is no substitute for adult supervision of children around the water. Children float differently than adults, because their body weight is distributed differently, so they are more likely to float face down in the water. Children's life jackets should have a crotch strap and a neck collar for the most protection.Child life jacket sizing is based on the child's weight. Typically, child life jackets are sized in INFANT, CHILD and YOUTH sizes. Check the "user weight" on the label of any U.S. Coast Guard approved life jacket when fitting a child in a life jacket. Child weights are expressed in pounds and are typically marked as 'less than 30 lbs.', '30lbs. to 50lbs.' or '50 lbs. to 90 lbs.' Size and proper fit are the most important characteristics when selecting a life jacket.Youth Life Jacket Wearing RequirementsMost states and territories mandate that children wear life jackets while on a boat under certain circumstances. If you boat in a state without a children's life jacket regulation, you are required to have all children under 13 wear a life jacket while under way, unless they are below deck or in an enclosed cabin while boating on federal waterways.

What is hypothermia?

A serious condition that requires medical attention as a result of cold water immersion.

Aids to Navigation Types of Aids to Navigation

ATONs encompass a wide range of floating and fixed objects (fixed meaning attached to the bottom or shore), and consist primarily of: Buoys - floating objects that are anchored to the bottom. Their distinctive shapes and colors indicate their purpose and how to navigate around them. Beacons -Which are structures that are permanently fixed to the sea-bed or land. They range from structures such as light houses, to single-pile poles. Most beacons have lateral or non-lateral aids attached to them. Lighted beacons are called "LIGHTS", unlighted beacons are "DAYBEACONS". Both Buoys and Beacons may have lights attached, and may have a sound making device such as a gong, bell or horn. Both Buoys and Beacons may be called "marks".CAUTION - Do not count on floating aids to always maintain their precise charted positions, or unerringly display their characteristics. The Coast Guard works constantly to keep aids on station and functioning properly, but sometimes circumstances can cause them to get displaced causing unreliability. Only use floating aids for use as a navigation fix when you cannot see a fixed point of reference.

In general, the best time to wear your life jacket is when you are near the water.

Accidents happen, both on the dock and on quiet, still waters. In fact, most boating fatalities occur when the boat is moving slowly or not at all. While you should always wear your life jacket, it is particularly important to wear your life jacket during the following times: Boating at night, or at times of reduced visibility - When it is hard to see, it will take longer to find you if you fall overboard. In congested waterways - Many boats and turbulent water might make it difficult to see you in the water. Wearing a life jacket will get you higher up, and the jacket colors should make you easier to see. When you are by yourself - If you boat alone, there's generally no one around that can help immediately. If you boat in rough weather - Difficult sea conditions make for difficult rescues. If you boat in hazardous waters - Hydraulics near dams, or in places with strong currents/cold water - even if it's sunny and warm - can make it difficult to rescue you quickly. Even if you avoid these situations, if you are on an unfamiliar boat, or in unfamiliar waters, you should strongly consider wearing your life jacket. By law, recreational vessels must carry a properly fitted, serviceable life jacket for every person on board.A life jacket should be comfortable to wear; it should not be too tight or too loose. Keep in mind a life jacket may fit somewhat differently when in the water. Since life jackets are buoyant, it may float up on the user if improperly fitting or adjusted. When in doubt about sizing, refer to the label on the inside of any U.S. Coast Guard approved life jacket. Here, you will find a size usually expressed as ADULT SMALL through ADULT XX-Large, a recommend "user weight" and "chest size" for the intended wearer.Finally, life jackets must be READILY AVAILABLE for use. That means they shouldn't be buried in a locker under a pile of gear, or still in their packaging. Have them out, and ready for use and show your guests where they are and how they work. Better yet, wear one from the start!

Docking Docking - Single Screw

All boats handle differently when docking. There are significant differences between three separate types of boats: single-engine, keel-equipped powerboats and sailboats; single-engine planing hulls of moderate draft powered by a single outboard or sterndrive; and keel-less powerboats driven by twin engines, whether inboards, outboards, or sterndrives.If you are routinely experiencing frustration and anxiety when entering slips or tying up to docks, the very first step is to give yourself a break: handling a boat - any boat - in tight quarters is difficult, particularly if you've got an audience and especially if you have to deal with wind and/or current.As you're going into a docking situation, it's better to relax and admit to yourself that you're probably going to make a mistake. That step in itself should help you calm down and, more importantly, slow down. Only good can come of your being more deliberate and more forgiving of yourself and your crew.

When returning from sea, a green navigational buoy should be passed in what manner?

Always kept on the port side.

What should you do to avoid capsizing or swamping?

Anchor from the bow, rather than the stern.

Anchoring and Mooring Setting an Anchor

Anchoring can be accomplished quickly and easily by following a few simple steps. Check your chart for bottom characteristics and to determine that you are anchoring in a safe and allowable place and avoid anchoring in narrow channels or areas with a great deal of boat traffic. Remember that other boats will often have different requirements for anchor rode length--larger or taller boats frequently need a great deal of rode. So keep in mind a possible swing of 360 degrees if wind shifts or current changes. Secure the end of the anchor line to a bow cleat. Make sure the line is ready to run free once tossed overboard and be certain it's not wrapped around a body part, like your leg. Head into the wind or current. Reduce speed and reverse the engine. When the boat starts to make a slight sternway through the water, lower - do not throw - the anchor. Communication between the skipper and crew is key. After you've let about a third of your line out, tug the anchor line to see how firmly it's set, and then continue to release the rode. Once you let out an appropriate amount of scope, make sure the line is properly tied off on the bow cleat. Never, ever anchor from the stern. Even if anchoring only in designated anchoring areas, it is always prudent to have the appropriate signal such as an all-around white light on to notify other boats that you are anchored at night. During the day you must display a ball shape which is sized according to the size of your boat. You should never anchor from the stern of your boat. Your engine, and the bulk of the boat's weight rest here. Stern anchoring is the most likely way to swamp or flood your boat. Staying PutIt's a good idea to take two immediate bearings. Select two items, one off each beam, that form a natural range and watch for any changes in their relationship. You can check these later to determine if you're boat is dragging anchor.

Navigation Lights Diving Lights

Another light display that you may see in resort areas, or waters that have wrecks or reefs, is the night diving configuration. This has three vertical masthead lights, that have a red-white-red sequence. You must maintain a good distance from these vessels, and you should also be aware that there may be divers near you.

Documentation

Another option for some boat owners is to have their vessel federally documented—or registered with the US Coast Guard. Documentation has several advantages, but its primary uses are to provide a paper trail that establishes ownership of a vessel, and documentation is often necessary to travel overseas. While federally documented vessels are not required to display state registration numbers, you may still be required to register the vessel with the state, pay any required sales taxes, and display the state issued decal. Your best bet is to display the state decal and the federal documentation sticker as prescribed in your issuing documents. It is unlawful to display any other numbers in the area where these decals are to be affixed. Ships are documented according to use—commercial, recreational, etc. While you may use a commercial vessel for recreational purposes, you may not use a recreational boat for commercial purposes. Doing so will result in the loss of documentation, and fines or penalties. Documentation numbers need to be permanently attached to a structural portion of the hull, and the vessel's name and home port need to be listed on the hull—usually the transom. Recreational vessels must have the name and hailing port listed in 4 inch letters. Commercial vessels must do the same, but they must also have the name on both sides of the bow. Documentation is only available for boats that admeasure 5 gross tons, which works out to be about 30 feet in length. "Admeasurement" is a unit of volume - not weight. A boat that weighs 10,000 pounds might not qualify for documentation. For more information on documentation, visit the USCG National Vessel Documentation Center or phone 1-800-799-8362. There are also many documentation services out there that can help you expedite the process.

Rules of the Road The Overtaking Situation

Any vessel overtaking any other vessel must keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. The overtaking is always the give-way vessel and the vessel being overtaken is always the stand-on vessel.This rule applies even if the overtaking vessel is propelled by wind, oars, or rubber band paddlewheel.A vessel is deemed to be overtaking when approaching another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft (behind) her beam. This is the angle in which the overtaking vessel will be able to see the stern light of the other vessel.At night, the overtaking vessel will see only the white stern light of the vessel being overtaken. If you see either side light, it is a crossing situation.

Sewage

Anyone who spends a day on a boat with a head has the dubious pleasure of using the "onboard facilities." Whether you are on a 16' outboard or a 40' ketch, the "call of nature" is a regular part of our boating experience. So what's the big deal about using the water as a big bathroom?The main concern with sewage in our waterways is bacteria and nutrient imbalances that it can create. Bacteria can make boating and swimming unsafe, closing waterways and killing shellfish beds. Excess nutrients can cause algal blooms, which can disrupt the delicate balance of life and cause widespread problems for any water system. Fortunately, there are a range of options for onboard sewage management including toilets, holding tanks and even onboard treatment devices. When selecting the option that is best for you, it is important to consider the size of your boat, the type of boating you do, the availability of pumpout stations and whether or not you boat in any No Discharge Zones.Portable Toilet: A commonly used and cost effective alternative is the portable toilet. This system is fully self-contained. The upper section of the unit holds water used for flushing the bowl. Treated water, plus the waste, is flushed into the bottom each time the unit is used. The toilet can be used for several days before pumpout is needed. Though these are not considered to be MSD's (Marine Sanitation Device) as they are not permanently installed, they are legal to use on all waters.If your boat has an installed toilet by law you must have a Marine Sanitation Device (MSD). Standards have been set by the Environmental Protection Agency, and regulations have been issued by the Coast Guard, covering the certification and use of Marine Sanitation Devices. Sanitation systems consist of an installed head (toilet), a waste-treating device (MSD), and/or a holding tank.

When is the best time for cleaning your boat to stop the spread of aquatic nuisance species?

Before you leave the ramp area

Invasive Species

Aquatic invasive species, sometimes called aquatic nuisance species or ANS are plants and animals that are not native to a waterbody. These introduced organisms can cause serious problems. Not only do they crowd out native plants and animals, they affect humans by degrading boating, swimming, and fishing areas. Aquatic nuisance species are difficult and expensive to manage and nearly impossible to get rid of once established. The best way to deal with them is to not allow them to spread to new waterbodies.Boats, trailers, waders and other fishing and boating equipment can spread aquatic invasive species from one body of water to another. It's important to remember to always CLEAN, DRAIN and DRY you boat, trailer and equipment before you leave the launch area at the end of the day.CLEAN INSPECT and REMOVE all visible mud, plants, fish/animals from your boat, trailer, clothing, dogs, fishing gear or other equipment and dispose of in a suitable trash container or on dry land. CLEAN your boat and equipment. Rinse everything that has come in contact with the water before leaving the launch ramp. If possible use hot (140 °F) and/or high pressure water. If you discover any rough patches on the hull or equipment, scrub them with a stiff brush. Flush your motor according to owner's manual. DRAIN DRAIN all water from boat, hatches, bilge, live wells, transom wells and any other locations with water on land before leaving the launch site. Remove the drain plug before towing to allow the boat to drain completely. DRY DRY your boat, trailer, and all equipment completely. Drying times vary depending on the weather and humidity. At least five days is recommended before launching your boat into a different waterway, but check your local and state laws to confirm if longer drying times are necessary. Additional Tips: Dispose of unwanted bait, fish parts, worms, and packing materials, in the trash; do not dump them in the water or on land. Never dump live fish or other organisms from one water body into another.

National Security Naval Vessel Protection Zones

As a boater, you may be placed in a situation that may put you in legal jeopardy, if not at risk of injury or worse.NAVAL VESSEL PROTECTION ZONESOne thing you must contend with if you boat in certain areas of the country are Naval Vessel Protection Zones. These zones are designed to prevent attacks against our Navy by placing restrictions on how closely you may come to a naval vessel.The requirements are:You may not approach within 100 yards of any U.S. naval vessel. Sometimes this is an impossible thing to accomplish. If you need to pass within 100 yards of a U.S. naval vessel in order to ensure a safe passage in accordance with the Navigation Rules, you must contact the U.S. naval vessel or the Coast Guard escort vessel on your VHF radio. (Channel 16)You must operate at minimum speed within 500 yards of any U.S. naval vessel. You must proceed as directed by the vessels' commanding officer, or the official patrol.Violations of the Naval Vessel Protection Zone are a felony offense, punishable by up to 6 years in prison and/or up to $250,000 in fines. And don't forget, both the Navy and the Coast Guard are authorized to use deadly force to protect themselves...For more information on security zones go to the USCG website at www.uscgboating.org

When performing a self rescue, when should you swim to shore?

As the last resort.

Boat Transport and Trailering Retrieving the Boat

As when you launched your boat, preparation is just as important when loading. If there are other boaters already lined up launching or leaving, wait your turn but be ready to move quickly when it's your turn. Start by getting all of your gear ready to take off the boat, and get your boat ready to go on the trailer. If you have the option, let someone off the boat to get the trailer to the water.Once you've got the trailer to the edge of the water attach the winch cable to the boat and start cranking. While many people drive the boat onto the trailer, it isn't advised. Using the engine to assist loading, also known as power loading, erodes the ramp bed, can lead to debris being sucked into the engine, and can cause an accident.After you have the boat all the way on the trailer, attach the safety chain and pull the boat the trailer away from the ramp but make sure your engine is raised first. Then follow the 10-point trailer check and safety inspection described in the previous section before hitting the road.

Boat Transport and Trailering Trailer Hitch and Capacity

As you consider the ideal trailer for your boat, you should also consider what you are planning on towing it with. Many automobile manufacturers offer enhanced towing packages that add options to increase overall towing capacity. A tow vehicle's engine, transmission, cooling system, tires and rear springs are all stressed by the added weight so be sure you are not towing in excess of the stated capacity.You also need to be certain your trailer hitch is rated to handle your anticipated load. Trailer hitches are rated in four classes according to the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) they will be pulling. This chart gives you the class of hitch and the maximum capacity it is rated to tow. Class I has a maximum capacity rating of 2,000 pounds Class II has a maximum capacity rating of 3,500 pounds Class III has a maximum capacity rating of 5,000 pounds Class IV has a maximum capacity rating of 10,000 pounds The final component of the tow vehicle hitch is the hitch ball mount and the hitch ball. Both of these components also have a stated capacity rating that you want to be certain you don't exceed. Exceeding any of these ratings can lead to a real headache or worse. When it comes to safety on the road, pay close attention to these numbers and ratings as you are making your purchase decision.

When is a lookout on a vessel required?

At all times

A ventilation blower should be operated for how long after fueling?

At least 4 minutes.

Type V inflatable automatic models

Automatic Inflation Models Recommended uses: Minimum buoyancy: 22.5 to 34 lbs. depending on style. Restricted to the one use for which it is designed, for example: sailboard harness, belt pack, deck suit, float coat. Must be worn to meet federal requirements. Not guaranteed to turn an unconscious wearer face-up. Some manufacturers claim Type II performance. Some models feature a combination of CO2 inflation and built-in foam and provide 15.5 to 22 lbs. of buoyancy. Special Use Device Recommended uses: Minimum Buoyancy: 15.5 to 22 lbs. Restricted to the special use for which each is designed, for example: sailboard harness, decksuit, paddling vest, commercial white water vest or float coats. Must be worn when underway to meet minimum US Coast Guard requirements. Simply having a Type V life jacket on board will not meet the USCG carriage requirements.

10 Step Pre-Launch Checklist (cont.)

Backing Down the Ramp: When backing the boat trailer, put your hand on the bottom of the steering wheel. When your hand moves left or right, the trailer will go in the same direction. Hopefully you practiced! If the trailer starts to jackknife or becomes difficult to straighten, go forward just enough to straighten out and start again. It's easier than making huge swings to correct. Once you've reached the water level where the boat can be launched, put the vehicle in park, set the parking brake, and chock the front wheels if wish for extra security. Remove the winch strap or cable from the bow eye and the safety chain and push the boat into the water while your crew holds dock lines attached to both bow and stern. Move the boat to the end of the dock or if possible, to the opposite side of the dock away from the boat ramp. Do not congregate on the ramp, especially if someone is ready to use it. Once the boat is safely off the trailer, pick up the wheel chocks if you used them, release the parking brake and drive the tow vehicle up the ramp and park in a designated area for boat trailers.

Gasoline and propane fumes are most likely to accumulate in what part of the boat?

Bilge.

For boats under 20 feet, or boats without a capacity plate, a general way to determine how many people you may safely carry is to use the following formula:

Boat Length (in feet) X Beam (in feet )15 As an example, if you have a 20 foot boat having a 6 foot beam, you can safely carry 8 average size adults (approximately 150 lbs each - if you know you and your buddies weigh more than this, reduce the number of people accordingly). Keep in mind that this formula is based upon having calm seas! You should always carry less weight and fewer people if you know you are in for rough weather.

