BOC Prep 2
alt. h.
alternis horis every other hour
cr., crm
cream
o.d.
dexter right eye
dil.
dilute
Normal breathing rate per minute (children)
15-30 breaths/min
Proper warm-up time (length)
15-30 min of gradual warm-up
R
rectal
% of oxygen when using rescue breathing
16%
Distance from top of face guard to bottom of helmet
3 in.
Todd paralysis
A paralysis of temporary duration normally not more than a few days that occurs in the limb or limbs involved in epilepsy after the seizure.
Paresis
A partial paralysis of a muscle, leading to a weakened contraction.
Aura
A peculiar sensation that precedes an epileptic attack.
Aura
A perceptual disturbance experienced by some with migraine or seizures before either the headache or seizure begins. It often manifests as the perception of a strange light, an unpleasant smell or confusing thoughts or experiences.
Gait
A person's manner of walking.
Antalgic gait
A persons manner of walking that develops as a way to avoid pain while walking, "limping'
Luteal phase
A phase of the ovarian cycle extending from ovulation until the onset of the next menstrual bleeding, normally about 12 to 17 days. During this period, both estrogen and progesterone levels are high.
Maximum amount of hole drilling per side for mask
1 and must be done by factory-authorized dealer
Outlets in treatment area (Spacing & height)
1 outlet per 4 ft 3 ft off floor
Cleaning for BBP prevention: chemicals
1. 1:10 (bleach:water mixture) 2. disinfectant approved by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
3 types of chin straps used
1. 2 snap 2. 4 snap (most-preferred by coaches) 3. 6 snap
Reactive phases to injury (3)
1. Reaction to injury 2. Reaction to rehab 3. Reaction to return (or career termination)
Muscle spindle
1. Send signals from muscle to SC 2. Signal returns to muscle fiber causing reflexive CONTRACTION
Electrolytes
1. Sodium 2. Chloride 3. Potassium 4. Magnesium 5. Calcium
Tendon healing process
1. Tendon adheres to surrounding tissue to form single mass (week 2) 2. Tendon separates to varying degrees from the surrounding tissues (week 3) 3. Tensile strength to permit strong pull sufficient (week 4-5)
Cascade effect response to injury
1. Thromboplastin 2. Prothrombin > thrombin 3. Fibrinogen > "sticky" fibrin (shuts off blood supply to injured area) 4. Clot formation begins around 12 hrs post-injury (completed w/i 48 hrs)
Micronutrients
1. Vitamins 2. Minerals 3. Water Regulate normal body functions
2 types of muscle soreness
1. acute-onset 2. delayed-onset
2 things infectious diseases require to become a pathogen inside a host
1. agent 2. mode of transportation
S&S: Bluish (cyanotic) skin color, primarily in lips & fingernails
1. airway obstruction 2. respiratory insufficiency
2 most-strained muscles
1. biceps tendon 2. Achilles heel cord
BBP: fluids that carry viral material and should exercise extreme precaution (9)
1. blood 2. semen 3. vaginal secretions 4. synovial 5. amniotic 6. cerebrospinal 7. pleural 8. peritoneal 9. pericardial
S&S: Pupils fail to accommodate to light
1. brain injury 2. alcohol or drug poisoning
2 types of football shoulder padding
1. cantilevered (strap that runs front to back under pad that causes pads to arch above the tip of the shoulder, dispersing pressure onto the pads rather than on shoulder) 2. non-cantilevered
Extracellular matrix components (5)
1. collagen 2. elastin 3. ground substance 4. proteoglycans 5. glycosaminoglycans
3 types of direct transmission of a contagious disease
1. contact between body surfaces (touching/sex) 2. droplet spread (sneeze) 3. fecal-oral spread
OSHA requirements for BBP planning (4)
1. counseling 2. education 3. volunteer testing 4. management of bodily fluids
3 chemical mediators in inflammation
1. cytokines 2. histamine 3. leukotrines
External bleeding can be managed by (3)
1. direct pressure 2. elevation 3. pressure point
Splinting procedure steps (7)
1. dress open wound(s) 2. splint in position found 3. splint is immobilizing (injury does not move, period) 4. immobilize joints above and below the site of injury 5. elevate (if possible) 6. apply cold pack to injury around splint 7. continuously check color of fingers/toes for circulation impairment
3 things to prove negligence
1. duty of care 2. conduct of defendant fell short of that duty 3. resultant damages due to that conduct
BBP: fluids that do not carry viral material (7)
1. feces 2. nasal secretions 3. urine 4. vomitus 5. perspiration 6. sputum 7. saliva
Granulation tissue constituents
1. fibroblasts 2. collagen 3. capillaries
HBV spread through (4)
1. food 2. water 3. casual contact 4. blood entering uninfected person's body (sex/needles)
S&S: Dilated pupil(s)
1. head injury 2. shock 3. heatstroke 4. hemorrhage 5. stimulant (drug)
2 types of thermomoldable plastics
1. heat-forming plastics (preferred, low-temp) 2. heat-plastic foams
S&S: Rapid, strong pulse (2 possibilities)
1. heatstroke 2. severe fright
S&S: Flushed or red skin color (5 conditions)
1. heatstroke 2. sunburn 3. allergic reaction 4. high BP 5. elevated temp
Arthrogram
A diagnostic tool whereby a radiopaque material is injected into a joint to facilitate obtaining a radiograph.
Asthma
A disease of the lungs characterized by constriction of the bronchial muscles, increased bronchial secretions, and mucosal swelling, all leading to airway narrowing and inadequate airflow during respiration.
Leukoplakia
A disease of the mouth characterized by white patches and oral lesions on the cheeks, gums, and/or tongue that can lead to oral cancer.
endemic
A disease that is particular to a locality or region.
Acute
A disease with a rapid onset and/or a short course
Epilepsy
A disorder of the brain characterized by recurrent episodes of sudden, excessive discharges of electrical activity in the brain.
Asthma
A disorder that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
Nebulizer
A drug delivery device used to administer medication in the form of a mist inhaled into the lungs.
Coach's finger
A fixed flexion deformity of the finger caused by dislocation at the proximal interphalangeal joint.
Aponeurosis
A flat, expanded, tendonlike sheath that attaches a muscle to another structure.
Hammer toes
A flexion deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint of the toes.
Valvular stenosis
A narrowing of the orifice around the cardiac valves.
Coronary Artery Disease
A narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart
Ganglion cyst
A non-neoplastic soft tissue lump that may occur in any joint, but most often occurs on, around, or near joints and tendons in the hands or feet. These cysts are caused by leakage of fluid from the joint into the surrounding tissue.
Retinopathy
A noninflammatory, degenerative disease of the retina.
Seroma
A pocket of clear serous fluid that sometimes develops in the body after surgery.
Jones fracture
A transverse stress fracture of the proximal shaft of the fifth metatarsal.
Retroversion
A turning backward; a decreased angle between the femoral condyles and femoral head, usually <15°.
Plyometric training
A type of explosive exercise that maximizes the myotactic on-stretch reflex.
Incisional hernia
A type of hernia caused by an incompletely-healed surgical wound
Femoral hernia
A type of hernia that causes a bulge in the upper part of the thigh near the groin.
Sleep apnea
A type of sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or instances of shallow or infrequent breathing during sleep.
Referred pain
A type of visceral pain that travels along the same nerve pathways as somatic pain and that is perceived by the brain as somatic in origin.
Watt
A unit of electrical power. For an electrical current: watts = voltage X amperage.
Malaise
A vague feeling of bodily discomfort, as at the beginning of an illness.
What type of force typically causes injury to the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
A valgus force with the tibia in external rotation
Wrist drop
A weakness and/or paralysis of the wrist and finger extensors because of radial nerve damage.
epidemic
A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
Abrasion
A wound caused by superficial damage to the skin
Tort
A wrong done to an individual whereby the injured party seeks a remedy for damages suffered.
What structure makes up the medial border of the femoral triangle?
Adductor longus muscle
p.c
After meals
What type of movement occurs at the tibiofemoral joint
All of the above
Which of the following does the athletic administrator's role include?
All of the above
Who should be involved in making the decisions about transporting an injured athlete
All of the above
Bililary disease
Any pathology affecting the gallbladder and its conduits
Expendable supplies
Any supply that cannot be reused (first aid: bandages, band-aids, tape)
_____ supplies include such items as adhesive tape, gauze pads, and bandages
Expendable
What is the only intrinsic muscle that is located on the dorsum of the foot
Extensor digitorum brevis
Nonfeasance
Fail to perform a legal duty (act of omission)
Negligence
Failure to use ordinary or reasonable care
Syncope
Fainting or lightheadedness.
Auditory hallucentations
False perceptions of hearing sounds (voices, music, etc.) without any real sensory stimuli. (hearing a voice that no one else can hear)
Hypermetropia
Farsightedness; occurs when the light rays are focused at a point behind the retina.
What structure surrounds the muscular compartments of the lower leg
Fascia
Tachycardia
Fast heart rate (greater than 100bpm).
Muscle fiber type - IIx
Fastest twitch in humans (glycolytic) Less mitochondria/myoglobin than Type IIa Short bursts Anaerobic
Fatigue
Feeling of weariness, tiredness, or lack of energy
What pressure point should one apply digital pressure to in order to control bleeding from a wound in the lower leg
Femoral
Which nerves innervate the hip adductor musculature
Femoral, obturator
Febrile
Fever, indicative of infection
Which of the following bones is least responsible for transmitting ground forces through the leg?
Fibula
Urticaria
Hives; an eruption of itching wheals, usually of systemic origin, which may result from a state of hypersensitivity to foods or drugs, infection, physical agents, or psychic stimuli.
HECC
Hockey Equipment Certification Council
What is the first thing you should do if you suspect a spinal injury
Hold in-line stabilization
Valsalva maneuver
Holding one's breath against a closed glottis, resulting in sharp increases in blood pressure.
Which organism associated with genital warts may be implicated in cervical cancer
Human papillomavirus
Released from mast cells causing vasodilation and increased cell permeability, swelling of endothelial cells and then separation between cells
Histamine
Which of the following chemicals do mast cells release to initiate the inflammatory response
Histamine
What structures are innervated by glute superior nerve?
Me (glute medius) Mi (glute minimus) Ten (tensor fascia latae)
Urinary frequency
Means needing to urinate more often than usual.
cane fitting
Measurement is taken from the crease of the wrist to the floor while the patient is wearing street shoes.
Lumbar puncture
Medical procedure where a needle is used to access the subarachnoid space to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This is typically used to confirm or exclude conditions such as meningitis and subarachnoid hemorrhage and it may be used in diagnosis of other conditions.
Topical medication
Medication that is applied to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes for treatment. Example: creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments.
Loose-packed position
The resting position where the joint is under the least amount of strain.
Scope of care
The roles and responsibilities of an individual in a profession; delineates what should be learned in the professional preparation of that individual.
Screwing-home mechanism
The rotation of the tibia on the femur at the end of extension to produce a "locking" of the knee in a close-packed position.
Mallet finger
The rupture of the extensor tendon from the distal phalanx because of forceful flexion of the phalanx.
Standard of care
What another minimally competent professional who is educated and practicing in the same profession would have done in the same or similar circumstance to protect an individual from harm.
Length of maturation-remodeling phase
Week 4/5 to 2-3 years
Isotonic
Weight/resistance unchanged Full ROM
Before fitting a helmet, AT should do what to simulate playing conditions?
Wet athlete's hair
Paresthesia
an abnormal sensation, typically tingling or pricking "pins and needles", caused chiefly by pressure on or damage to peripheral nerves.
or a
before
a.c.
before meals
b.i.d.
bis in die twice daily
bis
bis twice
B.S.
blood sugar
B.S.A
body surface areas
bol.
bolus as a large single dose (usually intravenously)
o.u.
both eyes
o_2
both eyes, sometimes written as o2
What is the role of the primary care physician in an HMO insurance program
to provide referrals for nonemergency services
Type of muscle spasm with rigid muscle contraction that lasts a period of time
tonic (may lead to muscle strain)
top.
topical
Tinea Cruris
"Jock itch"
Weight loss of __% indicates severe dehydration
2
Bowler's thumb
A compression of the digital nerve on the medial aspect of the thumb, leading to paresthesia in the thumb.
Varicelliform
Resembling the rash of chickenpox
Which type of budgeting model requires justification for every budget line item without reference to previous spending patterns
Zero-based
Emesis
Vomiting.
susp
suspension
syr
syrupus syrup
tal.,
t talus such
tsp,
t teaspoon
tab
tabella tablet
tbsp
tablespoon
tab.
tablet
Rx
take, prescription
tsp
teaspoon
emetic
Agent that induces vomiting.
ACDU scale
Alert Confused Drowsy Unresponsive
Anterior
Located towards the front of the body
Chronic
Long-standing, constant.
Paralysis
Loss of muscle function for one or more muscles
Lumbar spine
Low back; The part of the spine comprised of five vertebral bodies (L1-L5) that extend from the lower thoracic spine (chest) to the sacrum (bottom of the spine).
Orthostatic hypotension
Low blood pressure caused by a sudden change in body position, such as moving from a lying to a standing position.
Chest depression depth for child CPR
1 - 1.5
Total hysterectomy
Removal of the uterus and cervix.
Mucoid
Resembling mucus.
Scarlatiniform
Resembling scarlet fever or its rash.
alt. h.
alternate hours
amt
amount
amp
ampule
hemoptysis
coughing up of blood.
cc
cum cibos with food, (but also cubic centimetre)
t.d.s.
ter die sumendum three times a day
Rotator cuff
the SITS supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles, which hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa and produce humeral rotation.
Assumption of risk.
the athletic trainer asserts that the injured athlete or other physically active patient was aware of the risks involved and decided to proceed anyway, thereby absolving the institution and the athletic trainer from any liability for damages.
In athlete sustains an uncomplicated crown fracture. There is obvious to deformity and bleeding but not pain. How would you explain the absence of pain to the athlete
the fracture affects only the enamel portion of the tooth, and enamel contains no nerve endings
Necrotic/Necrosis
the localized death of living cells
Neurovascularly intact
the nerves and blood vessels are still intact and the patient has: normal pulses of area, is ability to wiggle fingers/toes, move arm etc
Left lateral decubitus
the patient is lying on his or her left side.
Right lateral decubitus
the patient is lying on his or her right side.
Induction agent
the production of anesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents.
While performing in Allen's test, the athletic trainer notes that the radial pulse has disappeared. What do these findings imply
the test is indicative of thoracic outlet syndrome whereby the pectoralis minor is compressing the neurovascular bundle
Which of the following groups should be included in an ergonomic risk assessment
the worker, the workers direct supervisor, and the facility nurse
Serosanguineous exudate
thin, watery, and pale red to pink in color
Carry info via ascending spinal tracts to various brain centers, where input is integrated, interpreted and acted upon
third-order afferent fibers
tds, tid
three times a day
t.i.w.
three times a week
X
times
tr,
tinc., tinct. tincture
An athlete report to the athletic training room wearing neoprene knee brace with medial and lateral support. What is the intended purpose of this brace
to provide additional support subsequent to a collateral ligament injury
Tanner Stage 5
Fully developed
Internal
Inside
Proximal
Next to or nearest the point of attachment or origin
Smoking cessation
The process of discontinuing tobacco smoking
Prone
a body position - lying on stomach.
mcg,
mg microgram
t.i.d.
three times a day
An athlete is suspected of having a corneal abrasion. Which of the following questions would give you the most information to confirm your evaluative conclusion
when you close your eyelid do you feel like you have something rubbing in your eye
pandemic
widespread; occurring over a large area or affecting an unusually large percentage of the population (global epidemic)
c¯
with
w
with
cf
with food
s¯
without
w/o
without
sig
write on label
Y.O.
years old
Candidiasis
yeast infection
When tissue is deformed to the extent that it no longer reacts elastically
yield point
You are using electrical stimulation to manage the pain associated with a knee sprain of an athlete with Down's syndrome. You have selected parameters consistent with managing pain via the gate control theory. How will you best explain to the athlete the expected sensation associated with this treatment
"It will feel tingly and tickly, like when your foot falls asleep."
Which of the following information should be recorded in the objective portion of an athlete's SOAP note
"The athlete's swelling has decreased 0.5 inch."
Muscle fiber type - IIb
"True" fast twitch fibers Less mitochondria/myoglobin than Type IIa White in color Fatigue quickly
Sublingual
"Under the tongue", refers to the pharmacological route of administration by which drugs diffuse into the blood through tissues under the tongue
c cum with
(usually written with a bar on top of the "c")
tinct.
, tr tincture
admov
. admove apply
cap
., caps. capsule
If injury to upper extremity doe NOT allow the elbow to be flexed, patient should be transported on stretcher with limb properly splinted and carried...
...at the side, w/ adequate padding placed between arm & body
Before allowing an injured athlete to walk from field, they should first...
...go from prone to supine/side-lying to sitting and should sit for approx 30 seconds before standing
AT should access EMS and wait for rescue squad before attempting to move a suspected spinal injury patient unless...
