BOC Prep and NATA-BOC Exam Secrets Study Guide
Neuron Structure: axon
- impulse away form cell body - single fiber with end branch
Neuron Structure: myelin sheath
- insulation around some nerves - produced by Schwann cells in the PNS - fatty material - speeds up conduction of action potential
autonomic nervous system
- involuntary - effector- glands, cardiac, muscle and smooth muscle - subdivisions: * sympathetic nervous system * parasympathetic nervous system
diaphysis (shaft)
1. cylinder 2. wall (cortex) is composed f cortical (compact) bone tissue 3. Inner surface is lined with cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone 4. contains medullary (marrow) cavity
What are the 5 steps in Evidence Based Practice?
1. develop a clinical question 2. Search the literature 3. Appraise the evidence 4. apply the evidence 5. assess the outcome
how many ribs are there total?
12
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12 (T1-T12)
what is a normal respiration rate?
12-20 bpm
An athlete has lost 5 pounds (~2.2 kg) during the course of a practice. How much fluid must the athlete consume in order to return to normal hydration status?
120 oz (~3.5 L)
what is normal blood pressure?
120/80 mm Hg
what is the normal q-angle for males?
13 degrees
A basketball player who weighs 250 pounds (114 kg) is eating a regular, balanced diet. He is trying to build muscle and has started supplementing his diet with a commercial protein shake. What is a good range of daily total protein intake for this athlete?
135-195 grams per day
what is considered high blood pressure?
140/90
what is the normal q-angle for females
15 degrees
what are the ten principles of conditioning?
1. safety 2. warm up/ cooldown 3. motivation 4. overload 5. consistency 6. progression 7. intensity 8. specificity 9. individuality 10. minimal stress
what are the role of the skeletal system?
1. support the body weight 2. transfer body weight 3. body movement 4. muscle and ligament attachment 5. organ protection 6. bone marrow storage 7. mineral storage
Fitting of a football helmet
1. wet players hair to simulate playing condition Fitting Standard: 1. helmet should fit sung: no gaps between pads and head/ face. 2. cover base of skull; pads placed at back of neck should be snug, not uncomfortable. 3. helmet should not come down over eyes front of eyes ( front edge 3/4 inch/ 2 inch finger width above eyebrows) 4. ear holes should match 5. should not shift when annual pressure is applied; should not recoil on impact 6. the chin strap should be an equal distance from the center of the helmet; straps must keep helmet form moving up and down side to side. 7. cheek pads should fit snugly against face 8. face mask should. be attached securely to helmet; positioned 3 finger- width from nose.
Fitting of shoulder pads in Football:
1. width of shoulders is measured to determine the proper size 2. Inside shoulder pad should cover the tip of the shoulder in a direct lime with the lateral aspect of shoulder 3. Epaulets and cups should cover the deltoid muscle and allow movements required by specific position 4. Neck opening must allow athlete to raise arm overhead, but not allow pad to slide back and fourth 5. Split- clavicle shoulder pad- channel for top of shoulder must be in proper position. 6. Straps underneath arm must hold pads firmly in place, but not so they constrict soft tissue.
fibrocartilage
1.it has greater amount of collagen fibers 2. examples- interpubic disc and meniscus
Medullary (marrow) cavity
1.tube like space located within the diaphysis 2. contains bone marrow
shoe selection: toe box
1/2 - 3/4 inch distance b/w longest toe and front of shoe
How long does it take for the cardiovascular system to return to normal values in an athlete who has gone from sea level to high altitudes?
10 to 14 days
Which of the following best describes the recommended percentage of total calories from protein, fat, and carbohydrates for most physically active adults?
10-15% protein, 30% fat, 55-65% carbohydrates
What is the ACSM recommendation for preserving bone health in adulthood?
30 to 60 minutes of weight-bearing cardiovascular activity three to five times per week along with resistance exercises two or three times per week
Altitude Illness: Acute mountain sickness
33% chance for individuals who go to altitudes of 7,000-8,000 ft. Caused by tissue disruption in the brain that affects sodium/ potassium balance- can cause excess fluid retention within cells and subsequent occurrence of abnormal pressure.