Boat And PWC Speed Limits Oregon

Boat speed limits are regulated by law for certain areas and conditions. When no speed limit is posted, operate your boat so that it will not endanger others. Always keep a proper lookout and never load a boat with passengers or cargo beyond its safe carrying capacity. You are responsible for your wake! White buoys with orange markings and black letters will indicate speed limits and slow-no wake zones. When operating your boat in a slow-no wake zone you must proceed at a speed at which the boat does not produce a wake. "Slow-No Wake" means operating a boat at the slowest speed necessary to maintain steerage and that reduces or eliminates waves that appear as white water behind the boat. In times of restricted visibility such as in fog or stormy conditions, you must be able to stop your boat within half the distance of forward visibility. At all times, operators must be prepared to avoid a collision and have engines ready for immediate maneuvering. Reckless Operation - Speed: No person shall operate any boat at a rate of speed greater than that which will permit that person, in the exercise of reasonable care, to bring the boat to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead.PWC: No person shall operate a personal watercraft in excess of a slow-no wake, operating a boat at the slowest speed necessary to maintain steerage and that reduces or eliminates waves that appear as white water behind the boat. Within 200 feet of a boat launch ramp, dock, swim float, pier, marina or moorage, floating home or boathouse, or location where persons are working at water levels on floats, logs or waterway construction Within 200 feet of a swimmer, surfer, diving flag, bank or wading angler Within 100 feet of any anchored or non-motorized boat No person shall operate a personal watercraft in excess of 10 MPH when approaching within 100 feet of another motorized or sailboat underway.

Weather to Go Boating Wind and Current

Both coastal and inland boaters are familiar with currents, the horizontal flow of water. Currents are also found in open water where they range from huge, persistent ocean movements such as the Gulf Stream or currents caused by the push of prevailing winds.A boat's handling characteristics are affected by wind and current, no matter what type of hull and power combination it has. Keeping a course or maneuvering in close quarters may be straightforward on a calm day during a slack tidal current (halfway through the tidal transition), but the boat may become difficult to handle when coping with a stiff crosswind or crosscurrent.Since the bow on many power boats is higher than the stern, they tend to get pushed away from the wind, despite what is done at the helm.Hull type has the most effect on how a boat reacts to the current. Displacement hulls with deep draft are affected by current to a greater extent than shallow-draft, lighter, planing-type hulls. Because water is denser than air even a slight cross current may have more effect on a displacement cruiser than a stiff 15 to 20 knot wind.On the other hand, given the same conditions, a planing-type hull with a high structure could be more affected by wind than by current. Neither a displacement nor a planing boat can ignore the wind and current. Skippers of both will find one of them a major factor affecting the boat's maneuverability. This is critical to remember when operating at low speed in close quarters.Regardless of the boat you are on, when operating in large waves and high winds, head into the waves at a slight angle, and reduce your speed. This will help you maintain control, and avoid falling off of a wave or having a wave break over your stern.

Boat Transport and Trailering Capacity and Trailer Size

Capacity and Trailer SizeFirst, you should know some critical measurements like the length and width of your boat. Next, you need to know the weight of your fully loaded boat which must include the motor, gear, accessories and fuel (six pounds per gallon). This extra weight adds up fast and is always much higher than the manufacturer's listed weight which doesn't include these extras.Once you know the estimated weight of your fully loaded boat, you can shop for a trailer that has suitable capacity. Federal law requires that a trailer display its Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR), which is the total weight the trailer is rated to carry. This is usually found on a decal or small plate near the trailer tongue. Some experts suggest that as a margin of safety the total weight of the boat and gear be no more than 85% of the trailer's GVWR.A trailer that is too small or overloaded is more than just an inconvenience, it's dangerous. If purchasing a trailer is in your future don't be tempted to skimp on overall capacity. If a dealer is trying to convince you to go up in overall capacity, it's not a sales pitch. It's his best attempt to ensure you have a good experience on the road and a safe voyage ahead of you.Single Axle vs Dual AxleMost boat trailers have either one or two axles. A larger boat will require a larger trailer which distributes the load over multiple axles and multiple tires. Generally speaking, a dual axle trailer tracks better and is less likely to fish tail. While they cost more and require more upkeep, boat owners who have traded-up to a dual axle trailer almost always report that they are pleased with the results, especially with larger boats. The extra wheels also mean a smoother ride and safer handling in the event of a blowout.Multiple axle trailers also distribute the load better over the wheels and the axles. The trailer manufacturer will also specify the load carrying capacity of an axle which is its Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) which is not to be confused with the GVWR. On a single axle trailer, the GVWR and the GAWR are the same. For dual axle trailers, the GVWR is equal to twice the GAWR.

Marine Communications Some Radio Options

Citizen band radio is intended for the public to have economical access to two-way radio communication. CB is allocated 40 specific frequencies between 26.965 and 27.405 mHz, commonly referred to as channels 1-40. Channel 9 is reserved for emergency communications. The usual reliable range of CB radios is five miles. Making contact with a CB radio on the water may be difficult, since not all boats have CB radios. Channel noise and station traffic are sometimes heavy, and the Coast Guard doesn't monitor the emergency channel. Family Radio Service radios are intended for personal, non-commercial use like CB radios. They are very handy because they can be used on land or water. These "walkie-talkies" can be purchased just about anywhere. They are perfect for outdoor trips with friends and family where you need to stay in contact. And they also help with communications while still on the boat, from bow to stern or above and below deck. The range is typically 1-2 miles and is line-of-sight like VHF and cell phones. They have limited battery power and no emergency channel. Because these units have become so popular, you may want to pre-arrange what channel you will be using and test it out. Very often one or more channels will be overloaded, especially in crowded areas.

Which "class" of fires consists of flammable liquids including stove alcohol, gasoline and diesel?

Class B.

What do you need to know when passing under a river bridge?

Clearance height under the bridge

Recommended Equipment CC minimum

Coast Guard minimum requirements are just that, minimum.It is suggested you carry additional safety equipment, such as:anchor with sufficient line/chain (at least five times water depth)bailer (bucket)oars or paddlesfirst aid kitVHF radioextra fuel & watertool kitsun protectionflashlight

What does a slashing hand motion over the neck mean by a waterskiing participant?

Cut the motor or stop

Caring for Your Life Jackets

DO'S: Check your life jackets at the beginning of each boating season - all hardware and straps are in good shape, firmly attached, and in working order; check for leaks, mildew, lumpy or hardened foam, & oil saturation in the fabric. Make sure that there are no rips or tears in the fabric and that the USCG approval label is attached and readable. Discard and replace life jackets that show signs of deterioration - tears, mildew stains, punctures, etc. DON'TS: Don't use a life vest or throwable flotation cushion as a kneeling pad or boat fender. Don't use harsh detergents or gasoline to clean it. Don't remove any labels, straps or buckles. Don't sew ANYTHING onto the life jacket. STORAGE: Store in an area with good ventilation. If wet, allow it to dry thoroughly in open air before storing. Drying it in a dryer, in front of a radiator, or other source of direct heat will destroy its buoyancy. The amount of buoyancy (and life-saving value) your life jacket provides will decrease over time.

Aids to Navigation Dayboards and Safe Water Marks

Dayboards - These diamond shaped marks are used to help the vessel operator determine location on a nautical map. When you see a dayboard and find the corresponding mark on the chart, you know your precise location. They may be lettered and may be lit with a white light. Their color reflects that of nearby lateral marks.Safe Water Marks - Also known as Mid-Channel Buoys, these marks are used to mark fairways, mid-channels, and offshore approach points. They have unobstructed water on all sides. These marks may be lettered and may be lit with a white light. They may also have a red top mark.

Aids to Navigation Aids to Navigation Systems

Depending on where you boat you may see several differences in how navigational marks are colored, numbered, or lighted. Usually buoys and beacons are placed in very specific locations to mark either a particular side of a waterway or some other navigational feature. The primary system in use is referred to as the U.S. Aids to Navigation System. The U. S. Coast Guard maintains this system in conjuction to the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). This is an international committee which seeks to ensure safe navigation, primarily through the use of common navigation aids and signals.The lateral system is the familiar "RED, RIGHT, RETURNING" phrase you hear while boating. This means that on all navigable waters returning from sea, the red, even-numbered marks are on the starboard (right) side of the channel and the green, odd-numbered marks are on the port (left) side of the channel. Numbers on the marks increase when traveling from sea to harbor. If you don't have a compass and become disoriented on the water, you will always know you are heading upstream if the buoy numbers get larger as you travel.

Anchoring and Mooring Line And Gear

Depending upon the size and type of your boat, and where you anchor--your choices for an anchor line are either an all-rope anchor rode, a combination of rope and chain, or all chain.The best all around line for anchoring is three-strand twisted nylon. Three-strand line can absorb shock and the constant tugging associated with anchoring much better than braided line or chain alone. Chain may also be used, especially in anchorages that are primarily rock or coral, which may cut a nylon line. A length of chain should be used between the anchor and a longer length of line. The chain will add weight to set your anchor without making it too heavy to lift manually, while serving to exert a horizontal pull on the anchor to set it.Nylon Three-Strand line is the leading choice for use as an anchoring line. Lines generally come in a "soft" or "medium" lay. Soft lines are generally softer to the touch, and loosely woven. These aren't as good as medium or hard lines for anchoring as they are more prone to unraveling and chafing. Tightly wrapped lines are the best choice for anchoring. Lines that have been treated with a wax-like coating are available. These lines resist water/salt absorption. To help keep your lines in good shape, clean them from time to time by soaking them in soapy water. Never use bleach as it can break down the line.Chain may be used instead of nylon line for anchoring. Chain has several benefits, including added weight, chafe and wear resistance, and high strength. It also lowers the angle of pull on the anchor, which helps it to set more firmly into the bottom. Chain is generally found made of galvanized steel, though you can find stainless steel and vinyl coated chain, which is designed to be non-marring to your deck.As the saying goes, a chain is only as strong as it's weakest link...make sure that your anchor and line are attached to each other with adequate gear. Some lines come with plastic thimbles or eyes--but metal, either marine-grade stainless steel or hot-dipped galvanized steel, is best. Swivels and shackles should be inspected regularly for wear, and to ensure that the connections are tight and functional.

Which of the following is recommended maintenance for an inboard boat?

Deteriorated engine and hull zincs should be replaced if corroded.

Digital Selective Calling

Digital Selective CallingDigital Selective Calling, or DSC, is the equivalent of a "mayday button" on a VHF or SSB. When activated, it automatically broadcasts an encoded distress call that will be picked up by all nearby vessels equipped with DSC. If the radio is interfaced with a GPS unit, it will also automatically broadcast the distressed vessel's position.All fixed-mount radios and many handheld units now include DSC as a feature. To use DSC, you must obtain a MMSI (Maritime Mobile Service Identity) number. You can get an MMSI from a few places online including www.boatus.com/mmsi.LicensingSince 1996, most recreational boaters are no longer required to obtain an individual Ship Station License from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). However, boaters still need a VHF Ship Station License if: They travel to or broadcasting in a foreign port (including Canada, Bahamas, Caribbean) The boat is 65 feet or longer They use single sideband radios or Inmarsat equipment They are a commercial vessels Those traveling to or broadcasting in a foreign port must also obtain a Restricted Radiotelephone Operator's Permit (RP). However, if you (1) merely plan to sail in domestic or international waters without docking in any foreign ports and without communicating with foreign coast stations, and (2) your radio operates only on VHF frequencies, you do not need an RP.

Displacement Hulls:

Displacement hulls typically have a rounded bottom with a teardrop shape running bow to stern. Displacement hulls displace or move, an amount of water equal to the weight of the boat. Displacement hulls are very efficient. Most long range cruising boats such as trawlers and many sailboats use this type of hull. But because of their design, displacement hulls are restricted in their speed to the square root of their waterline length times 1.34. Therefore, a 64 foot boat can realistically only expect a top end speed of a little over 10 knots. The Ranger Tug pictured here shows several design elements typically found in displacement hulled vessels such as a rounded hull form and a bulbous bow.

What is one of the leading causes of sportsmen's deaths while boating?

Drowning as a result of falling overboard

Which of the following is a symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Drowsiness and nausea.

Night Use Only

Electric Distress Light for Boats:The electric distress light is accepted for night use only and must automatically flash the international SOS distress signal, which is three short flashes, three long flashes, and three short flashes. It must be marked that it meets U.S. Coast Guard requirements. When flashed four to six times each minute, this is an unmistakable distress signal, well known to most boaters. An ordinary flashlight is not acceptable since it must be manually flashed and does not normally produce enough candle power.No person in a boat shall display a visual distress signal on water under any circumstances except in a situation where assistance is needed because of immediate or potential danger to the persons aboard. Violation of this regulation comes with heavy fines and possible jail time.DAY AND NIGHT USE - Must be Coast Guard Approved Hand-Held Pyrotechnic Flare Distress Signals - these look like road flares and require a motion to ignite the flare by striking it using the cap. Hold these away from your body as they are very hot. Launchable Pyrotechnic Flare Distress Signals - These devices may be either meteor or parachute assisted type. Some of these signals require a suitable launching device like a special pistol style gun.

Rules apply to vessels in all conditions of visibility. Collision avoidance rules are the same at night or in fog as they are during a bright sunny day.

Every vessel must maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing at all times. Operator inattention and not having an adequate look-out are a leading cause of accidents each year. Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate for the conditions to determine if a risk of collision exists; this includes lights and binoculars if available. Every vessel must proceed at a safe speed at all times. Several factors should be considered when determining safe speed including the state of visibility, traffic volume, wind, sea current, the proximity of navigational hazards and your vessel's maneuverability with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability. You should even take into consideration the depth of the water and proceed at a safe speed in relation to your boat's draft. At night, consider the presence of background lights such as those from shore. The Rules specifically require that any action must be taken to avoid collision. Changes in course or speed should be readily apparent to the other vessel. You should avoid last-second changes in course and a small series of changes. Change direction early, and make a large turn. While you are getting out of the way of one vessel, you must not get in the way of another. Finally, you may deviate from the navigation rules if it is absolutely necessary to avoid a collision.

Operating a boat at times of restricted visibility requires extra concentration by the skipper and the lookout. You must operate your vessel at a safe speed, giving you enough time to react to a situation and avoid a collision.

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed and navigate with extreme caution Have engines ready for immediate maneuvering - including reverse Don't rely on radar or other electronic imaging alone - use your built in senses at all times Take avoiding actions early and provide ample time for the other vessels to maneuver Avoid sharp turns if being overtaken If you are in doubt, always reduce your speed For example, when you hear another vessel's fog signal and you cannot rule out that a possible collision exists, you must reduce your speed to the minimum necessary to maintain your course. In other words, if you are unsure of the other vessel's intentions in fog, you must slow to idle speed until any potential danger has passed.

Which is the major cause of fatalities involving small boats?

Falling overboard and drowning.

Rules of the Road Operating In A Narrow Channel

First and foremost, you have to avoid larger vessels that can only travel in a channel. Even if your vessel is operating under the rules otherwise, you must give way to a boat that could potentially run aground or get into a collision if they left the channel.Try to operate on the edge of the channel towards the starboard side. Be extra cautious if you come to a bend in the waterway and can't see traffic coming towards you. You may sound one prolonged blast as a warning to traffic headed your way.When operating in a narrow channel or fairway, downbound vessels (vessels going downstream) have priority when passing through bridges and other narrow areas. The downbound vessel shall propose the manner and place of passage and shall initiate the maneuvering signals between itself and any upbound vessel.

Docking Landing Without Injury

Five Rules for Avoiding Docking InjuriesRule # 1. Before each docking maneuver, make sure everyone understands what he or she will be doing. You should be aware of where your crew is and what each member is doing at all times.Rule #2. Don't encourage your crew to make Olympian leaps onto the dock. This is one of the most common types of accidents. Whenever possible, hand docklines to someone on the dock or wait until the boat is safely alongside before stepping ashore.Rule #3. Keep fingers and limbs inside the boat! As a boat gets close to a dock, passengers tend to gravitate toward the rail and drape fingers, legs and arms over the side of the boat. If the boat suddenly swings into a dock or piling, the consequences can be painful.Rule #4. Make sure everyone else that is not assigned to a task is seated or has something to hold onto. A sudden bump or a quick shift into reverse can send people toppling.Rule #5. It might sound obvious, but don't use bodies to stop the boat.Too often, people think they can stop a boat by pushing off with hands or feet. Slow down and use fenders and have them ready before you approach the dock. Larger boats carry great momentum.

Visual Distress Signals Flags as Signals

Flags serve a variety of purposes in the marine environment. There is no legislation governing the flying of any flag on numbered, undocumented or licensed vessels. However, there is a proper etiquette involved when displaying flags.Recreational boaters may fly flags to display boating affiliations. For example, many yacht clubs provide triangular shaped burgees to members. And, members of the U.S. Power Squadrons and U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary fly flags to identify themselves. Boaters also fly flags to identify their home state or nationality.Flags are also used for specific boating activities and navigational purposes. For example, boats with scuba divers must fly a "diver down" flag when divers are in the water. There are two types of diver down flags and both are appropriate to display. They are a red flag with a white diagonal stripe and a rigid replica of an "alfa" flag. Another example are the flags used by committee members and participants of events sponsored by US Sailing.