...patient is not breathing; logroll onto back and perform CPR
Patient with suspected c-spine injury should be spine boarded supine unless...
...there is a suspected spinal fracture in lower-trunk area and may be transported face down
aq
.water
Nerve healing process
1. Axonal portion DISTAL to cut begins to degenerate and break into irregular segments (days 3-5). Will eventually lead to complete degeneration of distal portion 2. PROXIMAL end of axon that remains splits into several sprouts and must make contact with column of Schwann cells in order to reinnervate. One will make contact, the other sprouts degenerate (week 2) 3. Regeneration (3-4 mm/day) *the closer the axonal injury to the cell body the more difficult the regenerative process **CNS lack connective tissue sheaths, consequently, the myelin-producing Schwann cells fail to proliferate
Large-diameter afferents
1. Aα 2. Aß
Types of 1st order (primary) neurons (4)
1. Aα (alpha) 2. Aß (beta) 3. Aδ (delta) 4. C
Small-diameter afferents. Transmit sensations of pain and temperature.
1. Aδ ("fast pain" in skin) 2. C ("slow pain" in ligaments and muscle)
5 types of tissue loading
1. Bending 2. Compression 3. Shearing 4. Tension 5. Torsion
Antioxidants
1. C 2. E 3. beta-carotene
Water-soluble vitamins
1. C 2. thiamin 3. riboflavin 4. niacin 5. B6 6. B12 7. folate 8. biotin 9. pantothenic acid
Hockey helmets must be approved by...
1. Canadian Standards Association (CSA) -or- 2. Hockey Equipment Certification Council (HECC)
Macronutrients
1. Carbs 2. Fats 3. Proteins Absorbable components Give energy
Bone healing process
1. Fibroblasts have begun laying down fibrous collagen network (week 1). Callus us first soft & firm due to composition of primarily collagenous fibrin; becomes firm & rubbery when cartilage begins to predominate 2. Remodeling process involves fibrous cartilage being replaced by fibrous bone and then by stronger lamellar bone 3. Normal immobilization period ranges from: < 3 weeks: smaller bones in hands/feet <8 weeks: long bones of upper/lower extremity **Osteoblastic/-clastic activity may continue for 2-3 years after severe fractures
Most stress-fracture-prone bones
1. Fibula 2. 2nd metatarsal 3. 5th metatarsal
Cartilage healing process (2)
1. Granulation tissue > chondrocytes (2 weeks) 2. Normal collagen forms (2 months)
What 2 measurements when buying shoes should be made?
1. Heel to ball (metatarsophalangeal joint) 2. Heel to longest toe Some feet are same heel to ball but different heel to toe *Buy the shoes that accommodate the longer foot
Golgi tendon organ
1. If muscle stretches long enough (> 6 sec) 2. Send signals from muscle to SC 3. Signal returns to cause reflexive RELAXATION* *This signal will override spindle signal to allow for stretching of muscle to prevent damage w/o overstretch **Referred to as AUTOGENIC INHIBITION
Ligament healing process (3)
1. Immediate injury > blood loss from damaged BVs + attraction of inflammatory cells (< 72 hrs) 2. Vascular proliferation w/ new capillary growth, fibroblastic activity, fibrin clot formation (6 weeks) 3. Ligament scar maturation (< 12 months*) *depends on apposition of torn ends + length of immobilization
Secondary survey: vitals (9)
1. LOC 2. pulse 3. respiration 4. BP 5. temp 6. skin color 7. pupils 8. movement 9. abnormal nerve response
Abdominopelvic quadrants (4)
1. Left upper quadrant (LUQ) 2. Right lower quadrant (RUQ) 3. Left lower quadrant (LLQ) 4. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
What leagues/levels require face guards in hockey?
1. NFHSA 2. NCAA
Two types of air pollution
1. Photochemical haze (NO2 + stagnant air = ozone) 2. Smog (CO + SO2 + particulate matter*) *burning of fossil fuel/coal
Removal of a football helmet under these conditions (4)
1. helmet/chin strap does not securely hold head when immobilizing helmet 2. design of helmet, even after face mask removal, does not allow for open airway/ventilation 3. face mask cannot be removed in a reasonable amount of time 4. helmet prevents athlete from being immobilized properly for transport
S&S: extreme hypotension (4 possible conditions)
1. hemorrhage 2. shock 3. heart attack 4. internal organ injury
3 main causes of muscle atrophy
1. immobilization 2. inactivity/non-use 3. loss of nerve innervation
5 stages of pathogen infection
1. incubation stage: enters body + multiplies to which S&S begin to appear. can last hours to months 2. prodromal stage: S&S briefly develop, agent continues to multiply and host is capable of transferring pathogens to new host 3. acute stage: disease reaches greatest develop. + likelihood of transmitting to another is highest 4. decline stage: 1st signs of recovery appear, infection is ending, can relapse if patient overextends himself 5. recovery stage: subsequent exposure to pathogen may not result in infection - body has immunity (not permanent immunity however)
S&S: Pale, ashen, or white skin color
1. insufficient circulation 2. shock 3. fright 4. hemorrhage 5. heat exhaustion 6. insulin shock
Best treatments for HCV currently (2):
1. interferon 2. ribavirin
Cells responsible for margination
1. leukotrines - leukocytes or phagocytic cells (along with neutrophils + macrophages) adhere along cell walls 2. prostaglandins
Hepatitis B Virus causes (5 possible conditions)
1. lifelong infection 2. cirrhosis (scarring) of liver 3. liver cancer 4. liver failure 5. death
3 functions of synovial fluid
1. lubrication 2. shock absorption 3. nutrition
Treatment for shock
1. maintain body temp 2. elevate feet 8-12 inches (most situations*) *for neck injuries: stabilize as found for head injuries: head and shoulders elevated for leg fractures: keep level until splinting is completed - then raise
2 lines of defense for immune system
1. mechanical: skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia 2. cellular: T & B cells found in bloodstream, lymphatic tissues & interstitial fluid - eliminating antigens
3 examples of anigens
1. microorganisms 2. foreign proteins 3. abnormal cells
What part of muscle usually tears first?
1. muscle belly 2. musculotendinous junction 3. bony attachment
Types of referred pain (4)
1. myofascial 2. sclerotomic (bone/fascia) 3. myotomic 4. dermatomic
S&S: Constricted pupils
1. patient may be using depressant (drug)
crutch fitting
1. placing the tip 6 inches from the outer margin of the shoe and 2 inches in front of the shoe. 2. underarm crutch brace is positioned 1 inch below the anterior fold of the axilla. 3. the hand brace is adjusted so that it is even with the patient's hand when the elbow is flexed to 30-degree angle.
Causes of avascular necrosis (3)
1. poor immobilization of fracture site 2. infection 3. soft tissues interfere with healing (positioned between severed ends of bone)
Procedure for washing contaminated clothing/towels
1. separated and put in orange/red bio-hazard containers 2. washed in hot water (71° C / 159.8° F)
Decisions made during secondary survey
1. seriousness of injury 2. type of first aid required (if any) 3. whether injury warrants physical referral 4. type of transportation needed
Neurotransmitters (5)
1. serotonin 2. norepinephrine 3. substance P 4. enkephalins 5. ß-endorphin
HDV is spread by
1. sexual activity 2. injected drugs 3. needlesticks in health care workers
S&S: Rapid, weak pulse (4 possibilities)
1. shock 2. bleeding 3. diabetic coma 4. heat exhaustion
Where nociceptors are found (5)
1. skin 2. periosteum surrounding bone 3. teeth 4. meninges 5. some organs
S&S: Slow, strong pulse (2 possibilities)
1. skull fracture 2. stroke
Structures in which fibrosis can occur (2 general)
1. synovial: adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) 2. extraarticular tissues: tendons + ligaments, bursae, muscle
Order of sensations felt with cold modality application
1. uncomfortable sensation of cold 2. burning 3. aching 4. complete numbness
Nutrition for wound healing (5)
1. vitamin C (collagen synthesis/immune sys) 2. vitamin K (clotting) 3. vitamin A (immune sys) 4. zinc (enzymatic sys) 5. amino acids
HAV + HEV are both spread by
1. water/food 2. fecal/oral 3. person-person (uncommon with HEV)
High (Stage 1)
140-159 mmHg (systolic) -or- 90-99 mmHg (diastolic)
Chest depression depth for adult CPR
1.5 - 2 inches
Average sweat-loss rate during exercise (L/hr)
1.5 L/hr
Distance between longest toe and front of shoe (in.)
1/2 - 3/4 in.
Visual analog scales are usually how long in length (cm)?
10 cm
Time required for acclimation (days)
10-14 days NATA: 7-10 days of progressive exposure
Oxygen should be delivered at a rate of __ to __ L/min
10-15
Chest compression rate/ratio
100x/min, 2:30 (breaths:compressions)
Normal breathing rate per minute (adults)
12-20 breaths/min
Prehypertension
120-139 mmHg (systolic) -or- 80-89 mmHg (diastolic)
Optimal sports drink concentration (g of carbs per ounce)
14 g of carbs per 8 oz of water (6% carbohydrate)
What could a 20-year-old patient's target heart rate be calculated to equal if he or she is exercising at 80% of his or her maximal heart rate
160 BPM
Proper hydration before (___ oz of fluid within __ hrs of competition)
17-20 oz, 2-3 hrs before exercise 7-10 oz, 10-20 min before exercise
How often should helmets be recertified/reconditioned using a certified NOCSAE-approved vendor if no warranty exists/expired?
2 years
Treatment for stress fracture
2-4 weeks rest
Treatment time/repetitions for cryotherapy (min).
20 min (minimum) to approx. 30-40 min, every 1-1.5 hours *mild strains may only require one day of 20 min applications, whereas a severe knee/ankle sprain might need 3-7 days of intermittent cold
Emmetropia
20/20 vision, indicating that the light rays are focused precisely on the retina.
Sphygmomanometer initial pressure
200 mmHg
Hepatitis A persists acutely for __ days, but effects last considerably longer
21
% of oxygen when person breathes normally or when using bag/valve mask
21%
Initial effusion of blood + plasma lasts approx how long?
24-36 hrs
Distance from face mask to face
3 finger widths
t.i.d Correct Response __10__ b.i.d. Correct Response __13__ NPO Correct Response __9__ BM Incorrect Response __6__ (12) OD Incorrect Response __7__ (14) p. Incorrect Response __14__ (7) a Incorrect Response __5__ (6) a.d. Correct Response __4__ IM Correct Response __15__ LLQ Correct Response __11__ DC Incorrect Response __8__ (5) p.r.n. 1. 3 times a day 2. 4 times a day 3. every other day 4. Intramuscular 5. as needed 6. right ear 7. before 8. before meals 9. bowel movement 10. 2 times a day 11. discontinue 12. right eye 13. nothing by mouth 14. per 15. Left Lower Quadrant
3 times a day
Regeneration of a nerve (length vs time)
3-4 mm/day
Distance from eye brows to bottom of football helmet
3/4 in. or 2 finger widths
What is the appropriate number of chest compressions per cycle when performing two-person CPR on an adult patient?
30 compressions
How long can victim remain in recovery position?
30 min
__% body heat lost from evaporation
30% (2/3 thru skin 1/3 thru ventilation)
Lighting requirements
30-50 ft-candles @ 4 ft above floor
You are performing one-person cardiopulmonary resuscitation and respiration on an unconscious victim. What is the proper compression-to-breath ratio
30:2
Taping table height
32-40 in.
Distance at which running shoes usually break down (mi.)
350-550 miles
Stretcher carrying requires a minimum of __ people
4 (2 per side), facing direction of walking & patient's feet first* *unless going uphill/up stairs/loading stretcher on to rescue vehicle (patient should be head first in these cases)
Length of fibroblastic repair phase
4 days to 6 weeks
qid
4 times a day
Outlet height in hydrotherapy area
4-5 ft from floor
How many vertebrae are considered to be part of the lumbar spine?
5
A layer of clothing should be added per __ mph of wind when temp is below 32 degrees
5 mph
Minimum number of persons for logroll
5 persons, each being responsible for turning/bracing a body segment (head/neck, trunk, hips, thighs, lower legs)
Recheck pulse after __ cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths, or __ minutes
5, 2
Treatment time for Grade 3 HS strain
6-8 weeks
Breaking point of tendons (what % increase in length?)
6-8% *usually 2x the stronger than the muscle it serves
Normal pulse rate (adult)
60-100 bpm *athletes who are well-conditioned usually have a slower than average pulse
Humidity at which sweating efficiency is reduced (%)
65%
% of body heat lost through radiation
65% (50% of this loss from head/neck)
Proper hydration during (__ oz of fluid per __ min)
7-10 oz every 10-20 min
Minimal amount of rest required before rehabilitation is begun (hours)
72 hours (approx) *ice should be applied regularly during this time
According to the NATA's position statement on the prevention of pediatric overuse injuries, full effort throwing limits for player 9 to 14 years old should be as follows
75 pitches/game, 600 pitches/season
Humidity at which sweating efficiency stops (%)
75%
Morton's Neuroma
A Morton's neuroma is located between the third and fourth metatarsal heads where the nerve is the thickest because it receives branches from both the medial and the lateral plantar nerves
% of acclimation during first 5-6 days
80%
Normal pulse rate (child)
80-100 bpm
Temp at which shivering ceases
85-90 degrees body temp
Normal body temp in °F
98.2° - 98.6°
Standard, resting BP for 15-20 year-olds
< 120 mmHg (systolic) -and- < 80 mmHg (diastolic) *females: 8-10 mmHg less for both systolic/diastolic
Length of injuries that are considered "short-term"
< 4 weeks
Acute pain classification (time in months)
< 6 months
Length of inflammatory response phase
<4 days
What beam nonuniformity ratio (BNR) is considered safe
<8:1
Length of survival time for HBV outside host? In what mediums?
> 1 week, in dried blood or contaminated surfaces
High (Stage 2)
> 160 mmHg (systolic) -or- > 100 mmHg (diastolic)
Length of injuries that are considered "long-term"
> 4 weeks
Vasoconstriction
A narrowing of the blood vessels;
Otitis externa
A bacterial infection involving the lining of the auditory canal; swimmer's ear.
Vertigo
A balance disturbance characterized by a whirling sensation of one's self or external objects.
Ganglion cyst
A benign tumor mass commonly seen on the dorsal aspect of the wrist.
Saddle joint
A biaxial-like condyloid joint with both concave and convex areas but with freer movement; the carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs.
Hypospadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the Urethra in which the urethral opening is below its normal location.
Bair hugger
A blanket that distributes the warm air around the patient's body, creating a warm environment.
Hemophilia
A bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency of selected proteins in the body's bloodclotting system.
Deep Vein Thrombosis
A blood clot in a deep vein, most often an extremity.
Solar plexus punch
A blow to the abdomen with the muscles relaxed, resulting in an immediate inability to catch one's breath.
cyanosis
A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood
Negligence
A breach of one's duty of care that causes harm to another individual.
Ecchymosis
A bruise. A subcutaneous collection of blood.
Fibroblast
A cell that is present in connective tissue and capable of forming collagen fibers.
Step deformity
A change in direction resembling a stairstep in a line, a surface, or the construction of a solid body.
Dementia
A chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning
Statin
A class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels Ex: Simvastatin, Atorvastatin etc.
Shock
A collapse of the cardiovascular system when insufficient blood cannot provide circulation for the entire body.
Hemothorax
A collection of blood in the space between the chest wall and the lung (pleural cavity)
Hemarthrosis
A collection of blood within a joint or cavity.
Abscess
A collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body. Signs and symptoms of abscesses include: redness, pain, warmth, and swelling that when pressed feels like it is fluid filled
Female athlete triad
A combination of three disorders— disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis— commonly seen in adolescent and young adult female athletes.
Dead arm syndrome
A common sensation felt with a recurrent anterior shoulder subluxation and multidirectional instability.
Fibromyalgia
A common syndrome in which a person has long-term, body-wide pain and tenderness in the joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues.
Extensor mechanism
A complex interaction of muscles, ligaments, and tendons that stabilize and provide motion at the patellofemoral joint.
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome
A complex regional pain syndrome in which pain is associated with findings such as abnormal skin color, temperature changes, abnormal sweating, hypersensitivity in the affected area, abnormal edema, and often significant impairment of motor function.
Brachial plexus
A complex web of spinal nerves C5 to T1 that innervates the upper extremity.
Contusion
A compression injury involving the accumulation of blood and lymph within a muscle; a bruise.
Spear tackler's spine
A condition caused by a history of using a spear-tackling technique, whereby the athlete uses the top or crown of the helmet as the initial point of contact, placing the cervical spine at risk for serious injury because of excessive axial loading.
Radial tunnel syndrome
A condition caused by direct trauma or entrapment at the elbow as the radial nerve passes anterior to the cubital fossa, pierces the supinator muscle, and runs posterior again into the forearm.
Ketoacidosis
A condition caused by excess accumulation of acid or a loss of base in the body; characteristic of diabetes mellitus.