Most good running shoes support ____ - ____ miles of running
350 - 550
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
4 (Co1-4)
What is the incubation period for mononucleosis?
4 - 6 weeks
how long is the inflammatory response?
4 days
shoulder spica bandage size?
4 inch- 5 inch
length of application if RICES on a thigh
45 mins
the normal aerobic capacity for most collage aged athletes is between
45-60 mL/kg/min
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 (S1-S5)
how many sacral vertebrae are there?
5 (S1-S5)
screw home mechanism
5 degree of tibial external rotation that occurs during terminal knee extension
Total warm up should last about? (dynamic)
5-20 mins * should not be started within the next 15 mins after
An athlete who is trying to gain weight should consume how many additional calories per day?
500 calories
groin support spica bandage size?
6 inch
During exercise what is the best-absorbed fluid and energy replacement formula?
6% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution with fructose and sucrose
About ___% of heat is lost through evaporation during exercise
65%
hypothermia :temperature loss through radiation
65% of heat produced by body is lost through radiation (head and neck - 50% of heat loss)
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 (c1-c7)
normal storke volume?
70mL/beat; only increased up to 40% of maximal HR
Altitude Illness: Sickle-cell trait reaction
8-10% of AAs have sickle-cell trait- abnormality of structure of RBCs and Hb content. when abnormal Hb molecules become deoxygenated as a result of high altitude, cells tend to clump (this process causes an abnormal sickle shape to RBC, with can be destroyed easily) Can cause an enlarged spleen, which in some cases has ruptured at high altitudes.
what is a normal pulse ?
80-100 bpm
To prevent overuse throwing injuries among high school baseball pitchers, what is the pitch limit per game?
90 per game, with a two-game limit per week
Which of the following best trains an athlete for increased power?
90% of one-repetition maximum
What is the CPT code for an evaluation?
97005
what is normal body temperature?
98.6 degrees
with what rectal temperature is mild hyperthermia?
< 104 degrees F
hypothermia: when does shivering cease?
< 85-90 F
BMI classifications
<18.5 = underweight 18.5 - 24.9 = normal weight 25.0 - 29.9 = overweight 30 and > = obese
Which of the following provides the most cost-efficient and reliable support for an athlete with a history of ankle sprains?
A verified commercial ankle brace
The athlete's final profile lists the following deficits in her fitness: •Lacks upper-body strength •Lacks core strength Select all the exercises recommended for increasing core strength. a. Push jerk b. Front squat c. Hang clean d. Lat pulldown e. Abdominal crunch f. Shoulder press
A, B, C, F a. Push jerk b. Front squat c. Hang clean f. Shoulder press
The patient would like some recommendations for a low-fat diet. In the following list, select the sources of fat that are best to include as regular parts of this patient's diet. Choose all that apply. a. Olive oil b. Peanuts c. Salt pork d. Fish fat e. Whole milk f. Egg yolk g. Palm oil h. Pepperoni
A, B, D a. Olive oil b. Peanuts d. Fish fat
The athlete's final profile lists the following deficits in her fitness: •Lacks upper-body strength •Lacks core strength Select all the exercises that are best for increasing upper-body strength. a. Incline bench press b. Dumbbell alternating curl c. Lunge d. Seated row e. Back squat f. Triceps pushdown
A, B, D, F a. Incline bench press b. Dumbbell alternating curl d. Seated row f. Triceps pushdown
What factors are important for successful testing and administration of a fitness assessment? Select all that apply. a. Allow athletes to warm up. b. Allow athletes to ask questions about the testing. c. Encourage teammates to attend testing. d. Sequence testing so that aerobic testing is last. e. All tests should be done on the same day. f. Give test scores right after each trial g. Demonstrate the test.
A, B, D, F, G a. Allow athletes to warm up. b. Allow athletes to ask questions about the testing. d. Sequence testing so that aerobic testing is last. f. Give test scores right after each trial g. Demonstrate the test.