Hull Shapes

Flat Bottom - typically small open boats such as jon-boats. Flat bottom boats can easily get on plane at high speeds. Typically intended for use on calm waters such as ponds, small lakes, and slow rivers, they do not handle well in choppy or rough water, especially at planing speeds. Flat bottom boats are not very stable, caution should be used when moving about. Round Bottom - Round bottom boats almost glide through the water. Because round bottom boats are very efficient at moving through water, most cruising sail and power boats have rounded hulls. Typically, round bottom boats move at slow speeds. Most boats with this hull type will have a keel, chines, or stabilizers, as the round form will often roll with the waves, and tends to make everyone sea sick during rough weather. Cathedral hull - Cathedral hulls are two or more hulls attached closely together. This combination of hulls allows for much more stability than what is found in other hull forms. The air pocket that is formed between the hulls may also provide lift, helping the boat get on plane more easily and increasing efficiency. Deep-V hull - V-hulls are designed to operate at high speeds and to cut through rough water, which provides a smoother ride than flat-bottom or round bottom boats but, are not as efficient and need larger engines to move at similar speeds. The vast majority of the boats sold today have a variation of the V-hull. Tunnel hull - When you see a catamaran, you are looking at a tunnel hull. Hulls are essentially two deep-v hulls joined by a platform/cockpit area. Tunnel hulls are gaining in popularity, as they offer many of the benefits of other hull designs, such as stability, speed, and roominess with few of the drawbacks. Can operate in virtually any seas, and tends to ride better than monohull boats.

Weather to Go Boating Fog

Fog is one of the more unpredictable weather patterns that you might encounter, and it takes practice and skill to knowingly enter fog and not have a panic attack. Here are a few tips to deal with fog. A depth/fish-finder, a GPS, and a radar, when used in conjunction with a chart, can help you avoid hitting objects. If you have these items aboard, practice using them! Go out on a clear day, and practice navigating by instruments. If you don't have electronic equipment, use the equipment nature gave you - your eyes, your ears, and your brain, and follow these steps:STOP! Assess your situation - are you in a busy channel, or near shore? Or are you out in the open? Being aware of your surroundings is the first step in dealing with fog.If you can, anchor your boat, and simply ride out the fog. But listen closely for other vessels that might approach, and make sure that you have a sound producing device to let the other vessels know of your presence.If you must proceed, go slowly. Going fast puts you at much greater risk - it is harder to hear other vessels, you will have less reaction time to avoid an accident, and if you do get in an accident, it will be more severe than if you were going slowly.Don't try to hug the shore, or head back to harbor, it is an accident waiting to happen. Generally, it is safer to move your vessel to an uncongested, deep area of water and wait.

Docking

For many people, docking their boat is one of the most trying experiences to be had on the water. Attempting to tie up to a busy fuel dock on a windy weekend day can test anyone's piloting skills.The things you need to notice when you are about to dock is where you intend to tie up, where other boats are, what the wind is doing, and to a lesser extent what the current is doing. Look and see how much room you have to maneuver your vessel around the area you intend to dock. Docking next to a long open pier is usually going to be easier than backing into a narrow slip in a confined marina. Prior to your docking manuever you should see if other boats are leaving or entering the area you need to turn. How other boats are tied up or moving about in close quarters can greatly alter your intended steering and docking and require you to change your plan. Current can also affect your docking in a similar fashion to wind, and in some areas can preclude you from docking at all in low water. Consult your tide tables, especially when traveling in new waters. At all times, maintain no more than steerage speeds and try and have some crew ready with lines to tie off immediately. Using your lines to assist in docking can save a great deal of time and energy. Lines can be used to pivot a boat around a piling or even a fender to help bring either end of your boat to the dock. Let the lines do the work!Knowing which way the wind is blowing can greatly aid your docking. When coming alongside a pier with the wind in your face, head in at a steep angle to the pier and turn sharply at the last moment to avoid being blown out by the wind. If the wind is at your stern, come into the dock at a narrow angle and let the wind do the work of pushing your boat up against the dock.

Operator Responsibilities Before Guests Step Aboard

For many people, their only boating experiences come from being a guest on boats such as yours. As a "boating ambassador" the more you can do to put them at ease, the better. Show them around the boat, show them how to use equipment, and what they can expect when they go out on the water. Share your knowledge with them--you will help them be safer on the water, and you will help them enjoy the water that much more.Having a safe and enjoyable boating trip begins well before you step aboard the boat. No matter what the weather is before you start your trip, and no matter what your boating experience--there is no guarantee that the trip will go according plan. The following seven questions are derived from Water Wise - Safety for the Recreational Boater, produced by the University of Alaska Sea Grant.Before you step aboard your vessel, there are seven questions that you should answer to ensure a safe trip for you, your crew, and your boat: DO YOU KNOW YOUR BOAT? WHO WILL BE ABOARD? WHERE ARE YOU GOING? WHAT IS YOUR BOATING ENVIRONMENT? WHAT IS YOUR EQUIPMENT? WHAT CAN GO WRONG? WHAT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY?

Aids to Navigation Intracoastal Waterway

For the sea buoys that indicate channels off the coast of the United States and for the Intracoastal Waterway (ICW), red is on the right (shore side) when proceeding clockwise around the U. S. from the East Coast to the Gulf Coast, or proceeding North along the West Coast.ICW marks are further identified by a small yellow reflector at the bottom of the mark. The same port and starboard marks will look like the markers above.

Fueling Your Boat Fuel Spill Prevention Products

For those who are looking for a simple solution to prevent spills there are a wide range of absorbent products available. While some fuel docks supply an absorbent pad to every fuel dock customer, it is a good idea to keep a few on hand. You should also keep bilges clean and free of oil drips to reduce the risk of pollution.Fuel Bib: Shaped like a small baby bib. Slides over fuel filler neck to catch drips and overflow.Fuel Collar: Shaped like a donut. Slides over fuel nozzle to catch overflow and prevent backsplash.Absorbent Pads: Looks like a cloth diaper. Use them like a paper towel or sponge to absorb fuel/oil while leaving the water behind.Bilge Sock: Looks like an athletic sock filled with absorbent material. They can fit into tight places under the engine or in the bilge.Spill Booms: Sausage shaped absorbents that can be hooked together to put around a boat, dock or large spill.

When someone falls overboard, what action should the skipper take?

Get flotation to the person and assign a spotter.

What should a boater do with a float plan?

Give it to a friend or relative ashore

Oil and fuel disposal

Giving clear cut guidance on disposal of oil and fuel soaked materials is not easy. Disposal guidelines vary widely from one local jurisdiction to another. Here are a few points to consider when disposing of oil and fuel soaked materials.When at the marina fuel dock or gas station: Look for a separate metal bin labeled for absorbent disposal. Ask the fueling staff how and where they would like you to dispose of saturated absorbent materials. Do not just throw them in the garbage or leave them next to the pump. If they do not have a program that handles used absorbents separately, encourage them to consider adopting one. Find out about disposal options in your area visit www.earth911.com for more information. When at home: Store any saturated pads or rags in a metal container with a tight fitting lid. Check with your local gas station or auto repair shop to see if they will accept your used pads and rags. Ask your local waste disposal department about hazardous waste pickup days in your community. Find out about your local disposal regulations. Contact your local waste management department.

Day Use Only

Hand Held Orange Smoke Distress SignalsFloating Orange Smoke Distress SignalsThese come in two varieties, one lasting approximately 5 minutes, one lasting 15 minutes.Orange Distress Signal Flag for BoatsThe distress flag has a black square and black circle on an orange background. It is accepted as a day signal only and is especially effective in bright sunlight. The flag is most distinctive when waved on something such as a paddle or a boat hook or flown from a mast. This flag should be three feet by three feet (3'x3') although some inland states only require it to be two feet by two feet (2'x2') or two square feet.Sea-marker dye is useful when air search has been initiated. These dyes come in several colors and should only be used when chances of being spotted are high.Although not recognized by USCG as a carriage requirement, a well-handled signal mirror can be very effective in calling attention to oneself. It is low in cost and has an unlimited shelf life.

What should you always do when a person falls overboard?

Have someone keep the victim in sight.

National Security Your Role In Keeping Our Waterway's Safe And Secure

Here are a few things to keep in mind while out on the water:Keep your distance from all military, cruise line, or commercial shipping. In addition to the Naval Security Zone requirements, you may also not operate your vessel near certain commercial vessels. It's best just to avoid all commercial vessels if possible.Observe and avoid all security zones and commercial port operations. Areas that have a large marine facilities including military, commercial/cruise, or petroleum facilities should be avoided. There are also restrictions near most dams, power plants and other facilities located near water.Don't stop or anchor beneath bridges or in shipping channels. If you do, you can expect to be asked to move and/or be boarded by law enforcement officials.Keep a sharp eye out for things that are out of the ordinary. You are asked to report all activities that seem suspicious to the local authorities. To report suspicious activity, call the National Response Center at 877-24WATCH. If there is immediate danger to life or property, call 911 or the U.S. Coast Guard on Channel 16. Do not approach or challenge those acting in a suspicious manner.Wear your life jacket. Wearing your life jacket, and operating in accordance with the Rules of the Road and other boating regulations will ease the burden on the Coast Guard and other law enforcement personnel.

Docking Docking Techniques

Here is an example scenario of using your dock lines to get your boat to do what you want it to do, in conjunction with rudder and throttle control.You are heading for a fuel dock to get some gas. The problem is, you have to place your boat between two boats that are already tied up. And, to complicate matters, there's a slight breeze blowing directly off the dock.The dock attendant is on hand and looking nervous because you won't have much clearance fore and aft. Don't worry! Ask one of your crew to throw him a line that is already cleated at the bow. As the dock attendant grabs your line, ask him to attach it to a piling just aft of the boat in front of the space into which you must fit.Now, with the line secured at the dock and your wheel turned hard toward the dock (to starboard in this example), just put your boat in reverse gear, at idle speed.Your boat will start drifting sideways, into the allotted space. If you're working against current or wind and your progress is too slow, just advance the throttle slightly. You can also make small adjustments in your approach angle and speed by turning the wheel slowly one way or the other.

What is another name for the boat's serial number?

Hull identification number

Marine Communications Emergencies

In emergency situations there are certain procedures to follow to ensure a prompt response. There are three phrases that you might hear on a VHF radio and they all relate to safety: MAYDAY - distress signal, requires the most urgent response. This signal is only to be used when a person or boat is threatened by grave or imminent danger and requires assistance. PAN-PAN - (pahn-pahn) used to signal urgent information like man overboard or a boat is drifting towards a hazard. If your emergency isn't immediately life threatening say Pan-Pan instead of Mayday. An example would be if you have a controllable leak and you want help standing by in case it gets worse. SECURITE - (se-cure-ih-tay) the safety signal, is used to transmit information about the safety of navigation. For instance, if a large commercial vessel is coming through a narrow channel this signal would be used. It can also be used to transmit weather information, such as when a storm system is approaching. Should you need to make a distress call: turn your VHF to Channel 16 press the transmit button on the mic say one of the three phrases three times, along with position and situation information. Here's an example mayday from the fishing boat Tambourine: " Mayday, Mayday, Mayday. This is the Tambourine. Our position is 24 degrees 33 minutes north and 74 degrees 56 minutes west and we are sinking ." Try to speak slowly and clearly then repeat this information three times. The call should include Mayday, your position, and your emergency. If you have time, describe your boat and how many are aboard: " We are a 23 foot Mako, green hull, white decks, with two adults and two children aboard ."If you don't get an immediate response repeat your Mayday broadcast periodically as long as the radio will function, be sure to give your position with every transmission. If you don't hear responses on other channels try calling on Coast Guard Channel 22A.

Weather to Go Boating Tides and Sea Conditions

In the ocean, swells (caused by the interaction of ocean currents with distant weather systems) gradually build into waves. As they travel, each crest reaches higher above its trough. Increasing wind tears at the wave tops, causing whitecaps. When this heavy sea encounters shallow water, crests rise and break and surf crashes ashore. Sometimes, these waves near shore will form strong rip currents pushing back out to sea. This effect is often amplified by the narrowing funnel of an inlet or sandbar.Regular, intermittent currents that respond to movement of the sun and moon are called tidal currents. Approximately every 6 hours, tidal currents force masses of water against and away from shore resulting in the rise and fall of water level. The highest tides and strongest currents are associated with "spring tides" during new and full moons, when the moon and sun pull in opposite directions.Depending upon where you boat, tides, or the vertical movement of water, can have a major impact on your boating experience and water depth. Consult the tide charts, tables or your favorite tide and current app for your area before you go boating. Tide tables offer a broad range of information about tides, including when high and low tides will occur, and what the high and low tides will be at a given location. Low tides can expose concealed sandbars and shallow areas so consult a nautical chart for your area so you don't run aground.Tsunami Awareness on the Pacific CoastTsunamis: In-Depth - The Pacific "Ring of Fire" is the main generator of seismic events that can create tsunamis. The West Coast of the United States has had tsunamis in the past and can expect another tsunami in the future. It is important for boaters in coastal areas to know what to do if they are on their boat when a tsunami may strike. A tsunami is a series of ocean waves that are caused by disturbances in the earth's crust. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, explosions, landslides and meteorite impacts can all cause tsunamis and can cause severe damage to boats on the water and on shore. Tsunamis are unpredictable events. While tsunamis can occur in any ocean, most occur in the ring of fire areas from South America to Indonesia. Not all tsunamis are caused by far away events. Local geologic events can cause earthquakes too. The Cascadia subduction zone is known to have caused tsunamis in the past and scientists assume that there will be another tsunami caused by slippage in the Pacific Northwest portion of this zone. Not all major earthquakes result in a tsunami. According to Sea Grant, Hawaii tsunamis are capable of flooding areas hundreds of feet inland past the normal high tide line. The water moves at three hundred to six hundred mph and can crush almost anything in its path. Tsunamis cause rapid changes in the water including water levels and unpredictable currents especially in harbors and entrance channels. What To Do You should have an evacuation plan including what to do with your boat and belongings and if there is time, you should have planned what you will take off your boat if you cannot move the boat itself. Tsunamis move very quickly, several hundred miles per hour, and if an earthquake along the Cascadia subduction zone is severe, there will be little time available to get to high ground. If you are on land and experience an earthquake strong enough to knock you down, forget your boat and follow your local tsunami evacuation route procedures. If you receive a tsunami warning that allows you time to take care of your boat: move your already trailered boat to an area outside the evacuation zone. You may not be able to get your boat out of the harbor in time and your best strategy is to leave your boat. You will want to take along your insurance and ownership papers as you evacuate. If in deep water (600 feet to 1,200 feet or greater), you should stay at sea. If time allows, you can take your boat into deeper water (at least 1,200 feet deep) that is not in a harbor or at the entrance to a channel. You should not block a harbor entrance or shipping channel. If you are in a body of water with that contains major shipping lanes, such as the Puget Sound or the Lower Columbia River in Washington State, you should anticipate heavy shipping traffic heading seaward. You may not be able to get your boat out of the harbor in time and your best strategy is to leave the boat. If you take your boat out to sea, do not return until you hear an All Clear on the radio by the Civil Defense agency.

Marine Communications

In this age of ever-changing technology there is no shortage of ways to get your message across. But when you're out on the water, what's the best device to maintain your lifeline to shore?Today's boaters are faced with many choices for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications. VHFs, cell phones, Family Radio Service radios, CB radios, Single Sidebands, and satellite communications are among the myriad choices available.Having a cell phone on board allows you to keep in touch with land-based people and businesses easily. They are very convenient and should be used in tandem with a VHF. Cell phones, although very convenient on land, are less reliable on the water. Most are not water resistant, and their range is relatively small. Range is further complicated by the fact that the majority of cell antenna/stations are placed with land-based use in mind, so the distance offshore that a vessel can remain in contact is frequently much smaller than VHF radios. Your communication power with a cell phone is limited on the water because you can only contact one other phone at a time. In contrast, VHF radios broadcast to all radios in the area at the same time.

Aids to Navigation Isolated Danger Marks and Ranges

Isolated Danger Marks - These indicate a danger which may be passed on all sides. They are usually located or moored near danger. They should not be approached closely without special caution. They may be lit and they may be lettered.Ranges - pairs of unlit or lit fixed aids that when observed in line show the pilot to be on the centerline of a channel.Ranges are a PAIR of aids to navigation. When the day boards and/or lights appear to be in line with each other, it assists the vessel operator in maintaining a safe course within the navigable channel.

Which of the following is true about the use of alcohol while boating?

It is against the law to operate a vessel while intoxicated.

Navigation Lights It's Your Responsibility

It is the responsibility of the owner/operator of a vessel that the vessel show the proper navigation lights for its size and the waters in which it is operating. It is not the responsibility of the manufacturer, importer, or selling dealer. Many boats are delivered with lights that do not meet legal requirements with respect to technical characteristics or placement on the vessel.Remember also, that the angles of visibility must be met when the boat is underway. If your boat rides at a significant bow-up angle, take that into consideration when installing and/or checking your lights.

What does an automatic cut-off lanyard do when properly attached to a PWC operator?

It stops the engine when the operator falls overboard.

Which is a characteristic of a Type III life jacket?

It will not turn most unconscious wearers face-up

Boating Equipment Navigation Lights Interpreting What You See

It's great that you're learning the basics of lights - what is required and when they're required. But, this is only the beginning. You must also learn how to interpret the navigation lights that you see when you are underway at night, and for your safety, learn it well.In the image on the top left you see the red, green and the white lights of a power boat approaching head on at night. It is a good idea to give extra operating room in a passing situation.If you see a vessel approaching that shows a light pattern such as the middle image on the left, you will know that you are in a crossing situation, and that you must give way to the other vessel - that's why it is red.Seeing a green light over a white light indicates a fishing vessel actively trawling, such as in the image on the bottom left. You not only need to avoid the vessel, but you also need to remember that it could potentially have a very large net deployed that you will also need to avoid.There are numerous other lights and combinations of lights that you must be able to instantly recognize - the lights for a sailboat versus a motorboat, the special lights of various fishing vessels, a dredge or a vessel not under command. Study the requirements for navigation from the viewpoint of a look out as well as a boat operator.