Raynaud syndrome
A condition characterized by intermittent, bilateral attacks of ischemia of the fingers or toes and marked by severe pallor, numbness, and pain.
Cold urticaria
A condition characterized by redness, itching, and large, blisterlike wheals on skin that is exposed to cold.
Tension pneumothorax
A condition in which air continuously leaks into the pleural space, causing the mediastinum to displace to the opposite side, compressing the uninjured lung and the thoracic aorta.
Compartment syndrome
A condition in which increased intramuscular pressure brought on by activity impedes blood flow and function of tissues within that compartment.
Status epilepticus
A condition in which one major attack of epilepsy succeeds another with little or no intermission.
Coagulopathy
A condition in which the blood's ability to clot is impaired
Phimosis
A condition in which the foreskin cannot be retracted to reveal the glans penis due to tightness or narrowing of the foreskin opening.
Congestive heart failure
A condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to the rest of the body, If fluid builds up in the arms, legs, ankles, feet, lungs, or other organs, the body becomes congested.
Pronator syndrome
A condition in which the median nerve is entrapped by the pronator teres, leading to pain on activities involving pronation.
Detached retina
A condition in which the neurosensory retina is separated from the retinal epithelium by swelling.
Extruded disk
A condition in which the nuclear material bulges into the spinal canal and runs the risk of impinging adjacent nerve roots.
Hypothryoidism
A condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
Hemothorax
A condition involving a loss of blood into the pleural cavity but outside the lung.
Traumatic asphyxia
A condition involving extravasation of blood into the skin and conjunctivae because of a sudden increase in venous pressure.
Early satiety
A condition marked by feeling full after you have eaten a small amount of food, or before you finish a normal-sized meal.
Genu recurvatum
A condition of hyperextension of the knee.
Osteopenia
A condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes the individual to fractures.
Contraindication
A condition that will be adversely affected if a particular action is taken.
Prolapse
A condition where organs fall down or slip out of place.
Pneumothorax
A condition whereby air is trapped in the pleural space, causing a portion of a lung to collapse.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
A condition whereby an excess of ketoacids in the blood can lower the blood pH to 7.0; manifested by ketones in the breath, blood, and urine.
Thoracic outlet syndrome
A condition whereby nerves and/or vessels become compressed in the root of the neck or axilla, leading to numbness in the arm.
Trigger finger
A condition whereby the finger flexors contract but are unable to reextend because of a nodule within the tendon sheath or due to the sheath being too constricted to allow for free motion.
Patellofemoral stress syndrome
A condition whereby the lateral retinaculum is tight or the vastus medialis oblique is weak, leading to lateral excursion and pressure on the lateral facet of the patella, causing a painful condition.
Torticollis
A congenital or acquired spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle; "wry neck."
Heel bruise
A contusion to the subcutaneous fat pad located over the inferior aspect of the calcaneus.
Shin bruise
A contusion to the tibia; sometimes referred to as tibial periostitis.
Crepitus
A crackling sound most often used to refer to bones rubbing against one another.
Tomogram
A cross-sectional image of an organ or body part at various depths of field produced by an X-ray technique.
Wedge fracture
A crushing compression fracture that leaves a vertebra narrowed anteriorly.
Kyphosis
A curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back, which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture
Pilonidal cyst
A cyst near or on the natal cleft of the buttocks that often contains hair and skin debris.
Laceration
A deep cut or tear in skin or flesh.
Sensory deficit
A defect in the function of one or more of the senses.
Genu valgum
A deformity marked by the abduction of the leg in relation to the thigh; knock-knee.
Genu varum
A deformity marked by the adduction of the leg in relation to the thigh; bowleg.
Postconcussion syndrome
A delayed condition characterized by persistent headaches, blurred vision, irritability, and an inability to concentrate.
Raccoon eyes
A delayed discoloration around the eyes from a fracture of the anterior cranial fossa.
Shear force
A force directed parallel to a surface.
Colles fracture
A fracture involving a dorsally angulated and displaced and a radially angulated and displaced fracture within 1.5 in of the wrist. involve the lower end of the radius. The mechanism of injury is usually a fall on the outstretched hand, forcing the radius backward and upward hyperextension.
Boxer's fracture
A fracture of the fifth metacarpal, resulting in a flexion deformity because of the rotation of the head of the metacarpal over the neck.
Little league shoulder
A fracture of the proximal humeral growth plate caused by repetitive rotational stresses during the act of pitching; seen in adolescents.
Stress fracture
A fracture resulting from repeated loading with relatively low magnitude forces.
Nightstick fracture
A fracture to the ulna because of a direct blow; commonly seen in football players.
Bennett fracture
A fracture-dislocation to the proximal end of the first metacarpal at the carpometacarpal joint.
Paronychia
A fungal/bacterial infection in the folds of skin surrounding a fingernail or toenail.
Hypertrophy
A general increase in the bulk or size of an individual tissue not resulting from tumor formation.
Normal saline
A general phrase referring to a sterile solution of sodium chloride (NaCl, more commonly known as table salt) in water, but is only sterile when it is to be placed parenterally (such as intravenously); otherwise, a saline solution is a salt water solution.
Turners syndrome
A genetic condition in which a female does not have the usual pair of two X chromosomes. The syndrome manifests itself in a number of ways including characteristic physical abnormalities which affect many but not all people with this syndrome, such as short stature, swelling, broad chest, low hairline, low-set ears, and webbed necks.
Candida
A genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
A group of inherited disorders that affect your connective tissues — primarily your skin, joints and blood vessel walls. People who have this syndrome usually have overly flexible joints and stretchy, fragile skin. This can become a problem if you have a wound that requires stitches, because the skin often isn't strong enough to hold them.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult; commonly seen in smokers.
Hammertoe
A hammertoe is a flexible deformity that becomes fixed. It is caused by a flexion contracture at the proximal interphylangeal (PIP) joint.
Induration
A hardened mass or formation
Myocardial infarction
A heart attack.
Subungual hematoma
A hematoma beneath a fingernail or toenail.
Hyphema
A hemorrhage into the anterior chamber of the eye.
Pes cavus
A high arch.
Stridor
A high pitched sound generated from partially obstructed air flow in the upper airway.
All of the following functions contribute to the athlete's ability to maintain a steady state during periods of increased metabolic needs while exercising except
A high-protein pre-event meal
Impetigo
A highly contagious bacterial infection characterized by small vesicles that form pustules and, eventually, honey-colored, weeping crustations.
Impetigo
A highly contagious skin infection that mainly affects infants and children. Impetigo usually appears as red sores on the face, especially around a child's nose and mouth. The sores burst and develop honey-colored crusts.
Temporomandibular joint
A hinge joint that connects your jaw to the temporal bones of your skull, which are in front of each ear. It lets you move your jaw up and down and side to side, so you can talk, chew, and yawn.
Parrot-beak tear
A horizontal meniscal tear, typically in the middle segment of the lateral meniscus.
Erythropoietin
A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells.
Great Toe Hyperextension -Turf Toe
A hyperextension of the great toe results in a sprain of the metatarsophalangeal joint, either from a single trauma or from repetitive overuse.
Facet joint
A joint formed when the superior and inferior articular processes mate with the articular process of the adjacent vertebrae.
Urinalysis
A lab test of a patients urine to reveal any diseases/infections. Tests for: Color, pH, Clarity, Odor, specific gravity, proteins, glucose, nitrites, ketones, ...etc.
Cirrhosis
A late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcohol abuse.
Scoliosis
A lateral rotational spinal curvature.
Wolff law
A law that states that bone and soft tissue will respond to the physical demands placed on them, causing the formation of collagen to remodel or realign along the lines of stress, thus promoting healthy joint biomechanics.
Malaise
A lethargic feeling of general discomfort; an outof-sorts feeling.
Diathermy
A local elevation of temperature in the tissues produced by the therapeutic application of high-frequency electrical current, ultrasound, or microwave radiation.
Hematoma
A localized mass of blood and lymph confined within a space or tissue.
Hematoma
A localized swelling filled with blood
Bucket-handle tear
A longitudinal meniscal tear of the central segment that can displace into the joint, leading to locking of the knee.
Frontal plane
A longitudinal vertical line that divides the body or any of it parts into anterior and posterior portions.
Sagittal plane
A longitudinal vertical line that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions.
Spinal stenosis
A loss of cerebrospinal fluid around the spinal cord because of deformation of the spinal cord or a narrowing of the neural canal.
embolus
A mass of undissolved matter.
Petrissage
A massage technique that consists of pressing and rolling the muscles under the fingers and hands.
Tapotement
A massage technique that uses sharp, alternating, and brisk hand movements, such as hacking, slapping, beating, cupping, and clapping, to increase blood flow and to stimulate peripheral nerve endings.
Vibration
A massage technique using finite, gentle, and rhythmic movement of the fingers to vibrate the underlying tissues for relaxation or stimulation.
Cardioversion
A medical procedure done to restore a normal heart rhythm for people who have certain types of abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias). Most often done by sending electric shocks to your heart through placed on your chest. Occasionally, a doctor may perform cardioversion using only medications to restore your heart's rhythm. Drugs like amiodarone, diltiazem, verapamil and metoprolol are frequently given.
Seldinger technique
A medical procedure performed during central line placement to obtain access to blood vessels and other hollow organs. Example for inserting a catheter: a needle is used to puncture the structure and a guide wire is threaded through the needle; when the needle is withdrawn, a catheter is threaded over the wire; the wire is then withdrawn, leaving the catheter in place.
Diabetes mellitus
A metabolic disorder characterized by near or absolute lack of the hormone insulin, insulin resistance, or both.
Palpation
A method of feeling with the fingers or hands during a physical examination
Progressive resistance exercise
A method to improve strength by increasing resistance using the overload principles as the individual's strength increases.
Clonic
A movement marked by repetitive muscle contractions and relaxation in rapid succession.
Moist mucus membranes
A mucous membrane is a layer of epithelial tissue which lines an area of the body which comes into contact with air. Mucous membranes are moist because of the presence of glands which secrete a thick fluid known as mucus. Dry mucus membranes be a sign of dehydration.
Paronychia
A nail disease that is an often-tender bacterial or fungal infection of the hand or foot where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or toenail.
Coarctation of aorta
A narrowing of part of the aorta (the major artery leading out of the heart). It is a type of birth defect.
Amphetamine
A potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.
Sepsis
A potentially fatal whole-body inflammation caused by severe infection in the blood.
Histamine
A powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, and a vasodilator capillaries and arterioles that causes a fall in blood pressure.
Ectopic pregnancy
A pregnancy that occurs outside the womb (uterus). It is life-threatening to the mother.
Paracenthesis
A procedure in which the peritoneal cavity is punctured by a needle to sample peritoneal fluid.
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
A procedure that allows your doctor to look at the interior lining of your esophagus, your stomach, and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum) through a thin, flexible viewing instrument called an endoscope.
Endoscopy
A procedure that uses an endoscope to look inside the body. Endoscopes have a tiny camera attached to a long, thin tube. The doctor moves it through a body passageway or opening to see inside an organ.
The athletic trainer of the collegiate women's swimming and diving team suspects one of his patients might have a severe eating disorder. After lengthy discussions with both the coach and patient, the athletic trainer decides it would be best for the patient if he refers her for professional help. To which of the following professionals should the athletic trainer refer her initially
A psychologist
Tensile force
A pulling or stretching force directed axially through a body or body part.
Hematocele
A rapid accumulation of blood and fluid in the scrotum around the testicle and cord.
Addison's disease
A rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones.
Skin turgor
A reflection of the skin's elasticity, measured by monitoring the time it takes for the skin on he back of the hand to return to position after it is lightly pinched between the examiner's thumb and forefinger. Normal turgor is a return to normal contour within a few seconds; if the skin remains elevated (tented) more than a few seconds, turgor is decreased.
Dermatome
A region of skin supplied by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve.
Hypothalamus
A region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain; responsible for thermoregulation and other autonomic nervous mechanisms underlying moods and motivational states.
Subjective fever
A reported fever that has not actually been measured.
Ischemia
A restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed to keep tissue alive.
Tinnitus
A ringing or other noises in the ear because of trauma or disease.
Torque
A rotary force; the product of a force and its moment arm, or moment.
Malleolus
A rounded bony prominence such as those on either side of the ankle joint
Boutonniere deformity
A rupture of the central slip of the extensor tendon at the middle phalanx, resulting in no active extensor mechanism at the proximal interphalangeal joint.
Jersey finger
A rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon from the distal phalanx because of the rapid extension of the finger while actively flexed.
Kinematic chain
A series of interrelated joints that constitute a complex motor unit so that motion at one joint produces motion at the other joints in a predictable manner.
Sever disease
A traction-type injury, or osteochondrosis, of the calcaneal apophysis seen in young adolescents.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
A serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body cannot use sugar (glucose) as a fuel source because there is no insulin or not enough insulin. Fat is used for fuel instead. Byproducts of fat breakdown, called ketones, build up in the body.
Dysrhythmia
A serious irregularity of the heart rate.
Reye syndrome
A severe disorder of young children following an acute illness, usually influenza or varicella infection, and characterized by recurrent vomiting beginning within a week after the onset of the condition, from which the child either recovers rapidly or lapses into a coma with intracranial hypertension; death may occur because of edema of the brain and resulting cerebral herniation.
McBurney's point
A site one-third of the distance between the anterior superior iliac spines and the umbilicus that, with deep palpation, produces rebound tenderness and indicates appendicitis.
STENT
A slender tube inserted inside a tubular body part (as a blood vessel) to provide support during and after surgical anastomosis
Hill-Sachs lesion
A small defect usually located on the posterior aspect of the articular cartilage of the humeral head and caused by the impact of the humeral head on the glenoid fossa as the humerus dislocates.
Petechiae
A small red or purple spot on the skin, caused by a minor hemorrhage (broken capillary blood vessels).
Wheal
A smooth, slightly elevated area on the body that appears red or white and is accompanied by severe itching; commonly seen in allergies to mechanical or chemical irritants.
Glenoid labrum
A soft-tissue lip around the periphery of the glenoid fossa that widens and deepens the socket to add stability to the joint.
Spina bifida occulta
A spinal defect characterized by the absence of vertebral arches in which there is no protrusion of the cord or its membrane.
Gamekeeper's thumb
A sprain of the metacarpophalangeal MP joint of the thumb when it is in near extension and the thumb is forcefully abducted away from the hand, tearing the ulnar collateral ligament at the MP joint.
Spondylolysis
A stress fracture of the pars interarticularis.
Osteitis pubis
A stress fracture to the pubic symphysis caused by repeated overload of the adductor muscles or repetitive stress activities.
Static stretch
A stretching movement that is slow and deliberate and lasts for at least 15 seconds.
Chest retractions
A sucking in of the skin in between or around the bones of the chest when inhaling.
Acute Exacerbation
A sudden aggravation of symptoms or increase in severity of an already existing condition without re-injury or trauma
Cardiac arrest
A sudden stop in effective blood circulation due to failure of the heart to contract effectively or at all.
Dehiscence
A surgical complication in which a wound ruptures along surgical suture.
Ostomy
A surgical procedure creating an opening in the body for the discharge of body wastes
Colostomy
A surgical procedure in which an opening (stoma) is formed by drawing the healthy end of the large intestine or colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place. This opening, in conjunction with the attached stoma appliance, provides an alternative channel for feces to leave the body.
Reciprocal inhibition
A technique using an active contraction of the agonist to cause a reflex relaxation in the antagonist, allowing it to stretch; a phenomenon resulting from reciprocal innervation.
Iontophoresis
A technique whereby direct current is used to drive charged molecules from certain medications into damaged tissue.
Intersection syndrome
A tendinitis or friction tendinitis in the first and second dorsal compartments of the wrist.
Tendinosis
A tendinous condition associated with degeneration rather than with inflammation.
Little League elbow
A tension stress injury of the medial epicondyle; seen in adolescents.
Panniculus
A term describing a dense layer of fatty tissue growth, consisting of subcutaneous fat in the lower abdominal area. It can be a result of obesity and can be mistaken for a tumor or hernia
Nystagmus
A term to describe fast, uncontrollable movements of the eyes that may be: Side to side, Up and down, Rotary
Serous fluid
A term used for various bodily fluids that are typically pale yellow and transparent, and of a benign(harmless) nature, that fill the inside of body cavities.
Colonoscopy
A test that allows your doctor to look at the inner lining of your large intestine (rectum and colon). He or she uses a thin, flexible tube called a colonoscope to look at the colon to help find ulcers, colon polyps, tumors, and areas of inflammation or bleeding.
Which of the following may occur because of an untreated puncture wound
A tetanus infection
Modality
A therapeutic agent that promotes optimal healing while reducing pain and disability.
Mallet toe
A toe in a neutral position at the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints but flexed at the distal interphalangeal joint.
Intruded tooth
A tooth driven deep into the socket in an inward direction.
Graves disease
A toxic goiter characterized by diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid gland; a form of hyperthyroidism.