Preventative Maintenance Engines

It's not good for engines to be idle, even for three or four months over the winter. BoatUS Marine Insurance claim files contain many stories of engines that froze and failed after skippers didn't winterize their engine properly. Generally, engine blocks that freeze and crack are not covered by a boat's insurance policy.But even if the engine makes it through the winter, a half-hearted winterizing effort will come back to haunt you as the engine gets older and wears out prematurely. Unless it is winterized properly, moisture, acids and corrosion will continue unabated. Winterizing the engine is one job that is truly critical; follow the steps below and consult your manual for specifics.Keep in mind a properly tuned engine improves fuel economy and burns fuel more efficiently, causing fewer emissions.

Boating Under the Influence Making A Bad Situation Worse

Judgment: In skills tests, impaired boat operators all reported that they were better operators while intoxicated than sober, despite instrument readings that documented their reduced performance. Alcohol and drugs both reduce inhibitions, causing normally cautious people to try stunts or enter high-risk situations a sober person would avoid.ALCOHOL ONLY MAKES YOU THINK YOU ARE PERFORMING BETTER ... AND DRAMATICALLY INCREASES YOUR REACTION TIME:Alcohol dramatically INCREASES your reaction time, that is to say, it takes more time for you to react because you are slower to react to situations that may occur very quickly on the water. Alcohol severely diminishes your ability to react to multiple signals at once. It takes longer to receive information from your eyes, ears and other senses, and still more time to react. When peripheral vision, focus and depth perception are impaired by alcohol, you can't correctly judge speed and distance, or track moving objects. Reduced night vision and the inability to distinguish red from green make the intoxicated night boater an even greater hazard.

Navigation Sounds Required Sound Signal Equipment

Just as lights play a significant role in understanding what other boats are doing, so do sounds. Virtually every boat is required to have some sound producing device aboard. There are a variety of sound making devices to choose from, but loud is good!Legal Requirements - Equipment for sound signals is based on the length of your boat as follows: Boats under 12 meters (39.4 feet) - Must carry a sound producing device such as an athletic whistle or handheld air horn. Boats over 12 meters (39.4 feet) - Must carry a sound producing device capable of producing an efficient sound signal audible for 1/2 nautical mile with a 4-6 second duration. When and How To Sound Off - Sound signals are to be used when vessels are in sight of each other and are meeting or crossing at a distance within half a mile of each other. There are also specific signals meant to be used during periods of reduced visibility and fog.Blasts - Sound signals are called blasts . There are two different blasts used for warning and steering signals. Short Blast - Lasts about one second. Prolonged Blast - Lasts from four to six seconds.

When hunting from a boat, what is the best way to maintain the boat's stability?

Keep body weight low with gear distributed evenly

Which of the following items is/are required on a 12 foot inflatable dinghy?

Life jackets

When are lights required to be installed on a trailer?

Lights are required on every trailer.

What are hull identification numbers useful for?

Locating your boat if it is stolen

Boating Under the Influence Common Myths About Alcohol

MYTH: Beer is less intoxicating than wine or distilled liquor.FACT: One 12-oz. beer contains the same amount of alcohol as 5 ounces of 12% wine or 1-1/2 oz. of 80 proof liquor.MYTH: Diluting hard liquor slows the absorption rates.FACT: Diluting an alcoholic beverage with water or fruit juice slows absorption. Mixing alcohol with a carbonated beverage increases absorption and intoxicates you more quickly.MYTH: A cold shower, coffee, physical activity or fresh air will sober you up.FACT: Cold showers and coffee will only produce a clean, wide-awake drunk. Only your liver can detoxify alcohol. For each drink you consume, it takes approximately two hours to sober up.MYTH: A shot of brandy or whiskey will warm you up.FACT: In moderate amounts, alcohol dilates the small blood vessels close to the skin, giving a deceptive "glow" of warmth. However, the dilated blood vessels reduce your body's ability to guard against heat loss.MYTH: You cannot receive a ticket if you are under the influence of prescribed drugs.FACT: Operating a vessel while under the influence of prescription drugs will make you just as liable.MYTH: Alcohol is a stimulant.FACT: Alcohol is a depressant. It is absorbed directly into the blood stream through the stomach. As blood circulates through your brain, the alcohol depresses body functions and learned restrictions on social behavior. Judgment, balance, vision and reaction time are affected almost immediately.

Fishing

Maintaining healthy fish stocks is vital to anglers everywhere. If you're like most anglers today, you care about protecting fish and their habitat - and about the future of sport fishing. Keep these tips in mind when you're heading out for a day of fishing: Know your local fishing regulations and what fish are in season. Have a fishing license - license fees support fisheries management. To find out how to get a license in your state visit: http://takemefishing.org/select-a-state/ Know what you want to/should keep - selective harvesting is key to keeping healthy fish populations. Keep only the fish you plan to eat and release the rest. Keep mid-size fish and release the biggest fish because they spawn more often. Keep fish species that reproduce quickly and release predators like bass and trout. Collect all your used fishing line and recycle it. Practice Catch and Release. To learn more, take our FREE Clean Boating Course

Which safety precaution should be taken first by a boat operator when boating in stormy weather?

Make sure all aboard are wearing USCG-approved life jackets.

What must you do if you see another vessel's red and white lights off your starboard bow?

Maneuver to avoid a collision

White lights can sometimes be found on what kind of buoys?

Mid Channel buoys.

Which of the following is true about boat registration numbers?

Must be at least 3 inch block characters

Aids to Navigation Mooring buoys and Special Marks

Mooring Buoys - These come in two different shapes; spherical and cylindrical. Both have white bodies with a solid blue horizontal band on the center of the buoy. Mooring buoys may have a white reflector, or a white light attached to them. Mooring buoys are the only buoys to which you may legally tie your boat.They are generally placed in marked anchorage areas, and you must take caution if you are traveling near these areas. Check your state boating laws for particular operating restrictions in anchorage areas.Special Marks - These marks are yellow in color and have no lateral significance (meaning they don't tell you which side of the channel or river you may be on). These marks are used to mark a special feature or area. These include area limits for anchorages, fishing grounds, dredging/spoil areas, pipelines, jetties and military exercise areas. These buoys may be lit and if they are it will be a fixed or flashing yellow light. Shape varies but usually follows the shape of the navigation buoys that it is positioned near.

Marine Communications Channels

Most VHF radios on the market today have in excess of twenty-five usable channels. Aside from the U.S. channels there are also International and Canadian channels, all of which come standard with many of the newer units on the market.The most important channels on your VHF radio are 13, 16, 19, 22, and 70. Channel 13 is used by commercial shipping to communicate their actions and confirm passage. Channel 16 is designated by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) as the national distress, safety and calling frequency.All vessels must monitor this channel while underway. Calls to other vessels are normally initiated on channel 16 except for recreational vessels which may use channel 09. The FCC has designated channel 09 as a recreational calling channel in order to eliminate congestion on channel 16.However, it is important to take note that the United States Coast Guard does not monitor channel 09 for distress calls. Any vessel in distress should use channel 16 (which the Coast Guard does monitor). Channel 22 is the most common working channel for USCG in the event of an emergency.The following list of channels are those available in the United States for VHF Radio communications. Always remember to check locally for channels authorized for use in your area as well as any local restrictions.

Dealing with an Accident

Most fatalities on the water occur as a result of capsizing, which is when a boat is knocked down so it lies on its side in the water or turns over - frequent among small sailboats that are sensitive to sudden changes in the wind. Most small boats will remain in this position, unless righted, but will float enough to support you. After a boat has capsized, it is important to do several things: Remain calm and conserve energy Immediately do a head count to make sure everyone is with the boat Ensure that all crew members are wearing PFDs Have everyone stay with the boat; there may be possibilities of righting it, and rescuers can find you more easily Leave the boat only if it is headed toward a hazard and as a last resort If you do lose the boat, or can't right it, try to use anything you can to help you stay above water. The higher you are in the water, the easier it will be to find you. Your next step is to try to get help. Signaling for help takes restraint - you don't want to tire yourself out or run out of signals such as flares. Having signal flares, smoke flares, whistles, or a horn is very important. If all you have is an upside down boat, your options are limited. Some people paint the hull of their boat florescent orange to make it more visible if they capsize. Even the clothes you wear can help you survive longer and get rescued faster. Take turns being the designated "signaler" who yells at a regular interval, or waves at passersby. Try to make everyone as "big" as possible (put on what you can, pull floating debris near you). If you do have appropriate signaling devices, use them only when other vessels are in sight so you can be sure they will be able to see or hear you! Take precautions against swamping and capsizing: Watch that loaded items do not shift from side to side, guard against too much power or speed in turns, and be aware of wakes from passing boats. Take waves at an angle to the bow, at low speeds, giving the hull a chance to ride over rather than dive into them.

Weather to Go Boating Weather Information Broadcasts

NOAA Weather Radio operates continuously on 10 different channels on your VHF radio. Your ability to tune in to any particular station depends on your position relative to NOAA's transmitter. A broad range for frequency reception is 20 to 40 miles - beyond this distance from shore, you may not be able to receive the weather broadcast at all.NOAA broadcasts current weather conditions such as temperature, humidity, wave conditions, dew point, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, and other weather information. For more severe weather, NOAA uses the following descriptions:Small Craft Advisory: May also be issued for hazardous sea conditions or lower wind speeds that may affect small craft operations. There is no legal definition of the term "small craft".Let's take a closer look at some common weather conditions and how they might affect your time on the water.

Navigation Lights

Navigation (Nav) lights are used to prevent collisions at night or in times of reduced visibility, and are an essential tool in keeping you and your vessel safe. Nav lights allow you to see other nearby vessels, and allow other vessels to see you.Nav lights also provide information about the size, activity, and direction of travel. By understanding the characteristics of Nav lights, you can determine an appropriate course of action as you approach another vessel.On any vessel, navigation lights have a specific color, (white, red, green, yellow, blue), arc of illumination, range of visibility, and location, as required by law and regulations. For the purposes of this course, we will concentrate on pleasure boats under 65 feet in length. Knowledge of navigation lights is important to a small-boat skipper for separate, but important, reasons:You are legally responsible for displaying lights of the proper color, intensity, location and visibility on your boat. You are required to display the appropriate lights at night or during times of reduced visibility. Navigation lights will allow you to identify the type and heading of another boat.

◈ Operating Under The Influence In Oregon:

No person under the influence of alcohol or drugs shall operate, propel, or be in actual physical control of any boat. A boater who shows signs of impairment from alcohol or drugs - even some prescription drugs - can be arrested for Boating Under the Influence of Intoxicants (BUII). Using recreational marijuana (smoking or using any marijuana products) is illegal in boats on public waterways. Oregon law provides that any person operating a boat on any Oregon waters has given consent to submit to a breath and field sobriety tests if the officer has probable cause to believe that he or she is impaired. A boater with a blood alcohol content (BAC) of .08% or more is considered to be under the influence. A boater who shows signs of impairment but doesn't meet the .08% BAC may be required to provide a blood sample to test for other impairing substances. BUII is a Class A misdemeanor; if you are found guilty of a BUII it is punishable by up to one year in prison and a fine of up to $6,250. Also, the court could require you to complete a safe boating class, remove your privilege of operating a boat for up to one year, suspend your boater's education card for 1-3 years, and may have your boat registration suspended for three years.

Non-Pyrotechnic Devices

Non-pyrotechnic visual distress signaling devices must carry the manufacturer's certification that they meet Coast Guard requirements. They must be in serviceable condition and stowed to be readily accessible.This group includes: Orange distress flag. Electric distress light. No single signaling device is ideal under all conditions and for all purposes. Consideration should therefore be given to carrying several types. For example, an aerial flare can be seen over a long distance on a clear night, but for closer signaling, a hand-held flare may be more useful.Visual Distress Signals: TypesA wide variety of signaling devices, both pyrotechnic and non-pyrotechnic, can be carried to meet the requirements of the regulation: Recreational boats less than 16 feet operating in coastal waters need only carry night signaling devices when operated at night. All other boats must carry both night and day signaling devices. Any combination can be carried as long as they add up to three signals for day use and three signals for night use. Three day/ night signaling devices meet both requirements.

Boating Under the Influence More Fun Than Driving, Right?

Operating a boat while intoxicated is a federal offense, subject to a $1,000 fine. Criminal penalties are as high as $5,000. .08% Blood Alcohol Content: The current federal legal limit as well as most states. .05% Blood Alcohol Content: The limit for operating "under the influence" in many states(which may vary based on state laws). You may be charged with operating under the influence at any point. It is at the discretion of the enforcement officer based on their perception of how you are functioning as a boat operator.If you think operating a boat under the influence of alcohol is safer than drinking and driving a car, you could be dead wrong. Alcohol or drug use affects your ability to function in three critical ways. Your balance, judgment and reaction time are affected almost immediately after you start using drugs or alcohol.Balance - Alcohol and drugs can have an effect on your balance which can be critical on a boat; falling overboard and drowning accounts for at least 1 in 4 boating fatalities. When you are "tipsy", the unstable, moving platform of the boat can easily cause you to fall overboard.Reaction Time - Additionally, drinking alcohol can lessen coordination, skew judgment and interfere with decision-making ability. In the event of a fall overboard, it can increase the danger of cardiac arrest.Alcohol also reduces your body's ability to protect you against the cold water. With alcohol in your blood, the numbing effects of cold water occur much faster than when you are sober. Within minutes, you may not be able to call for help, swim to a float or reach the safety of the boat.

Anchoring and Mooring Picking Up A Mooring

One of the best ways to avoid the hassles of anchoring is to choose a mooring if available for use. Mooring balls are identified by their white spherical or can shape, that have a blue horizontal band and you will typically have to pay a small fee to the harbor master to use a public mooring, but you can count on it being far cheaper than paying for dockage for the night.Public moorings are professionally maintained and will use a large anchor or helix screw fixture to maintain position. Although moorings are typically more secure than anchors, moorings can and do periodically give way. For this reason, and for the obvious courtesy reasons, you should never pick up and use a mooring that does not belong to you. Here are some tips for picking up a mooring: Approach a mooring from downwind. This will give you better maneuverability as you go to secure your boat to the ball. Approach slowly, so as not to run over the mooring line or buoy. A crew member with a boat hook should grab the eye or the base of the mooring ball or the whip if it has one. Attach the mooring line to the bow and gently reverse engines to halt forward motion. Once secure, let the boat drift back - there is no need to 'back down' on a mooring ball.

Mufflers and noise levels

Oregon An effective muffling system of every internal combustion engine is required to control the exhaust sound level. Specifically, it is illegal to exceed: 90 decibels db(A) if boat was manufactured before January 1, 1993. 88 decibels db(A) if boat was manufactured after January 1, 1993. In general, do not modify your factory exhaust if the result makes it louder!Loud boat noise not only bothers other operators and users of the waterways, it can also disrupt peace ashore because of sound's ability to travel great distances over water. Excessive noise can also prevent a boat operator from hearing other boats' sound signals and warnings and can prevent you from hearing approaching law or rescue personnel.

◈ Officer Authority & Compliance Oregon

Oregon State Police and county sheriffs providing marine patrols enforce boating laws in Oregon. Additionally, the U. S. Coast Guard has enforcement authority on federally controlled waters.They are authorized to signal a boat operator to bring the boat to a stop to conduct a safety inspection: With the owner or operator's consent; or If a sheriff or other police officer confirms that a safety violation has occurred (Probable cause) the sheriff or officer shall conduct a complete safety inspection to determine compliance with all other applicable safety laws. These officers also have the authority to terminate voyages, escort boaters ashore, or order boaters to the nearest moorage if an unsafe condition is found that cannot be corrected on the spot.Whenever contacted by one of these officers, you must stop and permit the officer to come alongside to check your Certificate of Number, Boaters Education Card and required safety equipment. When you are being approached by a law enforcement boat using its blue flashing light and/or siren, you must slow to the slowest speed at which you can safely steer your boat . You may proceed unless otherwise directed by the law enforcement officer. When approaching a stationary law enforcement boat displaying its blue lights, consider it to be the same as a boat ramp with a 200-foot, "slow-no wake" speed zone around it. You should slow immediately to the slowest speed at which it is possible to maintain steering. You also should alter your course so that you do not interfere or inhibit the operation of the law enforcement boat. You may increase your speed only when you are out of the vicinity of the law enforcement boat.

◈ State Age and Education Requirements Oregon

Oregon has a mandatory education law for all individuals wishing to operate powerboats greater than 10 horsepower (hp). ALL Oregon residents must carry the Oregon boater education card with them while operating powerboats greater than 10 hp.Youth Requirements: You must be at least 12 years old to operate a powerboat in Oregon. Youth 12-15 need a boater education card to operate powerboats 0-10hp without a card-carrying adult on board. When operating boats greater than 10 hp, youth must be in direct supervision of a card-holding adult age 16 or older.When operating a PWC, the supervisor must be 18 or older and be in direct supervision.In all cases where an adult is supervising a youth, that adult must possess a boater education card as well.Oregon prohibits the operation of personal watercraft by persons under the age of 16 unless accompanied by a boater education card-holding person 18 or olderPersons 16 and older may operate a PWC unaccompanied, provided they possess a boating education card.Oregon prohibits the rental of a PWC to persons under 18.Out-of-state boaters are required to carry their state's boating education card while operating a motorboat over 10 hp. If the state doesn't require or offer boating safety education, they will need to take Oregon's Mandatory Boating Safety Education course and purchase and carry the Oregon card before operating on Oregon waters.The BoatU.S. Online Safety Course is an approved course. After completing an approved boating safety course you must then apply for a lifetime card (no renewal necessary) issued by the Oregon State Marine Board. A one-time application fee of $20 is required. Further Instructions are provided when you pass the course.