AVPU scale
A: Alert, awake, responsive to voice, oriented to person, time, place V: Verbal, responds to voice but is not fully oriented to person, time, or place P: Pain, does not respond to voice but does respond to painful stimuli U: Unresponsive, does not respond to painful stimulus
What organization publishes CPT codes on an annual basis
AMA
Bowel sounds
Abdominal sounds caused by the products of digestion as they move through the lower gastrointestinal tract, usually heard on auscultation.
Rales
Abnormal breath sounds.
Organomegaly
Abnormal enlargement of the organs
Splenomegaly
Abnormal enlargement of the spleen
Nystagmus
Abnormal jerking or involuntary eye movement.
Ptosis
Abnormal lowering or drooping of an organ or a part, especially a drooping of the upper eyelid caused by muscle weakness or paralysis.
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensations such as tingling, burning, itching, or prickling.
Photophobia
Abnormal sensitivity to light, common during migraines
Sickle cell anemia
Abnormalities in hemoglobin structure, resulting in characteristic sickle- or crescentshaped red blood cells that are fragile and unable to transport oxygen.
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high levels of glucose in the circulating blood that can lead to diabetic coma.
Hyperkinesis
Abnormally increased and sometimes uncontrollable activity or muscular movements
Hyperphagia
Abnormally increased appetite for food frequently associated with injury to the hypothalamus
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low levels of glucose in the circulating blood that can lead to insulin shock.
Bradypnea
Abnormally slow breathing rate; less than 12 breaths per minute
exudate
Accumulation of fluid in an area.
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.
Carbohydrates
Active population = 55-60% of total caloric intake 1. Sugar (< 15% caloric intake) 2. Starch 3. Fiber (25 g/day)
An athlete undergoing a rehabilitation program has become noncompliant, missing appointments and not completing the home exercise program. What action can you take to improve this athlete's compliance
Actively involve the athlete in the goal-setting and rehabilitation planning process
S&S: Muscle weakness, swelling, pain, darkened urine and renal dysfunction. Severe S&S: Collapse, renal failure, death
Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
At moderate altitudes: S&S: headache, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, dyspnea (lasting 3 days)
Acute Mountain Sickness
Conjunctivitis
Also known as pink eye; An inflammation of the conjunctiva.
Cervical spine
Also known as the neck, is comprised of seven vertebral bodies (C1-C7) that make up the upper most part of the spine. These vertebrae connect the spine to the skull.
Pulsus alternans
Alternating pulse; A physical finding with arterial pulse waveform showing alternating strong and weak beats.
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
Pericardial Effusion
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity; Fluid around the heart.
Pneumothorax
An abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall causing a collapsed lung
Scoliosis
An abnormal curving of the spine
Varicocele
An abnormal dilation of the veins of the spermatic cord, leading to an engorgement of blood into the spermatic cord veins when standing.
Seizure
An abnormal electrical discharge in the brain.
Fistulas
An abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another.
Photophobia
An abnormal sensitivity to light.
Cerebral palsy
An abnormality of motor function (the ability to move and control movements) that is acquired at an early age, usually less than a year of age, and is due to a brain lesion that is non-progressive.
Aphasia
An acquired language disorder caused by damage to the brain, This class of language disorder ranges from having difficulty remembering words to losing the ability to speak, read, or write, but does not affect intelligence.
Reflex
An action involving the stimulation of a motor neuron by a sensory neuron in the spinal cord without the involvement of the brain.
Cardiac tamponade
An acute compression of the heart because of effusion of fluid or blood into the pericardium from a rupture of the heart or penetrating trauma.
Infectious mononucleosis
An acute illness associated with the Epstein-Barr herpetovirus and characterized by fever, sore throat, enlargement of the lymph nodes and spleen, and leukopenia, which changes to lymphocytosis.
Rhabdomyolysis
An acute, fulminating, and potentially fatal disease of skeletal muscles that entails the destruction of skeletal muscles, as evidenced by the release of myoglobin into the blood and urine.
Influenza
An acute, infectious respiratory tract condition characterized by malaise, headache, dry cough, and general muscle aches.
Coxa varum
An alteration of the angle made by the axis of the femoral neck to the axis of the femoral shaft so that the angle is less than 135°; the neck becomes more horizontal.
Coxa valga
An alteration of the angle made by the axis of the femoral neck to the axis of the femoral shafts so that the angle exceeds 135°; the femoral neck is in more of a straight-line relationship to the shaft of the femur.
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
An avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral epiphysis, seen especially in young males aged 3 to 8.
Bankart lesion
An avulsion or damage to the anterior lip of the glenoid as the humerus slides forward in an anterior dislocation.
Cutdown technique
An emergency procedure in which the vein is exposed surgically and then a cannula is inserted into the vein under direct vision. It is used to get vascular access in trauma and hypovolemic shock patients when peripheral cannulation is difficult or impossible. The saphenous vein is most commonly used. This procedure has fallen out of favor with the development of safer techniques for central venous catheterization such as the Seldinger technique
Miliaria
An eruption of minute vesicles and papules that occurs when active sweat glands become blocked by organic debris; prickly heat.
Lordosis
An excessive convex curve in the lumbar region of the spine.
Kyphosis
An excessive curve in the thoracic region of the spine.
Maisonneuve fracture
An external rotation injury of the ankle with an associated fracture of the proximal third of the fibula.
Methampetamine
An extremely addictive stimulant drug that is chemically similar to amphetamine. It takes the form of a white, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder.
Unconsciousness
An impairment of brain function wherein the individual lacks conscious awareness and is unable to respond to superficial sensory stimuli.
Pacemaker
An implanted electronic device that mimics the natural electrical control system of the heart
Malocclusion
An inability to bring the teeth together in a normal bite.
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, excluding tumor formation; overgrowth of the endometrium.
What does a sunscreen SPF of 5 represent
An individual can withstand exposure to ultraviolet light five times longer than he or she could without having the sunscreen on before his or her skin turns red
Thrush
An infection of the mouth caused by the candida fungus, also known as yeast.
Upper Respiratory Infection
An infectious process of any of the components of the upper airway; upper respiratory tract includes the sinuses, nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx
Rhinitis
An inflammation of the nasal membranes with excessive mucus production resulting in nasal congestion and postnasal drip.
Meningitis
An inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms. Common symptoms include worst headache of their life and neck stiffness associated with fever, confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light. The most common symptoms of meningitis are headache and neck stiffness associated with fever, confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light (photophobia) or loud noises
Crohns disease
An inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition.
Myocarditis
An inflammatory condition of the muscular walls of the heart that can result from a bacterial or viral infection.
Lyme disease
An inflammatory disorder that typically occurs during the summer months and is characterized by a specific lesion and accompanied by fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, and stiff neck.
de Quervain tenosynovitis
An inflammatory stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons.
Marfan syndrome
An inherited connective tissue disorder affecting many organs but commonly resulting in dilation and weakening of the thoracic aorta.
Marfans syndrome
An inherited disorder that affects connective tissue — most commonly affects the heart, eyes, blood vessels and skeleton. People with this syndrome are usually tall and thin with disproportionately long arms, legs, fingers and toes. If your heart or blood vessels are affected, the condition can become life-threatening.
Focal injuries
An injury in a small, concentrated area, usually because of high velocity-low mass forces.
Avulsion
An injury in which a body structure is forcibly detached from its normal point of insertion by either trauma or surgery; "to tear off"
Neurapraxia
An injury to a nerve that results in temporary neurologic deficits followed by a complete recovery of function.
Sprain
An injury to ligamentous tissue.
Epiphyseal fracture
An injury to the growth plate of a long bone in children and adolescents; may lead to arrested bone growth.
SLAP lesion
An injury to the superior labrum that typically begins posteriorly and extends anteriorly, disrupting the attachment of the long head of the biceps tendon to the superior glenoid tubercle.
Grottus-Draper law
An inverse relationship that exists between the amount of penetration and absorption. The more energy absorbed by superficial tissues, the less energy is available to be transmitted to the underlying tissues.
Pronation
An inward rotation of the forearm; the palms face posteriorly. At the foot, the combined motions of calcaneal eversion, foot abduction, and dorsiflexion.
Atrial Fibrillation
An irregular and often rapid heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow to the body
Varus
An opening on the lateral side of a joint caused by the distal segment moving medially.
Valgus
An opening on the medial side of a joint caused by the distal segment moving laterally.
Stoma
An opening, either natural or surgically created, which connects a portion of the body cavity to the outside environment
Extrinsic
An origination outside the part where it is found or on which it acts; denoting, especially, a muscle.
Apophysis
An outgrowth or projection on the side of a bone, usually where a tendon attaches.
Umbillical hernia
An outward bulging (protrusion) of the abdominal lining or part of the abdominal organ(s) through the area around the belly button
Ataxic gait
An unsteady, uncoordinated walk, employing a wide base and the feet thrown out.
A bee stung a baseball player. This player has a history of a severe allergy to bee stings. A couple of minutes after being stung, the area becomes red and raised and begins to itch. The athlete begins to complain that his tongue feels thick, and he starts to have difficulty breathing. What type of shock is he beginning to develop
Anaphylactic
Anaphylactic shock
Anaphylactic shock is the result of a severe allergic reaction caused by foods, insect stings, or drugs or by inhaling dusts, pollens, or other substances. Management of anaphylaxis, using an EpiPen
Which is the insertion of the serratus anterior
Anterior surface of medial border of scapula
Infarct
Area of dead tissue after a lack of blood supply.
Axilla
Armpit or underarm
Umbilical region
Around the navel (belly button)
Diastolic pressure
Arterial blood pressure reached either during or as a result of diastole; the lowest level of any given ventricular cycle.
Carotid arteries
Arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood
UD
As directed
prn.
As needed
Cosine law
As the angle deviates from 90°, the energy varies with the cosine of the angle: effective energy = energy X cosine of the angle of incidence.
After completing a first down, you notice that the running back on your football team is still lying face down on the field as the other players return to the huddle. As you watch from the sideline, a team mate jogs over to the down player before you can get to him. What is the most helpful action this teammate could take to assist in the care of this injured athlete
Ask the down player if he is injured and instruct him to lie still until the athletic trainer comes out.
HS
At bedtime
Compression wrap application time for acute injuries
At least 72 hours following injury
Cubital valgus
At the elbow, a valgus angle greater than 20°.
Cubital varus
At the elbow, a valgus angle less than 10°.
Kienbock disease
Avascular necrosis of the lunate, often seen in young athletes and thought to be caused by repetitive trauma or an unrecognized lunate fracture.
Freiberg disease
Avascular necrosis that occurs to the second metatarsal head in some adolescents.
Lateral
Away from the midline
Distal
Away from the trunk of the body.
Which of the following is responsible for the development of the Role Delineation Study?
BOC
Halitosis
Bad breath.
Shoe should "break" at which point along the foot?
Ball of foot (metatarsophalangeal joint)/widest part of shoe
When trying to decrease the chance of injury during activity, one should stretch thoroughly. Which one of these stretches represents bouncing type movements to achieve a stretch
Ballistic
Exculpatory waiver
Based on the athlete's assumption of risk, a release that is signed by the athlete or by the parent of an athlete under the age of 18 that releases the physician from liability of negligence.
Which of the following describes a person or organization that supports a program but has a history of untrusting behavior; these people tend to be manipulative in their dealings?
Bedfellows
q.h.s
Before bed
a.c
Before meals
Scapular manipulation
Begins with the patient in the prone position on an examining table, the affected arm hangs vertically over the edge of the table at 90 forward flexion and externally rotated. At the wrist 5 to 10Ib of weights is used to maintain traction and secured using a wrist splint. One the patient begins to relax, reduction is then attempted by pushing on the tip of the scapula medially, with rotation of the superior aspect of the scapular laterally
exotosis
Benign bony outgrowth, usually capped by cartilage, that protrudes from the surface of a bone.
Melena
Black, "tarry" feces that are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
ecchymosis
Black-and-blue skin discoloration caused by hemorrhage.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Bleeding into the subarachnoid space—the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain. This is a form of stroke.
FB positions who prefer cantilevered pads
Blockers & tacklers (more protection, don't need added shoulder ROM)
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clot.
International normalized ratio (INR)
Blood coagulation test; commonly performed on patients taking anticoagulants (i.e. coumadin/warfarin)
Hirsutism
Condition of unwanted, male-pattern hair growth in women.
While it's not spread through sneezing, hugging, coughing, food/water, utensils/drinking glasses, or casual contact; HCV is spread through this main component*
Blood contact w/ infected person (most commonly sharing needles/syringes) but also any item w/ blood on it (razors/toothbrushes) *rarely spread by sexual contact
Hematuria
Blood or red blood cells in the urine.
Why might rehabilitation goals for a 60-year old athlete by different from those of a 30-year old athlete with a similar injury
Blood supply is essential for healing and is commonly impaired with increased age
Vein
Blood vessel carrying blood towards the heart
Artery
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Nonessential nutrient
Body capable of production
Point at which shivering occurs
Body temp drops small amount
_____ reflects ultrasound waves and _____ absorbs them
Bone, muscle
Bibasilar
Both lungs
Burner
Burning or stinging sensation characteristic of a brachial plexus injury.
According to the NATA's position statement on anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), an athletic trainer can offer specific support to an athlete suspected of abusing AAS through all of the following means except:
By supporting the athlete's self-esteem, it is important to compliment his or her physical appearance and strength gains as changes become evident
Prolapse
Dropping or falling of an organ from its normal position
Extensor digitorum/brachioradialis reflex
C6
Cholesterol
Can be made from carbs, proteins, saturated fat < 300 mg/day - AHA suggests
Lymphoma
Cancer of the lymph nodes.
Aphthous
Canker sores; Non-contagious sore or lesion that develops on the soft tissues inside the mouth
Which is larger, a furuncle or carbuncle
Carbuncle
epiphysis
Cartilaginous growth region of a bone.
Which roles are considered appropriate for an athlete who has sustained an acute ankle sprain
Comply with nighttime care instructions, report any changes in signs or symptoms, and use prescribed ambulatory aids
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel, leading to pain and tingling in the hand.
Causes of neuropraxia? Recovery time?
Compression or mild, blunt blow to nerve. Hours to months (6-8 weeks average)
What is the organizational responsibility delineation
Chain of command
Hypotension
Characterized by a fall of 20 mm Hg or more from a person's normal baseline systolic blood pressure.
Pulsatile
Characterized by a rhythmic pulsation.
Apneustic breathing
Characterized by prolonged inspirations unrelieved by attempts to exhale, which indicates trauma to the pons.
Ataxic (Biot's) breathing
Characterized by unpredictable irregularity, whereby breaths may be shallow or deep and stop for short periods, indicating respiratory depression and brain damage, typically at the medullary level.
What medical record keeping dictates notation only when process deviates from norms
Charting by exception
S&S: Frothy blood coughed up
Chest injury (fractured rib affecting rib)
Impingement syndrome
Chronic condition caused by repetitive overhead activity that damages the supraspinatus tendon, the glenoid labrum, the long head of the biceps brachii, and the subacromial bursa.
Fibromyalgia
Chronic syndrome in which a person has long-term, body-wide pain and tenderness in the joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues. Its exact cause is unknown but is believed to involve psychological, genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors
Rhinorrhea
Clear nasal discharge,runny nose
Rhinorrhea
Clear nasal discharge.
Arthrocentesis
Clinical procedure of using a syringe to collect synovial fluid from a joint capsule.
Which of the following is false regarding facial lacerations
Close a facial laceration that is one and a half inches long and a quarter inch deep with wound closure strips
An Amateur Athletic Union basketball player is completing a rehabilitation program to address his bilateral Osgood-Schlatter disease. What exercises should this athlete avoid because they will exacerbate his symptoms
Closed kinetic chain knee flexion beyond 90° of flexion
Which type of foam is preferred in athletics and why?
Closed-cell, because of its ability to rebound to original shape quickly
Grossly
Coarse or large; visible to the naked eye.
Disaccharide
Combination of 2 monosaccharides -lactose (milk sugar) -sucrose (table sugar)
Fracture in which 3 or more fragments are present at fracture site, causing problems with healing and sometimes requiring surgery
Comminuted fracture
Which of the following organizations accredits entry level athletic training education programs?
Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education
Malfeasance
Commit act that isn't legally his to perform (act of commission)
Malfeasance
Committing an act that is not your responsibility to perform.
Gross negligence
Committing, or not committing, an act with total disregard for the health and safety of others.
Urticaria
Commonly referred to as hives, is a kind of skin rash notable for pale red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives may cause a burning or stinging sensation.
comparative negligence
Comparative negligence determines the degree of fault an athletic trainer and a patient have for causing an injury.
Starch
Complex Long chains of glucose units
What are the types of isotonic contractions?
Concentric and eccentric
Informed consent
Consent given by a person of legal age who understands the nature and extent of any treatment and the available alternative treatments before agreeing to receive treatment.