State PFD Requirements Oregon In addition to the federal life jacket carriage requirements,

Oregon has the following requirements for wearing a life jacket:A person operating a boat and all passengers in the boat must carry an approved U.S. Coast Guard, in good and serviceable condition, properly fitted for the wearer, and readily accessible and approved for the boating activity life jacket, Type I, II, III or V. Children aged 12 and under are required to wear a U.S. Coast Guard approved, in good and serviceable condition and approved for the boating activity life jacket at all times while on an open deck or cockpit of boats that are underway or being towed. Life jackets must be securely fastened and be size appropriate for the wearer.Every person on board a personal watercraft (PWC) must wear a U.S. Coast Guard approved Type I, II, or III life jacket. Inflatable life jackets are not approved for PWC operator or passenger use.Each person boating on river sections of Class III or higher MUST wear a Type I, III, or V life jacket that is U.S. Coast Guard approved, properly fitted for the wearer and approved for the boating activity

Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Prevention Permit:

Oregon requires all motorboats regardless of size to purchase and carry an AIS permit while on Oregon waters. In addition to your motorized registration fee, $5.00 is added into the cost and is shown as a current decal displayed on your boat. All out-of-state motorboats, no matter the size, are required to purchase an out-of-state Aquatic Invasive Species Prevention permit ($20) when operating on Oregon waterways. Permits are available at Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife license agents or through their app. Permits are also available through the Oregon State Marine Board office or through on their online store.

Waterway Access Permit

Oregon residents and out-of-state operators of non-motorized boats: canoes, kayaks, stand-up paddleboards, rafts, drift boats and other manually powered boats, which are 10 feet in length or longer, must purchase a one week ($5), one year ($17) or a two year ($30) permit when operating on Oregon waters. One permit is required per boat; the permit is transferable from boat to boat or person to person, and not required for youth 13 and younger. The permits are available at Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife license agents or through their app. Permits are also available through the Oregon State Marine Board office or through on their online store.

Rules of the Road Maneuvering

Overtaking, meeting head-on, and crossing are the three most common collision risk situations. The stand-on vessel must maintain course and speed. The give-way vessel must take action to avoid the stand-on vessel. If it becomes apparent that the give-way vessel is not going to take action, the stand-on vessel must take action to avoid a collision.The Crossing Situation - Both International and Inland Rules state that when two power-driven vessels are crossing, the vessel which has the other on her starboard side is the give-way vessel and must keep out of the way. The dark gray boat in the image below is on the starboard side of the white boat, therefore it is the stand-on vessel.It is the duty of the give-way vessel to avoid a collision. Typically, this means you must alter speed or direction to cross behind the other vessel (the stand-on vessel).Remember that boats have a red light on the port side of the bow and green on the starboard side. As a powerboat, if you see a red light crossing right-to-left in front of you, you need to change your course because you are the give-way vessel. If you see a green light crossing from left-to-right, you must first determine the type of boat it is to identify the stand-on vessel.The Meeting Situation - At times there may be some doubt whether the situation is a crossing or a head-on meeting. In case of doubt, you should assume that it is a meeting situation, in which neither vessel is the stand-on vessel and each must give way, turning to starboard.Ideally, each vessel in a meeting situation should alter course to starboard so that each will pass on the port side of the other. At night, you will recognize a head-on meeting situation if you see both red and green side lights at the same time.

The hull, or bottom of a boat, comes in several different forms. Each form has a unique shape that give it certain handling and performance characteristics. Your boat has the hull form that it has to best match the type of boating it was designed for. In general, hulls fall into one of the two following categories:

Planing Hulls: Planing hulls are designed to plane, or ride on top of the water, regardless of the weight of the boat. The flatter the bottom, the easier it is to get on plane. Also, less power is needed to attain high speeds with a flatter hull. The trade off is in handling. Flat hulls do not handle well in rough water. Many planing boats use a shallow "V" shape to ride better in rough waters. This boat has a V-bottom for better handling in rough water.

Sound Signals for Use In Reduced Visibility

Power Driven Vessels: Making way through water: one prolonged blast sounded at two-minute intervals. Underway but stopped and not moving through the water: Two prolonged blasts in succession with two second intervals between blasts sounded at two-minute intervals. Sailboats or vessels not under command, restricted in ability to maneuver, towing or pushing another vessel, or engaged in fishing with nets or trawling: One prolonged blast followed by two short blasts sounded at two-minute intervals.Vessels at anchor: Rapidly ringing bell for five seconds at intervals of not more than one minute. Boats less than 12 meters (less than 40 feet) must make an efficient sound with an interval of no more than two minutes. If you see a vessel approaching, you may also sound the following signal: one short, one prolonged, and one short blast in quick succession.These are not the only rules concerning sound signals in restricted visibility; there are additional rules that may be found in the Rules of the Road or in Chapman's Piloting.

Which of the following is true of a carburetor backfire flame arrestor?

Prevents explosions on inboard gasoline engines

Fueling Your Boat Proper Fueling Procedures

Proper fueling procedures are very important in preventing onboard fires and explosions. Always check the bilges and all closed compartments for gasoline vapors. The sniff test is the most effective method for detecting fuel leaks. Leaking fuel lines pose a great danger. Fix or replace them immediately.Fueling tips and procedures: Secure boat to the dock and switch off engine(s). Extinguish all open flames, including cigarettes. Do not use electrical switches. Make sure that all ports, hatches, and doors are closed and that passengers are ashore. Determine quantity of fuel required and make sure it is the proper type of fuel. Hold hose nozzle firmly against fill pipe opening. Don't forget to use a fuel bib or absorbent pad while filling to catch any fuel drips. Do not overfill and if there is a spill, wipe it up. Open ports, hatches, and doors to ventilate. Turn blower on for four minutes minimum. Do the sniff test. For portable tanks do the following: Tanks six gallons and smaller should be removed from the boat and filled on the dock or shore. If required, add appropriate amount of oil for 2-cycle outboards to fuel tank. Make sure hose nozzle is in contact with rim of tank. After filling, secure tank to the boat so it will not slide around while underway.

Fueling Your Boat Keep Our Waterways Clean

Proper fueling techniques keep our water clean and safe, and help marine life thrive in a healthier environment. You are legally required to report fuel spills, and to take prompt action to clean up any spills that may occur.Under federal law (the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and the Clean Water Act) it is illegal to discharge any petroleum product into the water. By law, any oil or fuel spill that leaves a sheen on the water must be reported to the U.S. Coast Guard at 1-800-424-8802.You are responsible for any environmental damage caused by your fuel spill. So, preventing spills will be beneficial for you and the boating environment!It is also against the law to use detergent or other chemicals on a spill to disperse the oil or sheen. These products can cause the petroleum to sink into the water, causing more harm to marine life and bottom sediments.If you have spilled a petroleum product, immediately stop the source of the leak, use oil absorbent pads or booms, notify your marina and call the U.S. Coast Guard. Your marina may also know a state agency that needs to be contacted. If the spill is of any substantial size, we also recommend you call your insurance company.

What should you do if caught in severe storm conditions?

Put on your life jacket if it's not on already.

What should you do when fueling an outboard boat with a portable tank?

Put the tank on the dock or shore to fill it.

Pyrotechnic Signaling Devices

Pyrotechnic visual distress signaling devices must be Coast Guard approved, in serviceable condition and stowed in a readily accessible location. They are marked with an expiration date. Launchers produced before Jan. 1, 1981, intended for use with approved signals are not required to be Coast Guard Approved.USCG Approved Pyrotechnic Visual Distress Signals and Associated Devices include: Pyrotechnic red flares, hand held or aerial. Pyrotechnic orange smoke, hand held or floating. Launchers for aerial red meteors or parachute flares. The purpose of this regulation is to assure that boaters have a way of attracting attention and securing assistance when needed. Properly used visual distress signals will also help reduce the time it takes during a search and rescue operation.The video here provides a brief overview of the Foundation's testing on visual distress signals.

State Equipment Requirements OregonIn addition to federally required boating safety equipment, some states may require additional safety gear to be carried aboard certain boats on certain bodies of water. Check the Experience Oregon Boating book before heading out for specifics. Although not required, the Marine Board ask you to consider carrying the following additional safety items:

Recommended Additional Safety Equipment! Compass and charts Marine VHF radio Cell phone Anchoring equipment Bailing device and bucket Bilge pumps and pads Spare parts & tools Extra starting battery Oars or paddles Extra lines & fenders Flashlight

Boating Equipment Personal Flotation Devices Type V - Hybrids

Recommended for boating activities where rescue is nearby and must be worn when underway.Minimum buoyancy: 7.5 lbs. of built-in foam buoyancy and inflatable to 22 lbs.More comfortable to wear than Type I or Type II, but are inadequate for unconscious overboard victims.Inflation Mechanism:When activated, a CO2 cartridge is pierced, releasing gas to inflate the device. Water-activated models inflate automatically when submerged in water. Manual units are activated by yanking a pull-tab. Both types of inflatables feature blow-tubes to provide a back-up method of inflation. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions for checking and maintaining your inflation mechanism.Maintenance:Inflatable life jackets require more frequent maintenance than inherently buoyant life jackets. Check the status of the inflator every time to be certain cartridge is properly installed and the equipment is in working order. Check for leaks every two months; inflate life jacket orally and leave it overnight to check for leaks. If it leaks then it should be replaced. Immediately replace any spent CO2 cartridges with new ones. Frequent users of inflatables should check them often, especially if used around sharp equipment like fishing gear. Make sure all straps and zippers are in working order - keep your equipment in serviceable condition. Inflatables are NOT recommended for individuals who cannot swim (unless worn inflated) and are not for use where water impact is expected, like water skiing or riding a personal water craft (PWC).Inflatable life jackets are not meant for children under the age of 16.

Rules of the Road Follow the Rules

Recreational boaters must operate according to the established navigation rules covered in this course. Yet, each year the U.S. Coast Guard statistics reveal that the most common violations are caused by excessive speed, not maintaining a proper lookout, or not following other established navigation rules.Now that you are familiar with "The Rules," go out and use them in passing, meeting, and crossing situations you find on the water. You may get many puzzled looks from inexperienced boaters with no training or testing.Remember, that you must do everything to avoid a collision. If a collision does occur, your proper use of the correct signals and appropriate actions may have helped to avoid potentially serious consequences.The navigation rules of the road contained in this course summarize basic navigation rules for which a boat operator is responsible. Additional and more in-depth rules apply regarding the various types of waterways and operation in relation to commercial vessels and other watercraft. It is the responsibility of a boat operator to know and follow all the navigation rules.

What must be visible to law enforcement personnel while operating a PWC?

Registration numbers.

Aids to Navigation Regulatory Marks

Regulatory Marks - These are designed to assist boaters by informing them of special restrictions or dangers that they are approaching. Regulatory marks are white "can" buoys that have an orange shape on them. The mark will give either a warning or instructions on how to proceed. The shape determines what type of mark it is. A square or rectangular shape is used for conveying instructions. An open diamond shape signifies danger. A diamond with a cross in it signifies an exclusion area that you may not enter. A circle indicates an upcoming operating restriction, such as a speed limit.

Preventative Maintenance

Repairing a boat that has been underwater, even briefly, can cost about 40% of its value. Surprisingly, 4 out of 5 boats that sink are at the dock unattended and not underway. It's important to inspect your boat often, especially before and after you launch and after a heavy rainfall. Be sure to: Inspect all underwater fittings inside and out, like stuffing boxes, outdrive and shift bellows, rudder posts, exhaust outlets and the drain plugs. Check inside for failing hoses or hose clamps, sea strainers, air conditioning fittings, gate valves, transducer thru-hull, mounting bolts, and mufflers. Inspect above water outlets like cockpit scupper drains. Rain and snow account for a large percentage of sinkings especially if leaves have built up in your boat clogging these drains. Tie your boat up properly to prevent getting caught under a dock or banging against a piling. Use adequate fenders and take into consideration tidal changes. Check your boat's freshwater system. Water may enter from a broken fitting at water tanks. Always monitor your boat while refilling water tanks. Don't depend on the bilge pump to keep water out of your boat. A bilge pump can actually hide a problem until the pump clogs or the battery goes dead. Water, not bilge pumps, sinks boats. Find out where the water is coming from, and fix it. Boats underway can strike floating debris or an underwater hazard. Careless skippers might forget to install drain plugs or operate recklessly. Boats with low transoms, overloaded boats and those who have anchored carelessly can also lead to sinking.Once a boat starts to sink, it will gain momentum. A two-inch hole one foot below the waterline, allows 78 gallons of water into the boat per minute. When that hole is three feet below the waterline, the flow increases to 136 gallons per minute. As the boat sinks, other thru-hulls that had been above the waterline will now be underwater. If any of these fittings are cracked or missing, the flow of water into the boat will accelerate further.

Anchoring and Mooring

Safe Boat Operation Anchoring and Mooring Anchoring With so much investment riding on your anchor, your boat's anchoring system is no place to cut corners. Your choice of anchor depends on the size and type of your boat, keeping your areas weather conditions in mind.Boats with heavy displacements or superstructures that present a great deal of wind resistance need heavier gear. This also applies to cruising yachts that brave a wide variety of conditions and may sometimes have to anchor in open waters.Although not required by Federal Law, it is recommended you carry one anchor of sufficient size and strength to hold your boat for an extended period or in an emergency situation. An anchor may also be used as a means to pull you free if you are stuck by "kedging", pulling the boat toward the anchor. Additionally, an improperly anchored boat that becomes unsecured can cause property and environmental damage. Boats that slip from their anchor can drift into other boats, marinas, run aground or damage sensitive reefs and grasses. So, when you are thinking of buying an anchor invest in a bigger anchor so that you stay put!There are no specific anchors that will work for you in every situation, so if you have space carry two anchors--preferably of different types. Many people choose to carry a small anchor, or "lunch hook", and a larger working or storm anchor. The lunch hook is for use in calm weather and when the crew is monitoring the anchor. Working and storm anchors are useful at times when the crew is asleep or ashore, and during heavy weather when winds are 30 miles an hour and over.The general name for all of the equipment you need to anchor your boat is "ground tackle". This includes an anchor, chain, line and connecting elements. The anchor line, including chain, is called the rode .

Prior to departure, everyone onboard should be made aware of what type of equipment?

Safety gear.

Sailboat Lights

Sailing Vessels: All vessels should use proper navigation lights. However, non-powered vessels, such as canoes, kayaks, rowboats, and sailboats under 7 meters in length are not required to have lights installed, and may use a flashlight for navigation. The light does not have to be turned on at all times, but should be turned on in time to avoid a collision. (Rule 25

Registration Requirements Numbering and Registration

Sample State Registration Numbers and Decal - Your state may vary slightly. NUMBERS CHARACTERSBlock letters not less than 3 inches high.COLORMust be a color contrasting with the background.SPACINGHyphen or equivalent space between 3 parts of your numberPLACEMENT ON BOATPainted or attached to each side of forward part of the vessel. (Always reading left to right)

Anchoring and Mooring Scope

Scope = Length of the anchor line/ height of the deck cleat to the sea bed.Before leaving the dock, you will need to determine how much anchor line, or "rode", you will need. It is recommended that you use a scope of 7:1, meaning that for every foot of water depth, you should use 7 feet of rode.For example, to anchor in 10 feet of water, you would pay out 70 feet of line.Measure the scope as the ratio of the length of the anchor rode to the height of the bow above the bottom. If you're using a lightweight anchor on a small boat in good weather conditions, a shorter scope of 5:1 is sufficient and safe. A prudent boater always has extra line and chain on hand, just in case!Boats that operate generally in shallow waters, as on the East Coast of the United States, may get by with shorter rode lengths. As the wind picks up, deploying additional line will help maintain position, as will tossing out an extra anchor.

marine mammals

Seeing marine mammals on the water can be a real treat. While these creatures can often be curious about boats, it is important to keep your distance. Keep these distances in mind while boating:The minimum approach distances are: Sea turtles: 50 yards (150 feet) Dolphins, porpoises, & seals: 50 yards (150 feet) North Atlantic right whales: 500 yards (1500 feet) Other large whales: No intentional approach within 100 ft. Things to consider:To avoid trapping marine mammals between your boat and the shore, keep a parallel course and avoid approaching head on or from behind. Avoid excessive speed or sudden changes in speed or direction. When viewing, if they're changing their behavior because of you, you're too close. Do not herd or chase them. Limit your viewing time to 30 minutes.