Isokinetic
Constant velocity Full ROM
Which of the following is the function of lysosomes during the inflammatory process
Contain enzymes that digest material brought into the cytoplasm of the cells during phagocytosis
dynamic stretching
Controlled stretches recommended prior to beginning an activity.
Hip pointer
Contusions caused by direct compression to an unprotected iliac crest that crushes soft tissue and, sometimes, the bone itself.
What term identifies the focalization of a beam or wave
Convergence
Hypothermic temp at which death is imminent
Core temp is 77-85 degrees
Hemoptysis
Coughing up blood.
Rales
Crackles; wet crackling noise in lungs, heard during lung exam.
Ohm law
Current I in a conductor increases as the driving force V becomes larger or as resistance R is decreased I = V/R.
The NATA's position statement on safe weight loss and maintenance practices in sport and exercise recommends that the individual assessing body composition use a valid and reliable technique for body composition assessment. These include all of the following except:
Doppler measurements
DAPRE
Daily adjustable progressive resistance exercise.
Follicular phase
Days 1 to 14 of the ovarian cycle, in which the follicle spheroidal cell cluster in the ovary contain an ovum or egg grows.
Ischemic necrosis
Death of a tissue because of decreased blood supply.
Necrosis
Death of a tissue resulting from the deprivation of blood supply.
Hypothermia
Decreased body temperature.
Hypomobility
Decreased motion at a joint.
Hypoesthesia
Decreased tactile sensation.
Types of pain associated with sclerotomic pain
Deep, aching, and poorly localized
Suicidal
Deeply unhappy or depressed and likely to commit suicide.
Fracture common in flat bones, like in skull. A fall or head strike on a hard, immovable surface or being hit by a hard object. Such injuries result in gross pathology of soft areas
Depressed fracture
Paradoxical chest movement
Describes an abnormal chest movement, with your chest moving inward during inhalation rather than outward
dyspnea
Difficult breathing.
Dysphagia
Difficulty in Swallowing
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing.
_____ pupils indicate possible shock, hemorrhage, or cardiac arrest
Dilated
Lymphadenopathy
Disease/enlargement of the lymph nodes
Cardiomyopathy
Diseases of the heart muscle.
Which of the following actions falls outside the standard of care of the certified athletic trainer?
Dispensing medications
During a gymnastics meet, an athlete falls from the balance beam, injuring her right shoulder. Palpation reveals a posterior displacement of the head of the humerus. The athlete's arm is abducted approximately 45° and any movement results in severe pain. The decision is to splint the arm as it is using pillows and cravats. Which of the following parameters should one assess before and after applying the splint
Distal neurovascular and circulatory functions
Diplopia
Double vision.
Drug administration
Drug administration occurs when a legally authorized and licensed health care practitioner administers a single dose of a medication to a patient.
Drug dispensing
Drug dispensing is the act of preparing and packaging medications for subsequent use by a patient.
During digestion, food passes through the small intestine as it is being broken down into smaller components. Which area of the small intestine does it pass through first
Duodenum
Tympanic Membrane
Eardrum
Cerumen
Earwax
Bluish skin discoloration due to effusion of fluids to area
Ecchymosis
Elevation treatment method/time for acute ankle sprain
Elevated as much as possible (virtually straight up in air) for the first 72 hours
Hyperthermia
Elevated body temperature.
Which of the following components should a comprehensive emergency action plan address
Emergency personnel, modes of communication, and venue or site maps
Cardiomegaly
Enlarged heart. (Seen on chest X-rays)
Hepatomegaly
Enlarged liver. (Seen on CT abdomen)
Thyromegaly
Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Cubital tunnel syndrome
Entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel at the elbow.
What is involved in Salter-Harris Type II
Epiphyseal plate + metaphysis
Hair follicles are made from what type of cells
Epithelial
Capital Equipment
Equipment that can leave clinic (water coolers, kit, crutches)
Non-consumable capital equipment
Equipment that does not leave the clinic (Biodex, modality cart)
What is the sacrospinalis muscle group also known as
Erector spinae
q
Every
q.6h
Every 6 hours
qHS
Every bedtime
qPM
Every evening
q.4h
Every four hours
QH
Every hour
qAM
Every morning
qMO
Every mouth
qOD
Every other day
q.o.d
Every other hour
qWK
Every other week
Hemorrhage
Excess of profuse bleeding.
Hyperoxia
Excess oxygen or higher than normal partial pressure of oxygen
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger and food consumption; gluttony.
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger or increased appetite
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Excessive hypertrophy of the heart, often of obscure or unknown origin.
All of the following are symptoms of an over-trained athlete except:
Excessive motivation
Polyuria
Excessive or abnormally large production or passage of urine
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive or profuse sweating.
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Nocturia
Excessive urination at night
Salpingo-Oophorectomy
Excision/removal of the ovary and uterine (fallopian) tube
Runner's anemia
Exercise-induced hemolytic anemia, which occurs when the red blood cells are destroyed and the hemoglobin is liberated into the medium in which the cells are suspended.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation PNF
Exercises that stimulate proprioceptors in muscles, tendons, and joints to improve flexibility and strength.
5X a day
Five times a day
Pes planus
Flat feet.
Exudate
Fluid, such as pus or clear fluid, that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues
Colors of labels for potentially hazardous/infectious materials
Fluorescent orange or red
Which of the following is characteristic of an empathetic listener
Focusing on the speaker's emotions and body language
Trach stoma
Following a tracheotomy, the resulting stoma (hole) can serve independently as an airway or as a site for a tracheostomy tube to be inserted; this tube allows a person to breathe without the use of his or her nose or mouth
Retrograde amnesia
Forgetting events that occurred before an injury.
Proptosis
Forward displacement of an organ, especially an eyeball.
TTTT
Four
q.i.d
Four times a day
Blowout fracture
Fracture of the floor of the eye orbit, without fracture to the rim; produced by a blow on the globe, with the force being transmitted via the globe to the orbital floor.
Bimalleolar fracture
Fractures of both the medial and the lateral malleolus.
Supple
Free movement of a body part, normal ROM; flexible
Polydipsia
Frequent drinking because of extreme thirst.
Isometric
Full contraction No movement of body part Generates heat/activates muscle tissue
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones
Wheezing
High pitched sound heard during lung exam - auscultation. It occurs when air moves through narrowed breathing tubes.
Hyperemia
Increased blood flow into a region or body part once treatment has ended.
Choking victim loses consciousness and is now lying supine, what next?
Give 2 rescue breaths, if they don't go in, reposition head and try 2 more. If still unsuccessful, give 30 chest compressions. Then look for object in mouth. If visible, perform finger sweep with index finger. Repeat process as necessary
What structures are innervated by glute inferior nerve?
Glute major
A male athlete comes to the athletic trainer complaining of painful urination and pus discharge from the genitals and confides that he had unprotected sex approximately 1 week earlier. On the basis of his symptoms, what should the athletic trainer suspect is the athlete's immediate problem
Gonorrhea
Which of the following is a way for an athletic trainer to protect him- or herself from negligence?
Good documentation
Grade this MMT: No evidence of muscle contractility
Grade 0 - 0% - zero
Grade this MMT: Evidence of slight contractility w/ no joint motion
Grade 1 - 10% - trace
Grade this MMT: Complete ROM w/ gravity omitted
Grade 2 - 25% - poor
Grade this MMT: Complete ROM against gravity w/ no resistance
Grade 3 - 50% - fair
Grade this MMT: Complete ROM against gravity w/ some resistance
Grade 4 - 75% - good
Grade this MMT: Complete ROM against gravity w/ full resistance
Grade 5 - 100% - normal
Tonsillar exudates
Grayish-white coating on the tonsillar surface
Fracture in which convex side of bone is injured while concave side remains intact. Most common in adolescents
Greenstick fracture
enthesitis
Group of conditions characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification around tendons, ligaments, and muscle insertions.
Hallux Rigidus
Hallux rigidus is a painful condition caused by the proliferation of bony spurs on the dorsal aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, resulting in impingement and a loss of both active and passive dorsiflexion.
Defecation
Have a bowel movement
Hypoxia
Having a reduced concentration of oxygen in air, blood, or tissue, short of anoxia.
Homicidal
Having a tendency to commit homicide.(a person killing another person)
Which technique should one use to remove the most common airway obstruction in an unconscious adult victim
Head tilt-chin lift
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack; Death of cardiac muscle due to ischemia.
Systolic ejection murmur
Heart murmurs heard during systole; normally described as a fraction, example - 1/6 SEM
Irregularly irregular heart rhythm
Heart rhythm for anyone with Atrial Fibrillation
Thermotherapy
Heat application.
Which of the following can cause an indirect sport fatality
Heat stroke
Hemoglobinuria
Hemoglobin in the urine; in sufficient quantities, hemoglobin results in the urine being colored from light red-yellow to fairly dark red.
S&S: flu-like symptoms (fatigue, weakness, nausea), abdominal pain, headache, fever, dark urine, possibly jaundice (yellowing of skin/eyes), or no symptoms at all
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
S&S: 80% infected show no signs/symptoms. However, if symptomatic, patient may be jaundiced and/or mild abdominal pain (particularly upper R quadrant), loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, muscle/joint pain, and/or dark urine
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
At higher than moderate altitudes: S&S: severe headache, mental dysfunctions (hallucinations, bizarre behavior, coma), neurological abnormalities (loss of coordination, paralysis, cerebellar signs)
High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)
At higher than moderate altitudes: S&S: dyspnea, cough, headache, weakness, unconsciousness
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
Hypertension
High blood pressure.
Hyperlipidemia
High cholesterol, presence of excess lipids in the blood
What type of heel should be used for athletes with tight Achilles tendons?
High heel
The optimum time an athletic trainer should apply an ice pack to a single body part on an athlete is ten minutes. This is to avoid the _____ response
Hunting
Covering on articulating surfaces of joints
Hyaline cartilage/articular cartilage
A patient comes to the athletic training facility after an opponent kicks him in the lower leg during a football game. He is complaining of decreased sensation in the L4 dermatome. What is this change in sensation
Hypoesthesia
Which of the following signs and symptoms are characteristic of a tension pneumothorax? I. Tracheal deviation II. Distended neck veins III. Unilateral absence of breath sounds IV. Dizziness V. Cyanosis
I, II, III, V
An athlete and his coach from your wrestling program have been trying to convince you that the athlete, who has a diagnosis of impetigo, can return early to wrestle. Upon which NATA Codes of Ethics principle should you base your response?
I: "Members shall respect the rights, welfare, and dignity of all individuals"
IVPB
IV piggyback
IVP
IV push
At what part in rehab is tendon most weakest and why?
Immobilization phase. Resorption of collagen fibers weakens tendon, making tendon susceptible to injury. Early immobilization following injury & gradually-paced rehab program important for this reason
Fracture usually caused by fall from height and long bone receives directly on its long axis, a force of such magnitude that the osseous tissue is compressed. Stress is telescoped down the bone. Require immediate splinting to maintain leg length
Impacted fracture
A patient reports to the athletic trainer with the presence of lesions on his upper lip and mouth area that look like blisters with a crusted yellow appearance and a red, weeping base. What is the probable cause of these lesions
Impetigo
Misfeasance
Improperly does something that you are legally able to do ("mistake")
Intrinsic
In anatomy, denoting those muscles of the limbs for which the origin and insertion are both in the same limb.
O.U
In both eyes
Accessory muscle use
In labored breathing, the use of muscles other than the diaphragm and intercostals
O.S
In the left eye
Proliferation phase
In the menstrual cycle, days 6 to 14, when the endometrium rebuilds itself.
O.D
In the right eye
Angle of torsion
In the transverse plane, the relationship between the femoral head and the femoral shaft, which normally is rotated 15°.
Reverse piezoelectric effect
In ultrasound, the conversion of an electrical current into mechanical energy as it passes through a piezoelectric crystal e.g., quartz, barium titanate, lead zirconate, titanate housed in the transducer head.
Waxing and Waning
Increase and decrease, as in size, strength, or intensity,
If hyperventilation does not adequately increase the oxygen supply in the blood during aerobic exercise, what must occur to meet the gas exchange demands
Increased cardiac output
Professional ethos evolves over time as a result of internal and external influences affecting a profession's maturation. Which of the following is considered an external influence that shaped the profession of athletic training
Increased reliance on technology
Para
Indicates the number of >20-week births (including viable and non-viable; i.e., stillbirths). Pregnancies consisting of multiples, such as twins or triplets, count as one birth for the purpose of this notation
Dyspepsia
Indigestion; A mild discomfort in the upper belly or abdomen,it occurs during or right after eating
Lower respiratory infection
Infections of the trachea, airways, and lungs - include pneumonia, bronchitis, and croup
Epicondylitis
Inflammation and micro rupturing of the soft tissues on the epicondyles of the distal humerus.
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a diverticulum in the digestive tract (especially the colon); characterized by painful abdominal cramping and fever and constipation.
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of a tendon sheath.
Tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon.
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain, especially of the cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, or brain stem, caused by a viral infection.
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder. (Seen on CT scans of abdomen)
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the lining of the lungs and chest (the pleura) that leads to chest pain (usually sharp) when you take a breath or cough
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver.
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal column.
Onychia
Inflammation of the nail matrix.
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra.
Osgood-Schlatter disease
Inflammation or partial avulsion of the tibial apophysis because of traction forces.
Erythema
Inflammatory redness of the skin.
Appendicitis
Inflammtion of the appendix
Coup injuries
Injuries at the site where direct impact occurs. In head injury, a coup injury occurs under the site of impact with an object.
Contrecoup injuries
Injuries away from the actual injury site because of rotational components during acceleration. In head injury, contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit.
Cause of muscle contractures
Injury of joint and surrounding tissues leading to scar tissue formation
Pruritus
Intense itching.
Sacral plexus
Interconnected roots of the L4 to S4 spinal nerves that innervate the lower extremities.
I.M
Intramuscular
IM
Intramuscular
I.V
Intravenous
Conversion
Involves the changing of another energy form (e.g., sound, electricity, a chemical agent) into heat.
Lisfranc injury
Involves the disruption of the tarsometatarsal joint, with or without an associated fracture caused by a severe twisting injury. The first metatarsal typically is dislocated from the first cuneiform, whereas the other four metatarsals are displaced laterally, usually in combination with a fracture at the base of the second metatarsal.
Arrhythmia
Irregular heartbeat
dysrhythmia
Irregularh eartbeats.
Rhinitis
Irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose.
Tackler's exostosis
Irritative exostosis on the anterior or lateral humerus.
Volkmann contracture
Ischemic necrosis of the forearm muscles and tissues caused by damage to the blood flow.
Which of the following types of exercise can produce a spike in systolic blood pressure that can result in a potentially life-threatening cardiovascular accident
Isometric
Vaginal pruritus
Itching of the vagina
All of the following are components of a well-written SOAP note except
Its intention is to mislead an insurance company
Which of the following tests would decrease the symptoms produced by the shoulder anterior apprehension test
Jobe relocation test
Arthralgia
Joint pain
Sounds in stethoscope are called ______ sounds
Karotkoff
Nephrolithiasis
Kidney Stone
Pyelonephritis
Kidney infection
Renal calculus
Kidney stones; Made of salts and minerals in the urine that stick together to form small "pebbles." They can be as small as grains of sand or as large as golf balls. They may stay in your kidneys or travel out of your body through the urinary tract
Which of the following best completes the analogy: Technical standards: ethical standards
Knowing and doing: being
Adductor reflex
L2
Patella reflex
L4
Superficial reflex: gluteal
L4, S3
Dyspnea
Labored or difficult breathing.
Edentulous
Lacking teeth, Without teeth
Miller
Laryngoscope straight blade commonly used for intubations
Which is the origin of the deltoid?
Lateral one third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
What should an athlete who has frequent episodes of constipation avoid
Laxatives or enemas
Which structure accepts blood once it leaves the mitral valve
Left ventricle
Tort
Legal wrongs committed against a person or property of another person
Obtunded
Less than full alertness (altered level of consciousness), typically as a result of a medical condition or trauma.
Conjunctiva
Lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera
Ischemia
Local anemia because of decreased blood supply. A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels.
Pruritus
Localized or generalized itching
Erb point
Located 2 to 3 cm above the clavicle at the level of the transverse process of the C6 vertebra; compression over the site may injure the brachial plexus.
Epigastric region
Located above the stomach.
Axillary
Located in or near the armpit
Hypotension
Low blood pressure; a blood pressure reading of 90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or less systolic blood pressure (the top number in a blood pressure reading) or 60 mm Hg or less diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) is generally considered low blood pressure.
Hypoxia
Low oxygen saturation of the body; not enough oxygen in the blood.
Which of the following types of electrical stimulators is "subsensory?"
Low-intensity stimulator
Inferior
Lower of the body, farther from the head.
Supine
Lying face upward
MAC blade
MacIntosh laryngoscope curved blade commonly used for intubations
Which of the following is a growing concept in the insurance industry stressing cost control through coordination of medical services
Managed care
Exudate
Material composed of fluid, pus, or cells that has escaped from blood vessels into the surrounding tissues following an injury or inflammation.
In conjunction with the medical director at your school's student health services, you are planning an informational session for student athletes on the topic of sickle cell trait. Athletes of what descent should be targeted for this information?
Mediterranean, African-American, and Caribbean
Menses
Menstrual cycle
Post-ictal
Mental state following a seizure
Metabolic shock
Metabolic shock happens when a severe illness, such as diabetes, goes untreated. Another cause is an extreme loss of body fl uid e.g., through urination, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Otitis Media
Middle ear infection.
You are using biofeedback to assist an athlete with patellofemoral pain syndrome in regaining neuromuscular control of the vastus medialis. The athlete has just completed a straight leg raise exercise using the biofeedback device and is ready to progress to a more challenging exercise. Which of the following exercise is the most appropriate exercise to incorporate into the rehabilitation progression next
Mini-squat
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Minor capillary ruptures in the eye globe.
Where is glycogen stored within a muscle cell for energy production
Mitochondria
Muscle fiber type - IIa
Moderately resistant to fatigue (closest to Type I) Still fast twitch
Morton's Toe
Morton's toe is a condition in which there is an abnormally short first metatarsal, and thus the second toe appears to be longer than the great toe.
Tanner Stage 3
Most crucial, fastest bone growth
Hypermobile patella
Movement of the patella equal to three or more quadrants of the patella, indicating laxity of the restraints, which can predispose an athlete to a laterally subluxating or dislocating patella.
Sputum
Mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways
What type of movement occurs at the acetabular femoral join
Multidirectional
Which therapeutic technique would best be used in the treatment of joint malalignments and complex kinetic chain dysfunction
Muscle energy techniques
Antagonist muscles
Muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement.
Myalgia
Muscular pain, generalized.
What organization regulates helmets in football?
NOCSAE (National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment)
Myopia
Nearsightedness.
Cathode
Negatively charged electrode in a direct current system.
What legal term is invoked when an individual fails to act in a reasonable and prudent manner or, as is some times stated, "without due care"?
Negligence
Efferent nerves
Nerves carrying motor impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles.
Neurogenic shock
Neurogenic shock is caused by the general dilation of blood vessels within the cardiovascular system. When it occurs, the typical 6 liters of blood can no longer fill the system. As a result, the cardiovascular system can no longer supply oxygen to the body.
Interruption in conduction of impulse down nerve fiber. Mildest form of nerve injury
Neuropraxia
Which of the following is not a category of hormones
Neurotransmitters
You are rehabilitating a basketball player following an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. You have just initiated plyometric training in preparation for the season, which is 6 weeks away. Which of the following plyometric training schedules will be most effective in preparing this athlete for the upcoming season
One session per day with at least 48 hours between sessions
Weeping
Oozing or exuding fluid
P.O
Orally
Runner's nipples
Nipple irritation resulting from friction as the shirt rubs over the nipples.
Afebrile
No fever
What are the gaps where the cell membrane is exposed in a myelinated nerve cell
Nodes of Ranvier
Normocephalic
Normal head.
Normal heart sounds
Normal noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it; no murmurs
Eupnea
Normal respiration; Easy, unlabored breathing
Benign
Normal, of no danger to health.
Epistaxis
Nose bleed.
epistaxis
Nosebleed.
Atraumatic
Not producing injury or damage.
Which of the following is not a good source of vitamin C
Nuts
Who regulates sanitary conditions of athletic training clinic?
OSHA
Similar to spiral fracture. One end of bone receives sudden torsion or twisting while other end is fixed
Oblique fracture
Toxic synovitis
Occurring largely in children, a transient, inflammatory condition characterized by a painful hip joint accompanied by an antalgic gait and limp.
Compartment syndrome
Occurs when excessive pressure builds up inside an enclosed space in the body. It can lead to muscle and nerve damage and problems with blood flow.
Abdominal Distention
Occurs when substances, such as air (gas) or fluid, accumulate in the abdomen causing its outward expansion beyond the normal girth of the stomach and waist
Gastritis
Occurs when the lining of the stomach becomes inflamed or swollen
Urinary incontinence
Occurs when you are not able to keep urine from leaking out of your urethra, the tube that carries urine out of your body from your bladder
AA
Of each
ung.
Ointment
Abdominal rebound
On exam when a physician palpates the abdomen, the patient experiences pain after the physician lifts his hand off the area that is being palpated.
Abdominal guarding
On exam when a physician palpates the abdomen, the patient tenses their abdominal well muscles to guard inflamed organs within the abdomen
q.d
Once a day
T
One
The stool guaiac test
One of several methods that detect the presence of blood in the feces that cannot be seen.
Therapeutic drugs
Prescription or over-the-counter medications used to treat an injury or illness.
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.
Oriented x4
Oriented to *person, *place, *time and *situation.
S&S: Pain in joint with use; relieved by rest. Stiffness is common complaint relieved by use. Symptom is most common in morning. Joint may also show localized tenderness, creaking, or grating that can be heard or felt
Osteoarthritis (Glucosamine sulfate for treatment)
Scheuermann disease
Osteochondrosis of the spine because of abnormal epiphyseal plate behavior that allows for herniation of the disk into the vertebral body, giving a characteristic wedge-shaped appearance.
Stress fracture in a nutshell
Osteoclastic activity is greater than the osteoblastic activity (restore balance to heal)
External
Outside
The _____ states that muscle strength, power, endurance, and hypertrophy increase only when muscles perform workloads greater than those loads previously encountered
Overload principle
Somatic pain
Pain arising from the skin, ligaments, muscles, bones, and joints.
Benign pain
Pain characterized as dull, generalized, not lasting long after exertion, and not associated with swelling, localized tenderness, or long-term soreness.
Dysuria
Pain during urination.
Myalgia
Pain in a muscle.
Angina
Pain in the heart region caused by lack of oxygen
Painful arc
Pain located within a limited number of degrees in the range of motion.
Visceral pain
Pain resulting from disease or injury to an organ in the thoracic or the abdominal cavity.
Inflammation
Pain, swelling, redness, heat, and loss of function that accompany musculoskeletal injuries.
Dyspareunia
Painful intercourse
dysuria
Painful or difficult urination.
Dysuria
Painful urination, often described as burning with urination.
Heat cramps
Painful, involuntary muscle spasms caused by excessive water and electrolyte loss.
Analgesia
Painkiller; A medication given to relieve pain - Hydromorphine, Fentanyl
Pallor
Pale skin - in appearance.
Paroxysmal
Paroxysmal attacks are a sudden recurrence or intensification of symptoms, such as a spasm or seizure.
duty of care
Part of an official job description.
Syncope
Passing out, loss of consciousness or fainting.
Transient
Passing with time or is the state of being brief and short-lived.
Which of the following patients should avoid high-volume, high-intensity plyometric exercises
Patients who weigh more than 220 pounds
What should be done if pulse does NOT resume after first AED shock?
Perform CPR for 2 minutes and then deliver another shock. If still no pulse after second shock, continue CPR (30:2)
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Periods of deep breathing alternating with periods of apnea.
Periorbital
Pertaining to the area surrounding the socket of the eye
Dentition
Pertains to the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth
What type of ATC employment setting would typically involve the least amount of travel responsibilities with an athletic team?
Physician extender
Overload principle
Physiologic improvements occur only when an individual physically demands more of the muscles than is normally required.
Assessment of color in dark-skin individuals
Pink color in: 1. nail beds 2. inside lips 3. mouth 4. tongue
Periodization develops year-round sports conditioning. Periodization is an approach that allows the athlete to train in stages, attain peak performance at the appropriate time, and avoid injuries. Which of the following describes the different phases in periodization
Postseason, off-season, preseason, in-season
According to Joule's law, heat produced by high-frequency electrical currents is directly proportional to all of the following except
Power output
Systolic pressure
Pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular contractions.
Capillary refill test
Pressure is applied to the nail bed until it turns white, this indicates that the blood has been forced from the tissue (called blanching) and once the tissue has blanched, pressure is removed. While the patient holds their hand above their heart, the health care provider measures the time it takes for blood to return to the tissue. Return of blood is indicated by the nail turning back to a pink color.
Wound involving smooth edges and good apposition, minimal scarring
Primary intention
On the field assessment of life-threatening injuries. Included are (6):
Primary survey 1. problems w/ LOC 2. airway 3. breathing 4. circulation 5. severe bleeding 6. shock
External Jugular vein IV placement
Procedure done for patients >12 years old that are in need of immediate IV access & no other suitable peripheral sites are available except for the external jugular vein. Commonly done during cardiac arrest or other situations where the patient is unresponsive.
diaphoretic
Producing or increasing perspiration.
Diaphoresis
Profuse sweating caused by the body's response to stress
Coccygodynia
Prolonged or chronic pain in the coccygeal region because of irritation of the coccygeal nerve plexus.
Menorrhagia
Prolonged or profuse menses.
What conditioning component is needed to perceive the position of the foot as it hits the ground following swing phase of gait
Proprioception
Psychogenic shock
Psychogenic shock is commonly known as fainting syncope. It is caused by a temporary dilation of blood vessels that reduces the normal amount of blood in the brain.
Tanner Stage 1
Puberty not evident
Purulent
Pus-like discharge
qid,
Qqds four times a day
When rehabilitating a patient diagnosed with "jumper's knee," which muscle group should eventually be stronger
Quadriceps
FB positions who prefer non-cantilevered pads
Quarterbacks, receiver, youth football player (less shoulder restriction)
Tachypnea
Rapid breathing.
Subacute
Rather recent onset or somewhat rapid change.
Rhonchi
Rattling noise of mucous in the lungs. Heard on auscultation of lungs.
Posterior/Dorsal
Rear or backside of the body.
Which of the following muscles are considered to be part of the paravertebral muscle group
Rectus capitus anterior
erythema
Redness of the skin caused by dilatation and congestion of the capillaries, often a sign of inflammation or infection.
Erythema
Redness of the skin or mucous membranes
Kehr's sign
Referred pain down the left shoulder; indicative of a ruptured spleen.
Coffee ground vomit
Refers to a particular appearance of vomit. Within organic heme molecules of red blood cells is the element iron, and when this iron has been exposed for some time to gastric acid, it becomes oxidized. This reaction causes the vomitus to look like ground coffee. Coffee-ground vomit is a classic sign of upper gastro-intestinal bleeding
Gallop
Refers to a usually abnormal rhythm of the heart on auscultation includes three or four sounds, thus resembling the sounds of a gallop.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Refers to attacks of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occur at night. It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening.
Hypokinesia
Refers to decreased bodily movement
Claudication
Refers to the pain, aching or fatigue of the muscles of the buttocks, thigh and/or calf that occurs with exertion.
Regular rate and rhythm
Regular rhythm indicates that the sinoatrial node is firing at a constant rate and pacing the heart and regular heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats a minute.
Respiratory shock
Respiratory shock occurs when the lungs are unable to supply enough oxygen to the circulating blood. Trauma that produces a pneumothorax or an injury to the breathing control mechanism can produce respiratory shock.
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the adverse effects of immobilization of body systems and tissues
Resting heart rate increases approximately ½ beat per minute each day of immobilization
Biggest problem with Grade 1 & 2 ligament sprains?
Restoring stability to joint. Once stretched or partially torn, inelastic scar tissue forms, preventing ligament from regaining its original tension
Moving the scapula toward the midline of the body is known as what type of shoulder girdle movement?
Retraction
What families of viruses cause the common cold
Rhinovirus or corona virus
RL, R/L
Ringer's lactate
Tinea
Ringworm; fungal infection of the hair, skin, or nails characterized by small vesicles, itching, and scaling; types include tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris jock itch, and tinea capitis ringworm of the scalp.
Vertigo
Room spinning; A subtype of dizziness in which a patient inappropriately experiences the perception of motion (usually a spinning motion) due to dysfunction of the vestibular system
Shock in dark-skin individuals
S&S: Skin around mouth/nose will often have grayish cast, and tongue/inside mouth/lips/nail beds will have bluish cast Shock from hemorrhage will cause tongue/inside mouth to have pale, grayish color instead of blue Fever can be noted by red flush in tips of ears
Achilles reflex
S1
Superficial reflex: plantar
S1, S2
Hamstring reflex
S2
Complete separation of the physis in relation to the metaphysis w/o fracture to the bone
Salter-Harris Type I
Separation of the growth plate and a small portion of the metaphysis
Salter-Harris Type II
Fracture of the physis
Salter-Harris Type III
Fracture of a portion of the physis and metaphysis
Salter-Harris Type IV
No displacement of the physis, but the crushing force can cause growth deformity
Salter-Harris Type V
Which of the following joints are not considered to be a "true" joint
Scapulothoracic joint
Wound involving jagged, separated edges and heals by granulation tissue filling defect
Secondary intention
On the field assessment of non-life-threatening injuries, done after finding that victim is conscious and stable (3)
Secondary survey 1. vital signs 2. history 3. musculoskeletal evaluation *unconscious are monitored while assessing
diplopia
Seeing double.
Visual hallucinations
Seeing things while awake that appear to be real, but instead have been created by the mind
Cyclist's palsy
Seen when a biker leans on the handlebar for an extended period of time, resulting in paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution.
dermatome
Segmental skin area innervated by various spinal cord segments.
diastasis
Separation of articulating bones.
Septic shock
Septic shock occurs from a severe, usually bacterial, infection. Toxins liberated from the bacteria cause small blood vessels in the body to dilate.
Fracture in which there are sharp, sawtooth fragments, usually caused by direct blow. These sharp segments can cause damage to surrounding blood vessels/nerves nearby
Serrated fracture
Sesamoiditis
Sesamoiditis is caused by repetitive hyperextension of the great toe, which eventually results in inflanimation. Sesamoiditis is most common in dancing and basketball.
Colicky
Severe abdominal pain caused by spasm, obstruction, or distension of any of the hollow viscera, such as the intestines.
Types of pain associated with dermatomic pain
Sharp & well localized
Pleuritic Chest Pain
Sharp, stabbing pain in the chest that is worsened by a deep breath or other chest wall movement; often caused by inflammation or irritation of the pleura.
Hypovolemic shock
Shock caused by a reduction in blood volume, as from hemorrhage or dehydration.
Tachy
Short hand for tachycardia
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath which occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair.
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath.
Monosaccharide
Simple sugar -fruit -syrups -honey **Glucose**
Superior
Situated above or directed upward.. Your nose is superior to your month.
Substernal chest
Situated beneath the sternum; lying under the breast-bone.
Medial
Situated in or pertaining to the middle. Your belly bottom is medial in comparison to your arms.
Ipsilateral
Situated on, pertaining to, or affecting the same side.
Abortus
The number of pregnancies that were lost for any reason, including induced abortions or miscarriages
Bradycardia
Slow heart-rate (less than 60 bpm).
Muscle fiber type - Ia
Slow twitch/high endurance/aerobic Many myoglobin/mitochondria Red fibers Smaller in size (fibers)
Lethargic
Slow, lazy, tired, sluggish
Ligaments and capsules heal quickly or slowly? Why?
Slowly, due to relatively poor blood supply. However, nerves are plentiful -- causing a great deal of pain
Statute of limitations
Specific length of time allowed to sue for damages from negligence
S-shaped fracture. Common in football and skiing in which foot is firmly planted and body is suddenly rotated in opposing direction
Spiral fracture
At what governmental level are the laws and policies regarding the use of therapeutic modalities by athletic trainers established and regulated
State
Statutes of limitations
Statutes of limitations are state laws that fix a certain length of time during which an aggrieved patient may sue a health care provider.
Tonic
Steady, rigid muscle contractions with no relaxation.
Nuchal rigidity
Stiffness in the nape or back of the neck.
Intermittent
Stopping and starting at interval; Symptoms coming and going.
Striae
Stretch marks; Linear dermal scars that affects skin that is subjected to continuous stretching;
Cerebrovascular Accident
Stroke; The sudden death of some brain cells due to lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain
epidemiology
Study of factors affecting the health and illness of individuals and populations.
epidemiological approach
Study of sports injuries that involves the relationship of as many factors as possible.
Which of the following conditions cause orthostatic syncope
Sudden peripheral vasodilation
effleurage
Superficial, longitudinal massage strokes used to relax the patient.
Essential nutrient
Supplied by diet *Body cannot produce
Nonexpendable supplies
Supplies that can be reused (scissors, compression wraps, neoprene sleeves)
Oophorectomy
Surgical removal of both ovaries
Adenoidectomy
Surgical removal of the adenoids
Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the galbladder
Hypertension
Sustained elevated blood pressure above the norms of 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic.
Periorbital ecchymosis
Swelling and hemorrhage into the surrounding eyelids; black eye.
Edema
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues; Quantified as 1+, 2+,3+ during a physicians physical exam
Hydrocele
Swelling in the tunica vaginalis of the testes.
Vulval swelling
Swelling of the labia, clitoris, vagina, and the opening to the urethra
What structure produces the synovial fluid?