Aids to Navigation Shipping Lane Awareness

Shipping lanes in an area are identified on nautical charts. Avoid the commercial shipping traffic lanes by as wide a margin as possible. Always give commercial traffic the right of way. Cross the lanes at 90 degrees or as practical to the prevailing traffic. Always go astern of deep-draft traffic. Watch for ships under tow in the shipping lanes. Never cross ahead of a tug or between a tug and its tow. At night, know the light pattern that signifies a ship is either being towed or is towing another vessel like a barge. Know how far it takes a large ship to stop. Ships don't have brakes and it can take up to two miles to stop. Know the approximate view from a ship bridge and how small recreational vessels are often not seen. Know that in commercial ships in shipping lanes have right of way regardless of the type of your recreational vessel. A sailing vessel means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used. A sailing vessel is defined by law as motor vessel if it is fitted with an engine and the engine is engaged or idling. When the "rules of the road" refer to a "fishing vessel" the definition is exclusive for commercial fishing only and does not include charter fishing vessels. Never anchor in the shipping lanes for any reason. Know how to contact the ships bridge when necessary to communicate your position in relationship to the ship. Avoid using a cell phone for a distress call; VHF radio is monitored by nearby vessels who can assist.

Typical Light Arrangements

Sidelights - Colored lights - red on port and green on starboard - showing an unbroken arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees, from dead ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on each side.Combination lights - Sidelights may be combined in a single fixture carried at the centerline of the vessel.Stern light - A white light showing over an unbroken arc of the horizon of 135 degrees, centered on dead astern.

What does a red flag with a diagonal white stripe mean?

Snorkeling or diving activities nearby.

Marine Communications Offshore Communication

Single Sidebands (SSB) operate in the medium frequency (MF) and/or high-frequency (HF) bands for reliable direct-voice communications over distances exceeding 25 miles (depending on antenna heights). They are commonly available with an output power from 50-150 watts, more than double the output power of VHF radios. An SSB radio's range is generally much greater than other communication options. Unlike VHF radios, they require a large ground plane in order to radiate its signal which, except on metal hulls, needs to be installed in the form of a large copper mesh panel (sometimes built onto the fiberglass hull). In layman's terms, SSB uses the water your boat is floating on to transmit its signal over long distances. With SSB, antenna selection and installation is also more complicated. They generally require a much longer antenna than VHFs, and different antenna tuning for different bands. Satellite Communications offer a worldwide communication system which can be accessed using a small hand-held telephone. Satellite networks offer both voice and data communications. Satellite phones allow you to call virtually any phone in the world from a relatively compact handset as long as you have a direct line of sight to the satellite (so they can't connect if you're indoors). Satellite data networks can be enabled through a satellite phone to provide access to email and the Internet. However, bandwidth limits often confine this use to text-based email and websites since images will be slow to load. There are also specialized devices designed to track your location via satellite and display on a website that you can share with friends and family. Many of these devices also provide basic text messaging communication.

What immediate action should you take when operating a boat if you hear the fog signal of another boat you cannot see?

Slow to a minimum speed

In general, what are dry chemical fire extinguishers designed to do?

Smother the fire.

Boating Under the Influence Drugs and Decisions On The Water

Some Sobering Facts About half of all reported boating accidents involve drugs or alcohol. Annual Coast Guard statistics indicate there are nearly 5,000 recreational boating accidents reported, resulting in approximately $50 million dollars of damage. Each year boating accidents claim hundreds of lives. The Coast Guard and the U.S. Congress recognize drugs and alcohol as a significant problem on the water. Stressors commonly affecting helmsmen and passengers make drinking or drug use while boating even more dangerous than drinking and driving.Research shows that four hours of exposure to the common physical stressors of boating produces a kind of fatigue, known as "boater's hypnosis," which slows reaction time almost as much as if you were legally drunk. These stressors include: Noise Vibration Sun Glare Wind Waves

Preventative Maintenance Other Preventative Maintenance

Some additional areas to inspect and repair on a regular basis include: Inspect all control cables especially the steering and throttle cables. Check rods, connections and outer jackets by working the wheel or throttles back and forth. Stiff operation or a crunching sound indicates a potential problem. Clean and inspect all battery terminals and connections. Loose connections can "arc" creating a fire hazard. Use a brass wire brush for badly corroded components and fill battery cells with distilled water. Routinely check your bilge for items that can foul a bilge pump. Leaves, repair debris, hair and other fibers can end up at the pump and clog its operation. Regularly inspect deck components for leaks or weakness. A loose bow pulpit or lifeline could result in a man overboard situation. Check that your ground tackle (anchor, rode and shackles) are in good order and stowed properly. The anchor's flukes can entangle with the rode and can make it difficult to deploy in an emergency. Loose shackles should be tightened and rusted ones replaced. Stoves and remote tanks should be examined for loose fittings and leaking hoses. All infrequently used canisters, spare tanks, and cleaning solvents should be stored ashore. They are corrosive if they leak and could present a fire hazard. All safety gear needs to be inspected regularly for proper functioning and expiration dates if applicable. Don't forget to inspect flares, contents of the first aid kit, fire extinguishers and life jackets.

Docking Docking in Wind

Suppose there has been a 180 degree wind shift while you fueled up and there's a breeze blowing directly onto the dock. This makes departing tough. You can't go ahead or astern very far because of the boat behind you and the one ahead of you.How are you going to get out of this fix? Try using a "spring" line. Spring lines are a much-misunderstood term that simply means lines that are affixed to the boat and dock against which the boat can "work" when taut, thus positioning the boat in the right direction in the end.If circumstances favor pulling your boat out and moving ahead, run a long spring linefrom a cleat on your stern port rail running forward to a piling or cleat on the fuel dock. Let go your bow and stern lines. Now, with your wheel hard to port, put the engine in reverse and back the boat down leaving the spring line attached. Like magic, your bow will swing out to starboard, clearing the boat ahead (you may need additional throttle if you're battling wind and current). You can now release the spring line and proceed out into the harbor.When, on the other hand, circumstances favor your backing out of your spot, the spring line should be run from your bow to a piling or cleat well aft of your position.In this case, let go the dock lines, turn the wheel hard to starboard (the side against the dock), put the idling engine into forward gear with the spring line still attached, and watch as your stern swings miraculously out of harm's way. When it clears the boat behind you, momentarily shift into neutral, release the spring line, shift into reverse, and back away smartly.

According to the Navigation Rules, what is the give-way vessel's responsibility?

Take early action to keep clear of the stand on vessel.

Boat Transport and Trailering Aquatic Nuisance Species

Taking steps to prevent the spread of aquatic nuisance species (ANS) is important. If you don't clean your vessel and trailer before you leave the area, you may unintentionally introduce aquatic nuisance species into other waters. You will learn more about the threats and problems of ANS in another section, but this simple clean, drain and dry routine can help prevent the spread.Clean: Remove any visible plant, plant fragments and mud. Check the boat itself as well as the anchor and engine intakes. Also check the trailer carefully, especially around the wheel and axle areas. Clean any live well and bait buckets and dispose of in the trash rather than back into the water.Drain: If there are places aboard your boat that holds water empty them now. Remove drain plugs. Be sure to empty the bilge, ballast tanks and transom wells. Finally, follow factory guidelines for eliminating water from engines. Empty water out of canoes and kayaks as well as from shoes and hip-waders.Dry: Allow everything to dry completely before launching into another body of water, ideally for a few days. This will dry up any water that may contain microscopic organisms. In certain parts of the country, you may find a decontamination station at the ramp that has a high-pressure hot water hose to rinse your boat in order to reduce the potential spread of non-native species.

Boat Transport and Trailering

The 10 Point Trailer Check and Safety InspectionBefore you hit the road you should do a safety check of the loaded trailer to be certain your load is secure, the trailer is properly hitched, and lights (and brakes if you have them) function properly. This will reduce the chance you get a ticket for an equipment violation or are left stranded at the side of the road due to break-down.Coupler - The coupler on the trailer tongue will specify what ball size is required in order to hitch your trailer to the vehicle. For example, if your trailer coupler is fitted for a 2" ball, you only use a 2" ball. Be certain the coupler is firmly seated and latched to the ball and install a coupler safety pin.Safety Chains - Safety chains or safety cables should be crossed and attached to the tow vehicle. This will prevent the trailer from separating from the vehicle if the trailer were to come uncoupled. Plain "S" hooks are OK for attachment but those with a wire safety latch add extra security.Brakes and Fluid - If your trailer has brakes, check the brake fluid reservoir and top off. Attach the emergency break-away cable to the tow hitch. This will apply the brakes to the trailer if the trailer breaks free from the tow vehicle. Finally, test for proper brake function before you leave the lot.Trailer Tires - Your tires must have an "ST" rating which means it's intended for towing. They have thicker sidewalls and dissipate heat better than a vehicle tire. Check for unusual tread wear or weathered sidewalls. Replace any worn tires if needed and inflate to the required pressure. Trip Planning and Preparation Boat Transport and Trailering Inspecting (cont.) Wheel Bearings - Look for any leaking grease which may indicate a bearing seal problem. This will eventually lead to wheel bearing failure and a breakdown. Add grease through the grease fitting if required. Check the wheel for any wobble and check that lug nuts are secure.Outdrive, Outboard - Raise the outboard or outdrive to avoid any contact with the road to avoid costly repairs. Be certain any boarding ladders are secure. If your raised drive system bounces when trailering, invest in a device that takes pressure off the mount so it doesn't add stress to the transom.Drain Plug - Drain the boat of any excess water to lighten the load. If you are expecting heavy rain, leave the drain plug out but remember where you put it and install it before re-launching. If you'll be launching later that day, you might want to reinstall it now so you have one less thing to worry about.Bunk and Roller Support - Insure bunks and rollers are in proper position to support your boat. Adjust if necessary and replace parts that seized or worn. If carpeted bunks are worn through, replace it with a good quality carpet made for trailers or the outdoors that won't hold moisture.Trailer Lights - Attach the trailering wiring harness to the tow vehicle and check for proper function of all the lights. This will require someone in the cab of the tow vehicle applying brakes and activating turn signals while someone else verifies they work properly. Remember, working lights are required on every trailer.Secure Load - Check all tie down points and straps. Depending on the type and size of your boat, at a minimum you should have a bow strap or winch and a back-up line or chain, and two transom tie downs. Lower or remove any canvas shade covers and be certain that anything that can blow out is stowed.

10 Step Pre-Launch Checklist

The boat ramp can be a busy place during boating season, especially on weekends. In order to get launched safely and quickly, here are some tips that can help. The better you are prepared the smoother it will go and the less looks and stares you'll get at the boat ramp.Before You Back Down: Move coolers and as much other gear from the tow vehicle to the boat. If you have a starting battery switch turn it on now and insert the ignition key. Disconnect tie-downs and transom straps but keep the boat attached to the trailer with both the winch bow strap and the safety chain on the bow eye. Install the drain plug and remove the transom saver if you use one. This may also be the time to partially lower the outboard or stern drive but don't let it bottom out on the way down the ramp. Roll down the windows in the tow vehicle so you can communicate with your help and have everyone else get out of the vehicle before you back down the ramp.

Reckless & Negligent Operation Oregon

The failure to exercise the degree of care necessary to prevent endangering persons, property or wildlife may be considered careless, negligent or unsafe operation. Therefore, no person shall operate any boat or manipulate water skis, wakeboard, tube or similar device in manner that can bring harm to you, your passengers, other boaters or the environment. If you are convicted of reckless boating, your boater's education card can be suspended for up to one year.Some activities considered careless, negligent or unsafe operation in Oregon: Speeding in slow-no wake zones, boating in areas marked as restricted, or creating a wake that endangers persons or property. Operating at greater than slow-no wake speed within 200 feet of a boat launch, moorage area or marina. Slow-No Wake means operating a boat at the slowest speed necessary to maintain steerage and that reduces or eliminates waves that appear as white water behind the boat. Operating your boat so that it causes you to jump the wake of another boat. Weaving through congested waterways and other boat traffic or failure to follow navigation rules. Operating your ski boat in a reckless manner such as pulling a skier through an area where swimmers are present in spite of the boat exclusion buoys, or failure to have a proper lookout. Exceeding the weight or number of persons on board or overpowering the boat with an engine larger than designated as listed on the capacity plate. Sitting on the bow, gunwales or the transom of a motorboat at a speed exceeding 5 miles an hour, unless the boat has adequate guards and railings. Additional laws that apply to personal watercraft (PWC): A PWC may not be operated between sunset and sunrise, or at other times of restricted visibility, unless properly equipped with the required navigation lights. Operators and passengers must wear a U.S. Coast Guard approved Type I, II, or III life jacket. Operators must attach a lanyard-type cutoff switch if equipped by manufacturer to person, clothing, or life jacket. Weaving through boat traffic, jumping the wake unreasonably close to another boat or when its operator's vision is obstructed or swerving at the last minute to avoid a collision is prohibited. A PWC towing a water skier or any floating water sport device must have the capacity to carry the operator, observer, and person(s) being towed. Chasing, harassing, molesting or disturbing wildlife with a PWC is strictly prohibited. Speeding in slow-no wake zones, boating in areas marked as restricted, or creating a wake that endangers persons or property.

Navigation Lights Masthead Lights

The following illustrations display typical light arrangements on motor vessels and for sailboats under power. For legal purposes, sailing vessels with their motors on are considered to be motor vessels.Masthead light - A white light placed over the fore-and-aft centerline of the vessel, showing an unbroken light over an arc of 225 degrees, from dead ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft (behind) the beam on both sides of the vessel. On boats less than 12 meters (39.4 feet) in length, the masthead light may be off the fore-and-aft centerline, but must be as close to it as possible. The term "masthead light" is something of a misnomer. More often than not, this light is not at the top of the mast. On motorboats, it is often on a short staff at the top of the cabin. On sailboats, it is usually part way up the mast, and called the "steaming light." Another light, the anchor light, is usually at the masthead.The diagrams show typical lighting patterns that you will see on power vessels under 12 meters. All of the following light patterns are legal, and there is no preferred pattern.Sailboats under sail alone.In addition to displaying red and green side lights and a white stern light, sailboats under 20 meters (65.6 feet) in length and UNDER SAIL ONLY have the option to instead displaying a combined tri-color masthead light. Sailing vessel of any size in addition to the red and green side light and white light configuration, may also display red over green all-around lights at or near the top of the mast. As soon as the engine goes on, even if your sails are up, you may only display red and green sidelights and a white stern light along with a forward facing white steaming light signifying operation as a powerboat.

Visual Distress Signals The Regulations

The requirement to carry visual distress signals applies to all boats when operated on coastal waters, the Great Lakes, territorial seas and waters directly connected to the Great Lakes and the territorial seas. This is up to a point where the waters are less than two miles wide, and boats owned in the United States when operating on the high seas to be equipped with visual distress signals, pyrotechnic, non-pyrotechnic or a combination of both.The only exceptions on these waters are during daytime (sunrise to sunset) for: Recreational boats less than 16 feet in length. Boats participating in organized events such as races, regattas or marine parades. Open sailboats not equipped with propulsion machinery and less than 26 feet in length. Manually propelled boats. Boats only need to carry night signals when used on these waters at night. Some states do not require recreational boaters to carry Visual Distress Signals on state-controlled waters.If pyrotechnic devices are selected, a minimum of three must be carried. Pyrotechnic devices come with an expiration date, which is 42 months from the date of manufacture and are type approved for day, night or day/night use . To meet carriage requirements, you must have at least three un-expired flares aboard. You may carry expired flares as back up, but they will not count towards the legal requirement. Some possible signal combinations that will meet the requirements are: Three red hand-held flares (day and night). One electric distress light (night only). One red hand-held flare and two parachute flares (day and night). One hand-held orange smoke signal, two floating orange smoke signals (day) and one electric distress light (night only).

Trailer ratings are based on what?

The total weight of the trailer and boat.

What does the letter "B" on a B-1 fire extinguisher indicate??

The type of fire it is designed to extinguish.

Navigation Sounds Maneuvering Signals

There are different combinations for various movements on the water that may use both short and prolonged blasts. Inland Rules for sound signals are occasionally different from International Rules. The following information reflects Inland Rules. If you travel overseas, you must learn the International Rules. Under Inland Rules, power-driven vessels must use the following sound signals in meeting, crossing or passing situations: ONE SHORT BLAST means: "I intend to leave you on MY port side". When you pass near another boat, you will maneuver by leaving them on your left side as you pass. If you are behind another boat, going the same direction and about to overtake it, one short blast means: "I intend to pass you on YOUR starboard side, MY port side". TWO SHORT BLASTS means: "I intend to leave you on MY starboard side". When you pass near another boat, you will maneuver by leaving them on your right side as you pass. If you are behind another boat, going the same direction and about to overtake it, two short blasts means: "I intend to pass you on YOUR port side, MY starboard side." Some additional sound signals for maneuvers include: THREE SHORT BLASTS - Means that you are backing up, or using "astern propulsion". ONE PROLONGED BLAST - Signals that you intend to leave your dock. If you need to back out of your docking area, you would sound one long blast, and then three short blasts. Also used for a vessel nearing a bend in a channel. FIVE SHORT BLASTS - This is the DANGER signal. Remember, that when you approach another vessel and hear either one or two short blasts, and you both understand their signal and can safely let them do it, then you are required to respond with the same signal in response. However, if you don't understand their intentions, or feel that their proposed maneuver is dangerous to either vessel, then you are required to sound the DANGER signal. NOTE: Another option is to use your VHF radio to reach agreement with another vessel in a meeting or crossing situation. The Rules state that vessels that reach agreement over VHF radio do not need to make the required sound signals.

Rules of the Road Responsibilities Between Vessels

There is an order that can be used to determine responsibilities for vessels of different types. Study this list, as it is important to understand it thoroughly. The lower-most vessel on the list is the give way vessel, and must stay out of the way of vessels that are higher on the list:A Vessel Being Overtaken Is Top Priority In addition, power-driven vessels underway shall keep out of the way of: Vessels not under command - a rare situation where nobody is in control of the vessel. Vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver - usually very large vessels that can't stop or change course easily. Vessels constrained by draft - those that cannot deviate from course or a marked channel. Fishing vessels engaged in fishing - with commercial gear deployed such as large nets. Sailing vessels - a vessel under sail alone. If it has a motor, and it is engaged, it is considered a power driven vessel. Power driven vessels - any vessel propelled by machinery. Sailboats are powerboats if the motor is in gear.

Aids to Navigation Starboard and Port Side Numbered Aids

These Nav Aids are numbered with odd numbers, are green in color, and may be lighted (will have a green light). Port side marks are located on the left side of the waterway as you travel upstream, and the buoy numbers will increase as you head upstream. (Chart depictions are shown next to the marks) Port-Side Buoys have a cylindrical above-water appearance, like a can or drum floating on its axis. Commonly referred to as "CAN" buoys. Beacons - Port side beacons have square marks attached to them, with two shades of color and a reflective border.Starboard aids are red in color, evenly numbered , and will be on your right side as you travel upstream. Buoy numbers increase as you head upstream, and may have a red light. Starboard-side Buoys have an above-water appearance like that of a cylinder topped with a cone, pointed end up. The cone may come to a point or be slightly rounded. Commonly referred to as "NUN" buoys. Starboard-side Beacons have triangular marks attached to them, with two shades of color and a reflective border.

Which of the following is a requirement for life jackets?

They must be properly sized for the intended wearer

Pumping Out

This national symbol is used to show boaters where onshore pumpout services are located. You'll need to know this symbol if you use a portable toilet or Type III MSD (holding tank) on your boat.If your boat has a holding tank, learning to use a pumpout station is a necessary part of your boat's operation. This is an area where a small mistake can lead to a big mess, so take your time and be careful. This video will walk you through the steps of using a pumpout station.

Weather to Go Boating Thunderstorms and Lightning

Thunderstorms are created when warm, moist air rises, cools and condenses. The transition from a small cloud into a turbulent, electrified storm front can occur in as little as 30 minutes. In summer, afternoon thunderstorms are likely to occur over water when the humidity and temperature ashore are high. Thunderstorms often approach from the west, sometimes at speeds in excess of 25 knots.If you are about to be caught in a Thunderstorm Make sure everyone aboard is wearing an approved life jacket. Secure all loose gear, hatches or ports. Determine your location and the best course back to shelter. Keep a sharp lookout for other boats and obstructions. Once the Storm Hits Try to take the first (and heaviest) gusts of wind on the bow, not abeam. Heading into the wind is the most seaworthy position for most small boats. Reduce speed. Approach waves at a slight angle, to keep the propeller underwater, reduce pounding, and provide a safer and more comfortable ride. Stay low. Don't make yourself the tallest target to avoid lightning. Keep away from metal objects that aren't grounded to the boat's protection system.

What is the vertical movement of the surface of a body of water called?

Tide

Required Equipment

To legally operate your vessel, both the Coast Guard and the states require you to carry certain equipment aboard your boat. These requirements are generally based upon the length of your boat, but a recent trend has been to have requirements based upon the time of year that you operate your vessel, or how far from shore you might operate your vessel. For example, boats 16 feet in length and over must have at least:One life jacket (in good condition) for each person on board plus a throwable cushion or ring is required. You must have the life jacket out of the plastic and in a READILY accessible location. The throwable should be close by the steering station.Three current-dated, hand-held, approved flares are minimum equipment to serve for day and night distress signals, both inshore and offshore. More information on Visual Distress Signals later in this lesson.The correct number of approved fire extinguishers, readily available for use is based on the size of your vessel. More information on fire extinguishers in the Emergency Preparation lesson.A sound-making device. More on sound signals later in this lesson.Working running lights. More on running lights later in this lesson.

What is the primary purpose of the Navigation Rules?

To prevent collisions and accidents on the water.

Using Your VHF

To use your VHF, turn it on and pick a channel, set the squelch to the point where you don't hear any white noise, and begin talking. Things to remember when you are on the radio: Monitor channel 16 when you are not talking. If your radio is on while underway, you must be monitoring channel 16. Don't tie up channel 16 or channel 9. If you are talking with someone, switch to a working channel like 72 so you are not keeping others from using channel 16 or 9 for emergency situations. In some instances, the Coast Guard may even order you to switch channels if you are abusing these channels. A VHF radio is not a telephone. When you use your VHF, everyone tuned to that station in the area can hear you! Watch your language, and try to keep your conversations short and to the point so that others may use the channel.

Boat Transport and Trailering Brakes and Bunk vs. Rollers

Trailer BrakesIn many states, trailers with a GVWR of 1,500 pounds or more are required by law to have brakes. Heavier trailers may be required to have brakes on each axle. Each state is slightly different on what they require but the point is you want your vehicle and the heavy load you are towing to stop when you need to. Some automobile manufacturers suggest trailer brakes be used with loads even lighter than what the law requires so check also with your manual that came with the vehicle you intend to tow with.There are two basic types of brakes on trailers: surge brakes and electrically-activated brakes. Most trailers have surge brakes, which are activated after the automobile's brakes are applied and the trailer surges forward into a mechanism on the trailer that applies the brakes. Electric brakes, which are connected to the automobile's brakes, are another option but you generally don't see them on boat trailers that are subject to underwater submersion. Both types are vulnerable to corrosion as a result of dunking and should be rinsed after use.Bunk Trailers vs RollersBunk trailers typically use long boards covered in all weather carpet to protect and support the hull. They are fairly easy to adjust to conform to the bottom of your boat. They are generally easier to use when the launch ramp has a moderate to steep grade. If the ramp has a shallow entry, it is sometimes harder to launch and retrieve since the carpet causes extra friction. On the other hand, boat trailers with rollers allow the boat to easily roll on and off at any grade. Some new boaters find them a bit of a challenge to use at first. A boater must approach the ramp lined up perfectly but once aligned the rollers make for easy work.You may also find that some trailers use a combination of padded bunks to support the back half of the boat where it is heavier and use rollers at the keel and the bow to help it guide and slide for maximum advantage.

Laws Sewage regulations are some of the most misunderstood boating laws. To be clear, it is ILLEGAL to discharge

UNTREATED sewage on inland waters and within 3 miles of shore. To legally dispose of sewage boaters must either have an onboard treatment device (Type I or Type II MSD) or a holding tank (Type III MSD) to hold the waste and have it pumped out ashore.All installed MSDs must be US Coast Guard certified and have a "Y" valve in proper positioning! Type I and II MSDs must have a "Y" valve secured to allow for waste to enter a proper on board holding tank for future drainage at a pump-out station. Type III MSDs will typically have a built in holding tank with no external plumbing and cannot be pumped overboard. Type III MSDs must be pumped ashore at a proper facility.A No Discharge Zone (NDZ) further prohibits the discharge of treated boat sewage.A NDZ is an area of a waterbody or an entire waterbody into which the discharge of sewage (whether treated or untreated) from all vessels is completely prohibited.Within NDZ boundaries, vessel operators are required to retain their sewage onboard for disposal at sea (beyond three miles from shore) or onshore at a pumpout facility.Vessel sewage discharge is regulated under the Clean Water Act. States can have all or portions of their waters designated as a NDZ for vessel sewage to:protect aquatic habitats where adequate and reasonably available pumpout or dump station facilities are availableprotect special aquatic habitats or species [the state does not have to show that there are reasonably available pumpout facilities]safeguard human health by protecting drinking water intake zones

waste managment and recycling laws

Under federal law, it is illegal to toss ANY garbage from a boat while you are anywhere in lakes, rivers, bays, sounds, and offshore in the ocean less than 3 miles.There are also some "Special Areas" where the rules are a little different. These include the Wider Caribbean region which extends throughout the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Get more information on Special Areas here.Changes to MARPOL Annex V, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, went into effect on January 1, 2013. All U.S. boats (commercial and recreational) must now comply with these changes.All boats 26 ft or more in length must have garbage and oil discharge placards prominently posted to remind you and your crew what can be thrown overboard and what can't. The placards must be permanently attached, made of durable material, and at least 5 by 9 inches in size.* Until U.S. regulations are updated to reflect the new garbage discharge requirements and placards are readily available, U.S. flagged ships operating exclusively in U.S. waters may continue to use existing placards. Placards can be found at your local boating retail store.Boats 40 ft and longer must also have a written waste management plan, stating how you deal with the collected waste onboard, who handles it, and where it is disposed. It is recommended that you keep the plan in your onboard ships papers. Click here to view some sample waste management plans.Violations may result in civil penalties. State littering laws may also apply on your boating waters.

Aids to Navigation Nav-Aid Basics

Unlike the roads and highways that we drive on, the waterways we go boating on do not have road signs that tell us our location, the route or distance to a destination, or of hazards along the way. Instead, the waterways have Aids to Navigation ( ATONs ), which are the man-made objects used by mariners to determine position or a safe course.The term "aids to navigation" includes buoys, day beacons, lights, lightships, lighthouses, radio beacons, fog signals, marks and other devices used to provide "street" signs on the water. ATONs include all the visible, audible and electronic symbols that are established by government and private authorities.The Coast Guard is the agency responsible for maintaining aids to navigation on U.S. waters that are under federal jurisdiction or that serve the needs of the U.S. Armed Forces. On bodies of water wholly within the boundaries of a single state, and not navigable to the sea, the Coast Guard grants the state responsibility for establishing and maintaining aids to navigation. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for many of the canals, dams, locks, and other man-made waterways in the country. The Corps also is responsible for the regulation of mooring buoys in all navigable U.S. Waters.The individual Coast Guard districts also may grant permission to private groups and citizens to place "Private" Aids to Navigation. These aids allow individuals or organizations the ability to mark privately maintained channels, zones or waterways. These aids must be pre-approved, and must be maintained by the individual or organization.

Which of the following is recommended when docking your boat?

Use lines and cleats to help maneuver your boat.

Marine Communications EPIRBs and PLBs

VHF radios and cellular telephones are limited in their range, usually no more than 15 to 25 miles from shore. If you needed help or assistance in an emergency when offshore beyond this range, a satellite Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) or a Personal Locator Beacon (PLB) may be your best hope for rescue.These beacons are part of a worldwide distress system and are designed to quickly and reliably alert rescue personnel, indicate an accurate position, and guide rescue units to the distress scene when all other communications fail. When activated, these units transmit a unique signal that incorporates your location and in some cases, specific information about your vessel. By law, these beacons must be registered so rescue personnel have reliable information. PLBs are also useful for hiking and other adventures so vessel information can be changed to reflect another activity with a different description.Since these units can cost hundreds of dollars, the BoatUS Foundation rents EPIRBs and PLBs at a mere fraction of the cost of ownership and makes them available to any boater seeking the peace-of-mind and emergency beacon provided. For more information on this program visit www.boatus.org/epirb

Marine Communications VHF Radios

Very High Frequency (VHF) radios have been around for many years and remain the primary means of communication for vessels throughout the United States. The main uses of a VHF radio are: Distress calling and safety Hailing for on-water assistance such as a tow vessel Contacting marinas for information and services Navigating through locks and drawbridges Receiving NOAA Weather Broadcasts Communicating with commercial and recreational vessels When you're stuck in a jam, whether from engine failure or a fierce storm approaching, a VHF radio can be your lifeline to the world. In Coast Guard jurisdictions, VHFs are monitored 24 hours a day, seven days a week. For extra assurance, the USCG and most TowBoatUS towers can locate your boat by tracking your VHF signal.The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates marine radio traffic and dictates that all other uses are secondary to safety, so chatting is strongly discouraged by the FCC and forbidden on Channels 16 and 9.VHF radios come in many shapes, sizes and colors to meet anyone's needs today. Prices start at about $100 for a basic model and can go higher as you add more features.When choosing a VHF radio consider the features you feel you want and need. For additional information on VHF Radios, be sure to check out the specialized course titled All About Marine Radio: Choosing and Using a VHF Radio for Your Boat at www.boatus.org/courses

Navigation Lights Legal Requirements

Vessels are required to show the proper navigation lights from sunset to sunrise in all weather conditions, good and bad. During these times, no other lights that could be mistaken for lights specified in the Rules of the Road can be displayed, nor any lights that impair the visibility or distinctive character of navigation lights, or interfere with the keeping of a proper lookout. The Rules also state that navigation lights must be shown in conditions of reduced visibility, and may be shown at other times considered necessary.Light intensity and arc must adhere to the standards listed in the chart above.The distance of light intensity (range) is listed in miles and arc is listed in degrees.

Hull Identification Number

Vessels manufactured after 1972 will have a Hull Identification Number which is the 12 or 17 digit serial number of the vessel. This number is usually located on the upper right portion of the vessel's transom. The number indicates the boat manufacturer, its serial number, and the month and year of production. It is used to register the boat, to identify an individual boat and can help locate your boat if stolen.You may not legally: Alter the 12 or 17 digit number so that it appears to be a different boat. Paint over the number. Obscure the number. Otherwise destroy, deface or remove the number.

What is the requirement for Coast Guard assistance when a vessel is aground?

When the grounded vessel or crew are in immediate danger.

Visual Distress Signals When and How to Use

Visual distress signals are part of your boat's safety equipment. Check them before you leave harbor. Their intended purpose is to summon help should the need arise and should be displayed only when immediate or potential danger exists. Visual distress signals can only be effective when someone is in a position to see them. Therefore, when employing pyrotechnic devices, do so only when you see or hear a boat or airplane or you are reasonably sure that someone on shore is in position to see your signal and take action. Good judgment is an essential part of successful use of visual distress signals.All distress signaling devices have both advantages and disadvantages. The most popular, because of cost, are probably the smaller pyrotechnic devices. Pyrotechnics make excellent distress signals, but they have the drawback that they can be used only once. Additionally, there is a potential for both injury and property damage if not properly handled.Pyrotechnics devices have a very hot flame, and slag (molten discharge) can cause burns and ignite material that burns easily. Projected devices, such as pistol launched and hand-held parachute flares and meteors, have many of the same characteristics of a firearm and must be handled with the same caution and respect.The hand-held and the floating orange smoke signaling devices are excellent (if not the best) day signals, especially on clear days. Both signals are most effective with light to moderate winds. However, in higher winds the winds tend to disperse the orange signal cloud which makes it harder to see.Red hand-held flares can be used by day, but are most effective at night or in restricted visibility such as fog or haze. Only Coast Guard or SOLAS flares are acceptable for use on recreational boats. When selecting such flares look for the Coast Guard approval number and date of manufacture. Make sure that the device does not carry the marking: "Not approved for use on recreational boats," and that no more than 3 years have passed since manufacture.Note: In some states the pistol launcher for meteors and parachute flares may be considered a firearm. Therefore, check with your state authorities before acquiring such launcher.

In order to dispose of plastic trash while boating, what must you do?

Wait until you return and properly dispose ashore

What is the term for the disturbed water left behind as a boat moves through the water?

Wake.

Weight Distribution

Weight Distribution - Driving hazards such as potholes, uneven pavement and sharp curves can cause white knuckle driving when towing a trailer, especially if the weight on the trailer is distributed incorrectly. Most experts suggest a tongue weight of between 5% and 15% of the total weight of the boat, motor, trailer and gear should be on the trailer ball when the coupler is parallel to the ground. Single axle trailers favor the higher end of this range and multiple axle trailers favor the lower end of this range.If there is too much weight on the ball the tow vehicle will be difficult to steer. You can also stress the vehicle's suspension system. If there is too little weight on the ball the trailer is prone to fishtailing which is excessive swaying from side to side. Fishtailing can also occur when tires are too soft or the trailer and the boat are too heavy for the tow vehicle.Techniques for redistributing weight at the coupler and hitch ball include shifting gear inside the boat, emptying water and fuel tanks, and adjusting the boat's position fore and aft on the trailer. If all else fails, you may be able to remedy the problem by moving the trailer's axle, but this is a much larger job that usually requires a professional service center.Getting There (In One Piece) - The first thing you should remember when towing a trailer is to be able to reduce your speed in time to react to traffic and road conditions ahead. The additional weight of a trailer dramatically affects braking, so leave considerably more distance than you normally would between your vehicle and the one in front of you. Some states have separate speed limits for vehicles pulling trailers and you should also be alert to signs restricting trailers. Remember also to allow extra space when you pass other cars and don't forget to swing wider at corners so your trailer doesn't hit the curb.Make it a habit to check the wheel hubs every time you stop for fuel. If one hub feels hotter than the other, or if both feel abnormally hot, the bearings should be inspected before you continue the trip. Straps holding the boat, lug nuts on the wheels, and structural nuts and bolts on the trailer frame should also be examined to make sure they're tight. If it is raining, check the boat's cover for pooling water, which could affect weight distribution and make the vehicle more difficult to handle.

Visual Distress Signals What to Do If You See a Signal

What if you see a Visual Distress Signal given off by another vessel?The unwritten law of the sea requires that a mariner come to the aid of a mariner in distress. Therefore, should you see a distress signal, immediate action should be taken. Notify the nearest Coast Guard station or State authority by radio. Channel 9 on CB and Channel 16 on VHF marine radio (156.8 MHz) are recognized distress channels. If you can assist the stricken vessel without endangering yourself, you should. The Federal Boat Safety Act of 1971 contains a "Good Samaritan" clause stating: "Any person... who gratuitously and in good faith renders assistance at the scene of a vessel collision, accident, or other casualty without objection of any person assisted, shall not be held liable for any act or omission in providing or arranging salvage, towage, medical treatment, or other assistance where the assisting person acts as an ordinary, reasonably prudent man or woman would have acted under the same or similar circumstances."