Synovial membrane, which also happens to be highly vascular and innervated
tbsp
T tablespoon
Superficial reflex: lower abdominal
T11. T12
Superficial reflex: cremasteric
T12, L1
Superficial reflex: Upper abdominal
T7, T8, T9
Which of the following can result when an athlete uses a bronchodilator more often than recommended
Tachycardia
Body's response to decreased maximum oxygen uptake
Tachycardia (sudden decrease can lead to hyperventilation)
What is the most important educational instruction you can provide an athlete regarding the use of over-the-counter medications
Take the medication as instructed on the label
Plyometrics
Takes advantage of stretch-shortening cycle
Which of the following is not part of the management of turf toe
Taping to limit motion of the distal interphalangeal joint
What would be an appropriate action for the athletic trainer to take to relax a patient who is very anxious about his or her injury
Teach the patient about his or her injury
Eczema
Term for a group of medical conditions that cause the skin to become inflamed or irritated.
Auscultation
Term for listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope when examining the circulatory (heart), respiratory (lung), and gastrointestinal systems (abd) sounds.
Which of the following special tests would be the best to perform to rule out an upper motor neuron lesion
The Babinski test
Myositis ossificans
The accumulation of mineral deposits within muscle tissue.
Thrombophlebitis
The acute inflammation of a vein.
Tidal volume
The amount of air inspired and expired in a single breath.
Strain
The amount of deformation with respect to the original dimensions of the structure; injury to the musculotendinous unit.
A-angle
The angle between a vertical line dividing the patella in half and a second line drawn from the tibial tubercle to the apex of the inferior pole of the patella. An angle of 35° or greater has been linked to increased patellofemoral pain.
Carrying angle
The angle between the humerus and ulna when the arm is in anatomical position.
Q-angle
The angle between the line of quadriceps force and the patellar tendon.
Angle of inclination
The angle of depression formed by the meeting of a line drawn through the shaft of the femur with a line passing through the long axis of the femoral neck; normally about 125° in the frontal plane.
Translation
The anterior gliding of the tibial plateau on the femur.
Contranutation
The anterior rotation of the ilium on the sacrum, indicating anterior torsion of the joint, or the posterior rotation of the sacrum on the ilium on one side; the limb on that side probably is medially rotated.
Spondylolisthesis
The anterior slippage of a vertebrae resulting from complete bilateral fracture of the pars interarticularis.
Sustentaculum tali
The anteromedial surface of the calcaneus that largely supports the talus.
Adnexa
The appendages of the uterus: the ovaries, the Fallopian tubes, and the ligaments that hold the uterus in place.
Coronary artery
The artery that supplies heart tissue with blood.
Fundi of the eye
The back portion of the interior of the eyeball, only visible through the pupil by use of the ophthalmoscope. **The provider must use an opthalmoscope to see a fundi.
Nutation
The backward rotation of the ilium on the sacrum. When occurring on only one side, the anterior superior iliac spine is higher and the posterior superior iliac spine is lower on that side, resulting in an apparent or functional short leg on the same side.
Trendelenburg position
The body is laid flat on the back (supine position) with the feet higher than the head by 15-30 degrees,
Infarcts
The clumping together of cells that block small blood vessels, leading to vascular occlusion, ischemia, and necrosis in organs.
Atelectasis
The collapse of part or all of a lung
Sciatica
The compression of a spinal nerve because of a herniated disk, annular tear, myogenic or musclerelated disease, spinal stenosis, facet joint arthropathy, or compression from the piriformis muscle.
Pericardial tamponade
The compression of venous return to the heart because of increased volume of fluid in the pericardium; usually results from direct trauma to the chest.
Tachypnea
The condition of rapid breathing; greater than 20 breaths per minute
Scapulohumeral rhythm
The coordinated rotational movement of the scapula that accompanies abduction and adduction of the humerus.
Stenosing
The narrowing of an opening or stricture of a canal; stenosis.
Gravida
The number of times the woman has been pregnant, regardless of whether these pregnancies were carried to term. A current pregnancy, if any, is included in this count.[
Epidermis
The outer epithelial portion of the skin.
Cubital fossa
The cubital fossa or elbow pit is the triangular area on the anterior view of the elbow of a human or other hominid animal.
Friction massage
The deepest form of massage, consisting of deep, circular motions performed by the thumb, knuckles, or ends of the fingers at right angles to the involved tissue.
Refraction
The deflection of an energy wave because of a change in the speed of absorption as the wave passes between mediums of different densities.
Stress
The distribution of force within a body; quantified as force divided by the area over which the force acts.
Perilunate dislocation
The dorsal dislocation of the lunate relative to the other carpals.
Tibiofemoral joint
The dual condyloid joints between the tibial and femoral condyles that function primarily as a modified hinge joint.
Endometriosis
The ectopic occurrence of endometrial tissue, frequently forming cysts containing altered blood.
Stage model
The emotional stages that an individual progresses through when confronted with grief, including denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
Vasodilation
The enlarging of the blood vessels;
Polyuria
The excessive excretion of urine, leading to a huge urinary output of water and electrolytes and, in turn, to decreased blood volume and further dehydration.
Nonunion fracture
The failure of normal healing of a fractured bone.
Omission
The failure to perform a legal duty of care.
Cardiac palpitation
The feeling of having rapid, fluttering or pounding heartbeats, rapid, violent throbbing or fluttering of the heart
Tenesmus
The feeling that you need to pass stools, even though your bowels are already empty. It may involve straining, pain, and cramping.
Abdominal aorta
The final section of the aorta and the largest artery in the body.
Hallux
The first toe, or great toe.
Thenar
The fleshy mass of muscle and tissue on the lateral palm; the ball of the thumb.
Hypothenar
The fleshy mass of muscle and tissue on the medial side of the palm.
Serous otitis
The fluid buildup behind the eardrum associated with otitis media and upper respiratory infections.
Supination
The outward rotation of the forearm, with the palms facing forward. At the foot, the combined motions of calcaneal inversion, foot adduction, and plantar flexion.
Range of motion
The full movement potential of a joint, usually its range of flexion and extension.
Joule's law
The greater the resistance or impedance, the more heat that will be developed. Tissues with a high fluid content, such as skeletal muscle and areas surrounding joints, absorb more of the energy and, therefore, are heated to a greater extent, whereas fat is not heated as much.
Pharynx
The hollow tube that is about 5 inches long and starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus. The pharynx serves as a vestibule or entryway for the trachea and esophagus.
shoes for a pronated foot
The ideal shoe for a pronated foot is one that is less flexible and has good rearfoot control.
Fecal incontinence
The inability to control bowel movements, causing stool (feces) to leak unexpectedly from the rectum.
Jugular Venous Distention
The indirectly observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein
Apophysitis
The inflammation of an apophysis.
Fasciitis
The inflammation of the fascia surrounding portions of a muscle.
Sinusitis
The inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease
The inflammation or a partial avulsion of the apex of the patella because of traction forces.
Lumen
The inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine
Inverse square law
The intensity of radiant energy striking the tissues E is directly proportional to the square of the distance D between the source of the energy ES and the tissues E = ES/D2.
Lumbar plexus
The interconnected roots of the first four lumbar spinal nerves.
Phonophoresis
The introduction of anti-inflammatory drugs through the skin with the use of ultrasound.
Close-packed position
The joint position in which contact between the articulation structures is maximal.
Sequestrated disk
The nuclear material from an intervertebral disk that is separated from the disk itself and potentially migrates.
Anterograde amnesia
The loss of memory of events following a head injury.
Detraining
The loss of the benefits gained in physical training, which can occur after only 1 to 2 weeks of nonactivity, with significant decreases measured in both metabolic and working capacity.
Collateral ligaments
The major ligaments that cross the medial and lateral aspects of a hinge joint to provide stability from valgus and varus forces.
Yield point
The maximum load that a material can sustain without permanent deformation.
Tinnitus
The medical term for "hearing" noises in your ears when there is no outside source of the sounds.
Passive movement
The movement of an injured limb or body part through the range of motion with no assistance from the injured individual.
eccentric contraction
The muscle lengthens while contracting against resistance.
Thoracic spine
The part of the spine comprised of five vertebral bodies (L1-L5) that extend from the lower thoracic spine (chest) to the sacrum (bottom of the spine); Mid back
Atrophy
The partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body.
Hematochezia
The passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools
Lateral recumbent position
The patient is lying on their right or left side.
Traction-countertraction
The patient is supine, one sheet or strap is placed over the patient's upper chest, under the axilla of the affected shoulder and underneath the back, so that the two ends of the sheet are of equal length and open to the unaffected side. Standing on the unaffected side, the assistant takes a firm hold of each end of the sheet with each hand or securely ties the sheet around his or her own waist. When instructed to start, the assistant leans back to provide counter traction with body weight. While maintaining the affected arm in 90° of flexion at the elbow, with both hands around the forearm, the physician applies traction by leaning backward with fully extended arms. It is important to use body weight, not upper arm muscles to provide traction along the axis of dislocation while the assistant applies counter traction.
Which of the following statements best describes correct fitting of crutches
The patient should place crutch tips six inches from the outer margin of the shoe and two inches in front of the shoe
External rotation - shoulder reduction technique
The patient's arm is adducted with the elbow flexed and the forearm is slowly and gently externally rotated. Any discomfort or spasm interrupts the process until the patient is able to relax. Reduction usually takes place by the time full external rotation has been achieved;
Olfactory hallucination
The phenomenon of smelling odors that are not really present.
Disposition
The plan for continuing health care of a patient following discharge
Plantar Fasciitis
The plantar fascia plantar aponeurosis runs the length of the sole of the foot
Subcutaneous emphysema
The presence of air or gas in subcutaneous tissue; characterized by a crackling sensation on palpation.
Hypernatremia
The presence of an abnormally high concentration of sodium in the blood
Hemotympanum
The presence of blood in the tympanic cavity of the middle ear
Steatorrhea
The presence of excess fat in feces. Stools may float due to excess lipid, have an oily appearance and can be especially foul-smelling.
pyuria
The presence of pus in the urine, usually a sign of urinary tract infection.
primary survey
The primary survey, which is done initially, determines the existence of potentially life- threatening situations, including problems with level of consciousness, airway, breathing, circulation, severe bleeding, and shock.
Thermoregulation
The process by which the body maintains body temperature; primarily controlled by the hypothalamus.
Triage
The process of determining the priority of patients' treatments based on the severity of their condition. Usually done by a nurse when the patient first arrives in the E.D.
Hernia
The protrusion of an organ or other bodily structure through the wall that normally contains it
Supraventricular tachycardia
The rapid beating of the heart, proximal to the ventricles, in the atrium or the atrioventricular node.
Tachycardia
The rapid beating of the heart; usually applied to rates over 100 beats per minute.
Sedation
The reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure. Drugs which can be used for sedation include etomidate and midazolam
Zone of secondary injury
The region of damaged tissue following vasodilation.
Zone of primary injury
The region of injured tissue before vasodilation.
secondary survey
The secondary survey gathers specific information about the injury from the patient, systematically assesses vital signs and symptoms, and allows for a more detailed evaluation of the injury.
Lacrimation
The secretion of tears especially when abnormal or excessive
Snowball crepitation
The sound similar to that heard when crunching snow into a snowball; indicative of tenosynovitis.
Laryngospasm
The spasmodic closure of the glottic aperture, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, cyanosis, and even a loss of consciousness.
Mastectomy
The surgical removal of one or both breast usually done to remove a malignant tumor.
Appendectomy
The surgical removal of the appendix.
Herniorrhaphy
The surgical repair of a hernia
Peripheral Edema
The swelling of tissues, usually in the lower limbs, due to the accumulation of fluids.
Apnea
The temporary cessation of breathing.
swing phase
The time between toe-off and the subsequent initial contact is termed the swing phase, which is a period of non-weight bearing.
Convection
The transfer of energy between two objects via a medium, such as air or water, as it moves across the body, creating temperature variations.
Cornea
The transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber
Dorsiflex
The turning of the foot or the toes upward.
Torsion force
The twisting around an object's longitudinal axis in response to an applied torque.
Bruit
The unusual sound that blood makes when it rushes past an obstruction (called turbulent flow) in an artery. Heard when auscultated with a stethoscope.
Cryokinetics
The use of cold treatments before an exercise session.
Thrill
The vibration accompanying a cardiac or vascular murmur that can be palpated.
Smith fracture
The volar displacement of the distal fragment of the radius; sometimes called a reversed Colles fracture.
Where is it best to observe cyanosis in a dark-skinned person
Tongue and nail beds
swan neck deformity
The volar plate of the PIP joint is most commonly injured from a severe hyperextension force. A distal tear of the volar plate from the middle phalanx may cause a swan neck deformity.
Hematemesis
The vomiting of blood.
Sclera
The whitepart of the eye
Which of the following conditions exists when weight loss occurs
There is a negative caloric balance
Milch - shoulder reduction technique
This is an extension of the external rotation technique. The externally rotated arm is gently abducted into an overhead position while external rotation is maintained. Gentle in-line traction is applied to the humerus while some pressure is applied to the humeral head via the operator's thumb in the axilla;
Pitting edema
This is described as leaving a dent in the skin after you press the area with a finger for about 5 seconds. The dent will slowly fill back in.
Hemoccult Test
This simple test checks for the presence of hidden blood in a patient's stool. You only need to send a small stool sample to a lab, using a special card.
Straight leg raise
This test is performed by laying on your back with both legs straight and the physician raises one of your legs upward, keeping the knee straight. This is done to help find the reason for low back and leg pain.
Gustatory hallucination
This type of hallucination is the perception of taste without a stimulus.
TTT
Three
Tunics
Three layers of protected tissues that surround the eye.
Meninges
Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
t.i.d or TDS
Three times a day
The amount of electrical impulse needed in order for a muscle fiber to fire is termed as which of the following
Threshold
Assumption of risk
Through implied or express consent, individual assumes that some risk or danger is involved. That person "takes his chances"
Percutaneous
Through the skin
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Through this tunnel pass the tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, and flexor digitorum muscles with their surrounding synovial sheaths and the tibial nerve artery and vein.
Which of the following symptoms is most closely associated with carpal tunnel syndrome
Tingling of the tip of the thumb and index and middle fingers
Exacerbate
To cause a disease or its symptoms to become more severe
Aspirate
To draw fluid by suction from a vessel or cavity.
Ambulate
To walk
Cuffed intubation tube
Tracheostomy tubes that are blocked and sealed by what is called a cuff . The cuff blocks any air from flowing around the tube and assures that the patient is well oxygenated. All the air must therefore flow in and out through the tube itself. A pilot tube attached to the cuff stays outside the body and is used to inflate or deflate the cuff.
b.i.d
Twice a day
TT
Two
Type of collagen in skin, fascia, tendon, bone, ligaments, cartilage, interstitial tissues
Type I collagen (most found in fibroblastic repair phase)
Type of collagen in hyaline cartilage + vertebral disks
Type II collagen
Type of collagen in skin, smooth muscle, nerves, blood vessels
Type III collagen (tends to have less tensile strength than other 2)
Which of the following is an example of an objective assessment of ambulation that would be included in your medical record
Type of surface on which the patient is able to ambulate
What are the types of influenza
Types A, B, and C (A is most common)
80-90% of collagen in body consists of these types
Types I, II, III
What injury would a positive valgus stress test at 25 degrees of elbow flexion indicate
Ulnar collateral ligament sprain
Which of the following should be included when explaining the term "sports medicine" to the general public
Umbrella term
Undifferentiated somatoform disorder - DSM
Undifferentiated somatoform disorder occurs when a person has physical complaints for more than six months that cannot be attributed to a medical condition. If there is a medical condition present, the complaints must be far more severe than can be accounted for by the presence of the medical problem.
U.S.P.
United States Pharmacopoeia
Compression wrap application time for chronic/overuse injuries (ex. tendinitis, tenosynovitis, and particularly bursitis)
Until almost all swelling is gone
Glidescope
Used for emergency intubation, a video laryngoscope incorporating a miniature video camera positioned on a curved hyper-angulated laryngoscope blade
Registration
Used in some states, it requires that individuals who wish to practice a profession within the state must register with a governmental agency.
No Acute Distress.
Used to describe a patient that is not actively in distress. You will typically document this under Physical Exam. Can also mean No Acute Disease when a physician is reading an imaging study (X-ray, MRI, CT).
Biliary Colic
Used to describe a type of pain related to the gallbladder that occurs when a gallstone transiently obstructs the cystic duct and the gallbladder contracts
Well developed
Used to generally describe a patient who looks well developed
Hydration normal
Used to generally describe a patient who looks well hydrated
Well nourished
Used to generally describe a patient who looks well nourished
Vital Signs
Used to measure the body's basic functions including body temperature, blood pressure, pulse (heart rate and breathing rate (respiratory rate). These measurements are taken to help assess the general physical health of a person, give clues to possible diseases, and show progress toward recovery.
Mallampati Score
Used to predict the ease of intubation. Score ranges from I-IV. Classes I and II are associated with relatively easy intubation while classes III and IV are associated with increased difficulty.