Operator Responsibilities Your Responsibility

When a guest steps aboard, the typical boat owner is more likely thinking about getting underway or where they are anchoring for lunch than worrying about his responsibilities as "Master" of the vessel. But, as an experienced skipper you know that a boat can pitch suddenly when it goes through a wake or comes about. You know to hang on until the boat is steady again. But these situations may be new to a guest.Your responsibility starts with the premise that a property owner has a duty to exercise ordinary or reasonable care for his guests' safety. The duty to exercise reasonable care is rooted in the duty to provide a reasonably safe boat for the invited guest. This does not require that the boat be accident proof. Under the law, the applicable standard of care requires the boat owner to provide a boat that is reasonably safe, not one that is absolutely safe.Clearly then, as skipper, you have the responsibility to warn an unsuspecting guest when you are aware of potentially hazardous situations on your boat such as low railings, exposed deck hardware and the safe ways to move around on a boat. Further, you have a responsibility to warn guests about possible risks that are unrelated to your boat, like passing boat wakes and severe weather. And, even if you are unaware of a loose railing, wobbly step, or you don't see an approaching boat wake, you may still be liable for any injuries that result.And finally, operator responsibility extends to those guests and other waterway users that are in the water. Unfortunately, propeller strikes are a possible source of injury and even death. As an operator, beware and use extreme caution when people are in the water and turn off your engine anytime a person is in the water and within one boat length of the boat. Also, it is advisable to educate your guests about the dangers of swimming around a boat and how to re-board the boat properly so as to avoid injury.

Rules of the Road Potential Collision Situation?

When the distance between two vessels decreases and the relative angle of the other vessel off the bow remains the same, then you will soon be trying to occupy the same spot in the water - a collision situation. Change course or reduce speed, even if you are the stand-on vessel.

Rules of the Road Rules Of The Road

Whenever you meet another boat it's like approaching an unmarked intersection in your car. Knowing a few simple rules will help you avoid a collision. Just as drivers must know what to do when approaching a four way stop on the road, boaters must know what to do when approaching another boat on the water.Because there are so many different types of boats, boating activities and styles of boating, it is important to know what to expect when you come upon another vessel.The term "vessel" includes anything that floats on the water that is used, or is capable of being used as a means of transportation including stand-up paddleboards, kayaks, sail boards, kite boards and floating rafts. The Navigation Rules distinguish one vessel from another by both its design, and by its actions. This section covers maneuvering rules only.The Navigations Rules are published by the U. S. Government Printing Office, and are available in any boating supply store. Every boat owner should have a copy, but it is mandatory that a copy be kept aboard all vessels over 12 meters (39.4 feet) in length.The Rules generally referenced in this course are Inland Rules, unless otherwise noted. There are small but important differences between Inland and International Rules depending on where you are operating your boat. It is your responsibility to know the Navigation Rules for your boating area.

Rules of the Road Sailing Vessels

Whether following inland or international rules, power vessels must keep clear of sailing vessels in open water. A sailboat with its motor running is defined as a motor boat. The responsibility between sailing vessels is more complex. If two sailing vessels are approaching one another, avoid the risk of collision by following these sailing rules: When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other. When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward. If a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other. In the rules listed above, the windward side will always be on the opposite side of the mainsail. On square-rigged vessels, the mainsail will be on the opposite side from the largest fore-and-aft sail.

How should hypothermia victims be treated?

With medical treatment.

Backfire Flame Arrestor

With some minor and technical exceptions, every inboard gasoline engine must be equipped with an acceptable means of backfire flame control-or "flame arrestor." This safety device prevents an exhaust backfire from causing an explosion. It operates by absorbing heat.Flame arrestors no longer require Coast Guard approval; the USCG now accepts flame arrestors complying with Underwriters Laboratories Standard 1111 or Society of Automotive Engineers J1928. When in use flame arrestors must be secured to the air intake of the carburetor with an airtight connection. Elements must be clean, and grids must be tight enough to prevent flames passing through. Cleaning with soap and water is the best way to maintain its effectiveness.

What does a No Discharge Zone mean?

You cannot put any sewage overboard

What must you do to maintain steerage on a personal water craft?

You must apply the throttle.

The Rules are designed to tell you what to do when you operate your vessel near other vessels. The purpose of the Rules of the Road is to help you avoid an accident, not to establish responsibility or liability if you get into an accident. If you get into an accident, you can be held liable, even if you thought that you followed the Rules.

Your primary obligation is to operate in a safe manner. Under the Rules, there is no "right-of-way" like there is on the road. For most situations, boats are called one of the following: Give-Way Vessel - If you are the give-way vessel, you must keep out of the way of the stand-on vessel. It is your responsibility to signal your intentions to the stand-on vessel, and you must take early and substantial action to safely maneuver around the stand-on vessel, keeping well clear of it and other boats. Stand-On Vessel - If you are the stand-on vessel, it is your responsibility to acknowledge the intended actions of the give-way vessel. You must also maintain your current course and speed until the give-way vessel passes, or you enter a dangerous situation - then you must take action to avoid a collision. Sadly, even with rules and regulations in place and the countless numbers of boaters having taken a boating safety course, the main cause of most fatal boating accidents is poor operator judgement and lack of situational awareness, according to U.S. Coast Guard statistics.

Which of the following is required to be carried aboard a 25 foot powerboat when operating at night?

approved visual distress signals

Where onboard a boat are the gunwales located?

at the top of the sides

Deep "V" hulls operate best in what type of water conditions?

rough water

According to U.S. Coast Guard statistics,

capsizing is a leading cause of fatal accidents. Unfortunately, many capsizes occur as a result of improperly loaded or overloaded boats.

Oregon Federal regulations and equipment standards established jointly by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Coast Guard govern the use of marine sanitation devices (MSDs). All boats with onboard toilet facilities must have a method to

collect and contain all waste products, preventing it from entering surrounding waters. It is illegal to discharge sewage, treated or untreated, or any waste derived from sewage, into any water in the state of Oregon unless greater than 3 miles offshore in ocean waters. All MSDs must be US Coast Guard certified and have a "Y" valve in proper positioning! Type I and II MSDs must have a "Y" valve secured to allow for waste to enter a proper on board holding tank for future drainage at a pump-out station. Type III MSDs will typically have a built in holding tank with no external plumbing and cannot be pumped overboard. Type III MSDs must be pumped ashore at a proper facility. It is illegal to dump raw sewage, oil or garbage into any Oregon state waters!

How often should the inflator on a Type V life jacket be checked?

every time it is worn

What hull type is best for use on ponds, small lakes and calm rivers?

flat bottom hull

Boat Basics and the Marine Environment ◈ State Specific Registration Requirements OregonTo legally operate any motorboat or a sailboat 12 feet or longer on the waters of Oregon, the boat must be titled and registered with the Oregon State Marine Board (OSMB) and display current validation decals. Motorboats include any type of boat (e.g., personal watercraft, canoe, inflatable, rowboat, kayak, stand-up paddleboard) with any type of motor (e.g., gasoline, diesel, electric).

he following boats are exempt from registration:Certain public boatsBoats registered in other states using Oregon waters for 60 days or lessShip's lifeboats used solely for lifesaving purposesCommercial boats documented by the U.S. Coast Guard (documented recreational boats are required to pay a registration fee if Oregon is the state of principal use).A title is required before an Oregon certificate of number (i.e., registration) can be issued. To title and register a boat and receive the Certificate of Number and Validation Decals, you must complete and sign an OSMB Application for Title. You must then present it to the OSMB office in Salem or to an authorized boat registration agent along with the appropriate fees and proof of ownership.Once in receipt of the application and required fees, you will be issued an Oregon Certificate of Number. This pocket-sized registration card must be kept aboard the boat at all times and be readily available for inspection by a law enforcement officer. You will also be issued a set of Validation Decals. The boat registration and validation decals are valid for 2 years and will always expire on December 31st of the year indicated.You must display your validation decals and registration numbers (beginning with OR) on the forward half of your boat well above the waterline where it can be easily read by law enforcement officials. Letters and numbers are to be block style of at least 3" tall and must be black or another color that contrasts with the hull. Letters and numbers are to read from left to right and have a space no greater than ¾" to separate letters and numbers. The validation decals must be affixed within 3 inches aft and inline with the registration numbers. Click on the image below to see it enlarged.

Types of Life Jackets

here are five basic types of life jackets classified as Types I - V. We'll take a closer look at what they are and some of their defining characteristics now.Inherently buoyant recommended uses and features:When cruising, racing and fishing offshore, or when boating alone, or in stormy conditions.Minimum buoyancy: 22 lbs. (11 lbs. for child size)Best for open, rough or remote water where rescue may be slow to arrive. Will turn MOST unconscious wearers face-up in water.Offers the best protection, but is somewhat bulky and uncomfortable. Additional foam and fabric does the best job of retaining body heat and keeps your head higher above water.Currently, there aren't any Coast Guard approved Type I inflatable life jackets available to the general public. Inherently buoyant recommended uses and features:Inland day cruising, fishing and sailing. Good for boating in light craft.Minimum buoyancy: 15.5 lbs.Good for protected, inland water near shore, where chances of immediate rescue is good. Not suitable for extended survival in rough water. Will turn SOME unconscious wearers face-up in water. Poor performer in rough water, often requires you to tread water in order to keep your head above water.More comfortable but less buoyant than Type I. Provides far less flotationthan a Type I.Inflatable recommended uses and features:Minimum buoyancy: 34 lbs.Recommended uses: Inland and nearshore cruising.Not guaranteed to turn unconscious wearer face-up.Inflatable life jackets are not meant for children under the age of 16. Inherently buoyant features and recommended uses:Supervised activities, such as sailing regattas, dinghy races, water skiing, fishing, canoeing, kayaking and during personal watercraft operation.Minimum buoyancy: 15.5 lbs.Good for protected, inland water near shore, where chance of immediate rescue is good.Not suitable for extended survival in rough water. Not designed to turn unconscious people face up in water.More comfortable to wear than a Type I or a Type II, but provides far less flotation than a Type I.Inflatable features and recommended uses:Minimum buoyancy: 22.5 lbs.Recommended uses: boating inshore and nearshore and supervised activities such as sailing regattas, dinghy races, canoeing.Not guaranteed to turn unconscious wearer face-up.Inflatable life jackets are not meant for children under the age of 16. Recommended uses:A Type IV is designed to be thrown to an overboard victim or to supplement the buoyancy of a person overboard. It is not to be worn.Minimum buoyancy: 16.5 lbs. for ring buoy or 18 lbs. for boat cushion.A Type IV throwable device can be a square style, or a ring buoy or horseshoe buoy mounted on deck.A Type IV is not for unconscious persons, non-swimmers or children. Although these devices are often referred to as seat cushions, you should never use it as such. This degrades the foam and reduces the amount of flotation that is provided.Type IV devices must be IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE for use. You must have one at arm's length to throw over the side in an emergency. Having one in a locker under the driver's seat isn't considered "immediately available."

A life jacket (or Personal Flotation Device - PFD) performance when your life depends on it.

is the single most important piece of equipment on your boat and the most important consideration should be size. More than two-thirds of all boating fatalities are drowning incidents and 90% of drowning victims were not wearing a life jacket. So buy a life jacket that you will wear , it could save your life.Life jackets are designed for different boating activities and water conditions and each has its own maximum buoyancy, performance level, and limitations.You should choose your life jacket based on your boating activities and conditions. Try to buy a brightly colored jacket, such as orange or yellow, so that you will be visible to rescuers. Take it out of the plastic, try it on, and learn how to adjust it for a snug fit. Then, test it in the water. Make sure it supports you and keeps your mouth and head clear of the water with no effort on your part. Then, try pulling it on once you're in the water... it's not as easy as it seems.What is Buoyancy and Why is it Important?Buoyancy is the force, expressed in pounds, required to keep you afloat with your head and chin above the water. Since everyone's buoyancy requirements are different based on size, weight, sex, age, percent body fat, and general physical condition, you should test your life jacket in the water to make sure it will offer you maximum performance when your life depends on it.

A planing hull has which of the following characteristics?

it is designed to ride on to of the water

What must be done with the vessel's registration paper?

keep it aboard the boat when in operation

What does a capacity plate indicate

safe load limit

OregonAquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Prevention Program and Permit:Oregon requires all motorboats regardless of size to purchase and carry an AIS permit while on Oregon waters.

n addition to your motorized registration fee, $5.00 is added into the cost and is shown as a current decal displayed on your boat. All out-of-state motorboats, no matter the size, are required to purchase an out-of-state Aquatic Invasive Species Prevention permit ($20) when operating on Oregon waterways. Permits are available at Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife license agents or through their app. Permits are also available through the Oregon State Marine Board office or through on their online store. Prohibits the launching of any boat into Oregon with ANY aquatic species on the hull, motor, trailer or any other exterior surface.Illegal to transport aquatic invasive species and to possess live or dead zebra and/or quagga mussels.Oregon boaters are required to "Pull the Plug" when leaving a waterbody and during transport to allow any water-holding compartments to drain. Failure to "Pull the Plug" is a Class D violation.​​​​​​​All boats both motorized and non-motorized being transported into Oregon are required by state law to stop at an inspection station when they are open. If you bypass an inspection station, you can be ordered back by law enforcement if the station is within 5 miles, to be inspected. If you fail to go back to the station, you can be charged with a Class C misdemeanor. If you are entering Oregon when the stations are closed, you are not required to stop. ATTENTION out-of-state operators of all types of boats, PLEASE clean your boats before entering Oregon waters, especially if you come from a state that is infested with Zebra and Quagga mussels

Boat numbers must be affixed on the forward portion of both the

port and starboard side. Numbers should be block letters instead of script. Numbers need to be at least three inches in height. The color needs to contrast with the hull color. The number needs spaces or hyphens between numerals and letters, for example: ST 1234 AB or ST-1234-AB.

Oregon Discharge of fuel, oil or any oil product, including contaminated bilge water, is strictly

prohibited. All boats 26 feet or longer must properly display a 5x8 inch "Discharge of Oil Prohibited" placard near the bilge pump switch or in the machinery spaces. All boats 26 feet or longer, when operating in waters under federal jurisdiction, must display an informational placard on the subject of federal marine pollution prevention laws. This "Discharge of Garbage Prohibited" placard must be 4x9 inches and placed in a location where crew and passengers can read it.

Hazardous waste

requires special care. Keep these tips in mind when dealing with toxic or hazardous products. Read the labels! Strong warning statements on labels are a good indicator that the product can be harmful to your health as well as the environment. These products should be handled carefully and disposed of properly. Before buying a new product with a strong warning label ask yourself if you really need a product that strong. Consider alternative products that may get the job done just as well with less toxicity. Buy the smallest quantity you need or share with a friend. The smaller the bottle, the smaller the potential spill. Follow the product's directions for use and store where the product can't fall over and spill! When using hazardous products, work on land and away from the water's edge. Find your local Household Hazardous Waste collection days where you can safely dispose of these products. Check online or with your local public works department.

Sewage is called black water. Gray water is waste water that comes from

sinks, showers, and boat washing. It can contain detergents, soap, and food wastes. In the United States, there are no federal requirements for the containment of gray water. However, in Canada, and in some inland lakes, there may be additional restrictions. Please check your local cruising guide or with your local state boating agency for more details. Here are some tips to help reduce your gray water. Use shoreside facilities for dishes and laundry and any activities that require a large amount of fresh water. For day trips, rinse dishes with fresh water and bring home to clean. Look for non-toxic, phosphate-free and biodegradable soaps and use sparingly. Take shorter on-board showers.

where onboard a boat is the transom located

stern

Manufacturers include

valuable information about each PFD on the product label, and in an attached brochure. The label will give you information about what uses the jacket was intended for, information about the size of person it will fit, care instructions, and how to wear or 'don' the jacket. Keep in mind that using the jacket outside of its listed restrictions and intended use is illegal, and can result in receiving a ticket - or more importantly, the loss of a loved one. The picture on this page shows what you would find on a typical life jacket label.

Underwater plants and grasses are

vital to waterway health: they provide oxygen, food, and shelter. They are an essential nursery habitat for many species of fish and add oxygen to the surrounding water. Be careful not to motor through or anchor in grass beds as heavy grasses can foul your prop and anchoring in these areas can destroy these sensitive areas.To avoid damaging underwater grasses - Know your water colors. Use these helpful reminders to aid you in avoiding water that is too shallow: Brown, brown, run aground : These shallows could contain land formations or aquatic grass beds. While, white, run aground you might : Sand bars, which appear white, can be shallower than they look. Navigate with caution. Green, green, nice and clean : These areas are usually free of shallows, but consult current marine charts to be sure. Blue, blue, cruise on through : These deep-water areas are free of reefs or grass beds, but remember that reefs and rocks can rise abruptly, so pay attention. While these sayings are helpful, in some areas the color of the water may not be very indicative of what's down below so always check a marine chart as well.

What can you do to help prevent the spread of aquatic nuisance species?

wash boat and trailer at the ramp after retrieving it