Uncuffed intubation tube
Usually used for patients who can protect their own airway, have an adequate cough reflex and most importantly can manage their own secretions. They remove the risk of tracheal damage caused by inflation of the cuff, may aid swallowing and communication with the concomitant use of a speaking valve.
The medial collateral ligament serves as a primary restraint for which of the following types of forces placed on the knee
Valgus force
Which is true regarding noxious level pain control
Variable pulse frequency
Initial reaction to traumatic tissue injury
Vasoconstriction (5-10 min)
Which of the following is a potential systemic complication of corticosteroid injection
Vasovagal syncope
Right cervical rotation movement occurs on which of the following axes of rotation
Vertical
Newer type of foam that is high energy-absorbing with high-density properties
Viscoelastic polymers (ex. Sorbothane)
What concise statement describes the ideal state of an organization
Vision statement
A female gymnast is complaining of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome such as irritability, anxiety, depression, and bloating. Which of the following vitamins might be helpful in alleviating these symptoms
Vitamin B6
What acquired condition is represented by the absence of melanin pigment and light (white) patchy areas on the face, hands, feet, neck, orifices, and folds
Vitiligo
Which of the following is an indication for suctioning
Vomiting in an unresponsive individual
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood.
Non-contributory
When a patient medical history makes no contribution to a medical diagnosis
Pre-eclampsia
When a pregnant woman develops high blood pressure and protein in the urine after the 20th week (late 2nd or 3rd trimester) of pregnancy.
Shoulder reduction
When a shoulder is dislocated, this is done to return the shoulder to its normal position
Transient Ischemic Attack
When blood flow to a part of the brain stops for a brief period of time. A person will have stroke-like symptoms for up to 24 hours, but in most cases for 1 - 2 hours.
Subcutaneous emphysema
When gas or air is in the layer under the skin
Which of the following best describes the concept of reciprocal inhibition
When the agonist muscle group concentrically contracts, the antagonist muscle group relaxes
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
When the large blood vessel (aorta) that supplies blood to the abdomen, pelvis, and legs becomes abnormally large or balloons outward.
Diarrhea
When you pass loose or watery stool.
Urinary hesitancy
Where the person feels that the bladder is full and wants to pass urine, but then has to wait a long time before the urine stream starts to flow.
Misfeasance
While committing an act that is your responsibility to perform, following the wrong procedure or performing the right procedure in an improper manner.
_____ and _____ significantly increase the dangers of possible hypothermia during exercise in very cold weather
Wind, wet weather
A field hockey player sustains a noncontact lateral patellar dislocation during play. What is the accepted method for on-field reduction of this dislocation
With the athlete seated, apply gentle pressure to the patella in the medial direction while the athlete actively extends the knee
Within what period do you have to place a luxated tooth back into its socket in order to give the tooth the best chance of survival
Within 30 minutes
Why are men, in general, much stronger than women are
Women have a lower strength to body weight ratio
What medication is useful for anxiety or panic attacks
Xanax
Scleral icterus
Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Bunions -Hallux Valgus Deformities
a bunion is associated with a structural forefoot varus in which the first ray tends to splay outward, putting pressure on the first metatarsal head. Bunions are often caused by shoes that are pointed, too narrow, or too short.
Pernio Chilblain
a condition in which the tissue does not freeze but rather reacts with erythema, itching, and burning.
Claw Toe
a flexion contracture develops at the DIP joint, but there is also a hyperextension at the metatarsophylangeal MP joint
Hydrocele
a fluid-filled sack in the scrotum.
Inguinal hernia
a hernia in which part of the intestine protrudes into the inguinal canal
Differential Diagnosis
a list of possible diagnoses to explain a set of symptoms (listed under medical decision making in a chart)
tympanic membrane
a membrane forming part of the organ of hearing, which vibrates in response to sound waves. In humans and other higher vertebrates it forms the eardrum, between the outer and middle ear.
Arthroscopy
a procedure for diagnosing and treating joint problems. During this procedure, a surgeon inserts a narrow tube containing a fiber-optic video camera through a small incision. The view inside your joint is transmitted to a video monitor. This allows the surgeon to see inside your joint without having to make a large incision. Surgeons can even repair some types of joint damage with pencil-thin surgical instruments inserted through additional small incisions.
nebul
a spray
q.s.
a sufficient quantity
Dilation and Curettage
a surgical procedure usually performed under local anesthesia in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrial lining of the uterus is scraped with a curet; often after a miscarriage
Role of macrophages in immune response
activate T cells to assist in immune response, T cells then activate killer T cells which assist macrophages in destroying antigen
ad lib.
ad libitum use as much as one desires; freely
ad
ad up to
p.c.
after meals
p or p.
after per
pm
afternoon, evening
agit
agita stir/shake
Which of the following is a part of the insertion of the tibialis posterior
all five tarsal bones
Synovial joint
also known as diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body
An exposure control plan for eliminating or minimizing exposure to blood-borne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials is required to meet Bloodborne Pathogen Standards. The exposure control plan must include plans for exposure prevention; education regarding blood-borne pathogens, including signs and symptoms; and action steps to take if exposure occurs. What additional component must also be included in the plan
an accurate record of every occupational exposure
Pneumonia
an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. It is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria causing symptoms of cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
______ shock results from extreme allergic reactions to insect stings, foods, drugs, pollen, dust, etc. Resolved by use of epiPen
anaphylactic
a.m.
ante meridiem morning, before noon
aq
aqua water
A.T.C.
around the clock
ad lib
as desired
% oxygen when using supplemental oxygen
as much as 90%
ad
as needed
prn
as needed
prn
as needed, according to
a.d.
aurio dextra right ear
a.l., a.s.
aurio laeva, aurio sinister left ear
a.u.
auris utrae both ears
B.M.
bowel movement
BM
bowel movement
Tissues that can deform very little before failure
brittle
S&S: Negative self-concept/attitude, headaches, GI disturbances, sleeplessness, chronic fatigue. May also experience depersonalization, increased emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, cynicism, depressed mood
burnout
po
by mouth
p.r.
by rectum
Athlete goes unconscious, the AT should do what next?
call 911. unconscious victims must be considered to have a life-threatening injury
cap.,
caps. capsula capsule
______ shock is the inability of the heart to supply enough blood
cardiogenic
c
cibos food
Type of muscle spasm with alternating involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation in quick succession
clonic (may lead to muscle strain)
LCD
coal tar solution
Identifying oxygen cylinders by
color: green with yellow diamond saying "oxygen"
comp.
compound
During preseason, or football players regularly submerge themselves in cold water tubs in the locker room to cool off after practice. Which method of heat exchange is being employed
convection
nocturia
defined as the need to wake and pass urine at night
Internal strain placed on tissues from stress results in...
deformation
d.t.d.
dentur tales doses give of such doses
D5NS
dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%)
D5W
dextrose 5% solution (sometimes written as D5W)
Movement of WBCs out of small arterioles
diapedesis
dieb. alt.
diebus alternis every other day
dc, D/C,
disc discontinue
dc
discontiune
disp.
dispense
D.A.W.
dispense as written
dist.
distilled
D.W.
distilled water
div.
divide
DS
double strength
gtt
drop
gtt(s) gutta(e)
drop(s)
Tissues that can deform significantly before failing and have a longer plastic area
ductile
q
each, every
elix.
elixir
emuls.
emulsum emulsion
Neurotransmitter found in descending pathways
enkephalons
EC
enteric coated
et
et and
p.m.
evening or afternoon
q
every
q1h q2h q3h q4h q6h q6h q12h
every 1 hour every 2 hour every 3 hour every 4 hours every 6 hours every 8 hours every 12 hours
q.1h
every 1 hour; (can replace "1" with other numbers)
q.d.
every day
q.a.m.
every day before noon
qqh
every four hours
q.h.
every hour
qh
every hour
q.a.d.
every other day
q.o.d.
every other day
ex aq
ex aqua in water
e.m.p.
ex modo prescripto as directed
ext.
external, extract
Accumulation of fluid that penetrates thru vessel walls into and joining extravascular space. Consists of fluid, proteins, neutrophils
exudate (plasma)
syncope
fainting
Cells that produce collagen + elastin
fibroblasts
Period of scar formation
fibroplasia (1st few days to 4-6 weeks)
Type of nociceptor nerve fibers that transmit afferent impulses from nociceptor to dorsal horn of SC
first-order (primary)
fl,
fld fluid
fl., fld.
fluid
Flatus
gas generated in the stomach or bowels
S&S: Low BP, systolic pressure = < 90 mmHg, pulse rapid & weak, appears drowsy/sluggish, breathing shallow & extremely rapid, skin pale, cool, clammy
general shock
S, Sig
give the following
Carbohydrate that partially composes proteoglycans
glycosaminoglycans (extracellular matrix component)
gr
grain
g
gram
1/2NS
half normal saline (0.45%)
Immunocompromised
having an impaired immune system.
Unkempt
having an untidy or disheveled appearance.
Inability to move one side of the body (term). Possible conditions (2)?
hemiplegia 1. head injury 2. cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
HOPS
history, observation, palpation, and special tests
h, hr
hora hour
h.s.
hora somni at bedtime
h,
hr hour
Best occlusive dressing for reducing transmission of BBP
hydrocolloid
H
hypodermic
______ shock stems from trauma and associated blood loss, leading to decreased BP. Organs are now w/o the needed blood supply
hypovolemic
stat
immediately
stat.
immediately, at once
am
in the morning; before noon
inj.
injectio injection
inj.
injection
Which is the insertion of the obturator internus?
intertrochanteric crest, between the greater and lesser trochanters
ID
intradermal
IM
intramuscular
IM
intramuscular (with respect to injections)
IP
intraperitoneal
IV
intravenous
IVPB
intravenous piggyback
IV
intravenousIVP intravenous push
Osteochondritis dissecans -OCD or OD
is a joint disorder in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. OCD usually causes pain and swelling of the affected joint which catches and locks during movement.
Sovereign governmental immunity
is a legal doctrine that holds that neither governments nor their agents can be held liable for negligent torts. In theory, athletic trainers employed in public schools, colleges, and universities are immune from legal liability because they are agents of governmental entities.
Pes anserine bursitis
is an inflammation of the bursa located between the shinbone (tibia) and three tendons of the hamstring muscle at the inside of the knee. It occurs when the bursa becomes irritated and produces too much fluid, which causes it to swell and put pressure on the adjacent parts of the knee.
sign
is an objective, measurable, physical finding regarding an individual's condition. A sign is what the evaluator hears, feels, sees, or smells when assessing the patient.
symptom
is information provided by the injured individual regarding his or her perception of the problem. Examples of these subjective feelings include blurred vision, ringing in the ears, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, headache, pain, weakness, and inability to move a body part.
Cardiogenic shock
is the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to the body.
Perfusion
is the process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed in its biological tissue.
Shortage of blood and/or oxygen to tissue
ischemia
This occurs when the rate of collagen production exceeds the rate of collagen breakdown during the maturation phase of healing
keloids, leading to hypertrophy of scar tissue
kg
kilogram
L.A.S.
label as such
Removing a _____ helmet instead of face mask is faster/safer way to access airway
lacrosse
Which is the origin of the anconeus
lateral epicondyle
ft. fiat make;
let it be made
lin
linimentum liniment
liq.
liquid
liq
liquor solution
L
liter
An external force acting on tissues that causes internal reactions w/i the tissues
load
lot.
lotion
When the ability of the tissue to withstand stress and strain is exceeded
mechanical failure
Which is the insertion of the gemellus inferior?
medial surface of great trochanter
______ shock happens when a severe illness such as diabetes, goes untreated. As well as an extreme loss of body fluid (thru urination, vomiting, diarrhea)
metabolic
mcg
microgram
mEq
milliequivalent
mg
milligram
mL
milliliter
mL
millilitre
m, min
minimum a minimum
M.
misce mix
mist.
mistura mix
mitte
mitte send
______ shock is caused by general dilation of BVs w/i CV system. 6L of blood can no longer fill the system
neurogenic
Role of antibodies in immune response
neutralize antigens by lysis + phagocytosis, by neutralizing toxins produced in bacteria + preventing antigen from adhering to host cells
noct.
night
Pain receptors
nociceptors (free nerve endings)
noct.
nocte at night
non rep.
non repetatur no repeats
Neurotransmitter that inhibits pain transmission between first- and second-order neurons
norepinepherine
NS
normal saline (0.9%)
N.M.T.
not more than
N.T.E.
not to exceed
NOP
nothing by mouth
aa
of each
om
on morning
on
on night
sid
once daily
R.
or PR rectally, per rectum
sol.
or soln. solution
Cachectic
or wasting syndrome is commonly used to describe end stage cancer patients, end stage AID's patients who look as though they are wasting away.
An athlete who recently completed a course of antibiotics and oral steroids complained of white, cheesy, curd-like patches on the tongue and buccal mucosa. What condition is most commonly associated with this presentation, and how is it best treated
oral candidiasis; oral rinse of nystatin and oral antifungal medication
oz
ounce
oz ounce
ounce
p.
per
per
per by or through
p.o.
per os by mouth or orally
Semi Fowlers position
position is the position of a patient who is lying in bed in a supine position with the head of the bed at approximately 30 degrees.
S&S: Normal breathing rate but shallow (1)
possible shock
lb
pound
Molecules made of protein + carbohydrate
proteoglycans (extracellular matrix component)
Which of the following is a part of the origin of the tibialis anterior
proximal lateral surface of tibia
Which is the insertion of the gracilis
proximal, medial shaft of tibia at pes anserinus tendon
______ shock is commonly known as fainting (syncope), caused by temporary dilation of BVs, reducing blood to brain
psychogenic
pulv.
pulvis powder
q.h.s.
quaque every night at bedtime
qt quart
quart
q.i.d.
quater in die four times a day
rep.,
rept. repetatur repeats
An athlete with medial tibial stress syndrome reports pain along the medial tibia transversing behind the medial malleolus and medial longitudinal arch. To assess the muscle most likely associated with this pain, which motion should you assess
resisted plantarflexion and inversion
______ shock occurs when lungs are unable to supply enough oxygen to the circulating blood. This includes trauma, producing a pneumothorax or and injury to breathing control mechanism
respiratory
Pupil ______ is more critical than pupil _____ in an evaluation
response, size
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a _______ that combines w/ host cell, changing its RNA to a proviral DNA replica
retrovirus
Which of the following muscles contribute to scapular elevation
rhomboid major and upper portion of the serratus anterior
OD
right eye
Which is the insertion posterior scalene
second rib
Fibers that carry sensory messages from dorsal horn to brain, categorized as nociceptive specific. Receive input from AB, AS and C fibers. Respond exclusively to noxious stimulation and receive input only from AS & C fibers. Synapse with third-order neurons
second-order afferent fibers
ss
semis one half
Patients with shoulder injuries are most comfortable being transported in the ______ position
semisitting (unless other injuries preclude such positioning)
______ shock occurs from severe, usually bacterial, infection. Toxins cause small BVs to dilate
septic
Neurotransmitter active in descending pathways
serotonin
s
sine without (usually written with a bar on top of the "s")
o.s.
sinister left eye
s.o.s., si op. sit si opus
sit if there is a need
sol
solution
S&S: Deterioration in the usual standard of performance, chronic fatigue, apathy/boredom, loss of appetite, indigestion, weight loss, sleep/rest issues, higher than normal BP/pulse rate, increased catecholamine release (adrenal exhaustion), irritability,
staleness
stance phase
starts with initial contact of the heel on the ground and ends when the toe breaks contact with the ground toe-off. This phase accounts for about 60 percent of the total gait cycle.
The relative ability of a tissue to resist a particular load
stiffness
The internal resistance of the tissues to an external load
stress
SC,
subc, subq,
SQ
subcutaneous
subcut
subcutaneous
SL
sublingually, under the tongue
Neurotransmitter that is active in small-diameter primary afferent neurons
substance P
S&S: Heart palpitations, irregular heartbeat, chest pain, disturbed appetite/digestion, sleep disorders, increased sweating, depression, emotional instability
sudden exercise abstinence syndrome
Shoes for a supinated feet
supinated feet are usually very rigid. Increased cushioning and flexibility benefit this type of foot.
supp
suppository
Tonsillectomy
surgical removal of the palatine tonsils
T.P.N.
total parenteral nutrition
Role of B cells in immune repsonse
transformed into specialized cells (plasma cells) capable of producing antibodies
troche
trochiscus lozenge
bid
twice a day
bid
two times a day
ung.
unguentum ointment
s.a.
use your judgement
u.d.,
ut. dict. ut dictum as directed
Unlike HBV, there is currently no _____ available for prevention of HCV
vaccine
vag
vaginally
Which is the origin of the masseter
zygomatic arch
Convert Fahrenheit to centigrade (C)
° C = (° F - 32) ÷ 1.8
Convert centigrade (C) to Fahrenheit
° F = (° C x 1.8) + 32
Neurotransmitter found in CNS
ß-endorphin