The athletic trainer plans to administer several tests of aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Of the following tests, which will evaluate the athlete's anaerobic capacity? Select all that apply. a. 40-yard (37 m) dash b. 12-minute run c. 300-yard (274 m) shuttle d. Hexagon test e. Bench press (1 repetition) f. Sit-and-reach test g. 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run
A, C, D, E, F a. 40-yard (37 m) dash c. 300-yard (274 m) shuttle d. Hexagon test e. Bench press (1 repetition f. Sit-and-reach
Which individuals are susceptible to heat-related illnesses? Select all that apply. a. Males b. Those with previous cold injury c. Young d. Those with febrile conditions e. Those with large muscle mass f. Those who weigh in g. Sleep-deprived individuals h. Those who have spinal cord injuries and are in wheelchairs
A, C, D, E, G, H a. Males c. Young d. Those with febrile conditions e. Those with large muscle mass g. Sleep-deprived individuals h. Those who have spinal cord injuries and are in wheelchairs
Which of the following fluids can transmit an infectious disease? Select all that apply. a. Placental blood b. Sweat c. Vaginal secretions d. Ear wax e. Blood f. Saliva g. Seminal fluid h. Nasal mucus
A, C, E, F, G a. Placental blood c. Vaginal secretions e. Blood f. Saliva g. Seminal fluid
A wrestler has a lesion on his arm. The area around the wound is red, painful, and swollen. Question 25 Select which information is important for the athletic trainer to know in order to determine the significance of the lesion. Select all that apply. Select which information is important for the athletic trainer to know in order to determine the significance of the lesion. Select all that apply. a. The athlete indicates the lesion occurred a few days ago. b. The athlete is not coughing. c. The athlete indicates he is feeling sick. d. The athlete does not have a headache. e. The athlete indicates that the lesion started small, but now it's really painful. f. The athlete indicates he has not had any treatment for this lesion. g. The athlete indicates he has not had anything like this before. h. The athlete indicates he has been in contact with other wrestlers since having the lesion.
A, C, E, F, H a. The athlete indicates the lesion occurred a few days ago. c. The athlete indicates he is feeling sick. e. The athlete indicates that the lesion started small, but now it's really painful. f. The athlete indicates he has not had any treatment for this lesion. h. The athlete indicates he has been in contact with other wrestlers since having the lesion.
What types of things might the athletic trainer do to prevent hyperthermia? Select all that apply. a. Have athletes wear breathable wicking fabrics. b. Monitor each athlete's body temperature periodically throughout practice. c. Have athletes eat food high in fiber. d. Have the athletes consume large amounts of protein, caffeine, and fluids. e. Sit out all athletes with prior heat or cold injuries. f. Have athletes acclimatize at least two weeks in advance of practices. g. Weigh athletes before and after practice.
A, F, G a. Have athletes wear breathable wicking fabrics f. Have athletes acclimatize at least two weeks in advance of practices. g. Weigh athletes before and after practice.
What does the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) measure?
Ambient air temperature, humidity, and solar radiant energy
Sets the standards for eye protection for racquet sports as well as non-racquet sports to reduce the risk of eye injury.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
During the pre-participation physical examination, which of the following patients would the athletic trainer suspect has decreased joint stability?
An ectomorph
A patient with sickle cell trait requires recommendation for preseason training and conditioning. What recommendations or accommodations are necessary to ensure the safety of this patient?
Provide gradual progression of exercise and longer recovery time between bouts.
What is the best way to determine maturation of pediatric patients?
Puberty
When taping an ankle to prevent inversion, what is the direction of the heel lock on the lateral side of this ankle?
Pulled posteriorly from the inferior portion of the calcaneus going toward the Achilles tendon
This nerve branches from the brachial plexus and enervates the dorsal surface of the arm and hand, including the thumb and fingers, 2, 3, and 4.
Radial Nerve
A pre-participation exam should occur no more than how many weeks before the start of the season?
Six weeks before the start of season training
Common Cold Injuries: Frost Nip- S/S
Skin appears very firm with cold, painless areas that may peel, and blister in 24-72 hours.
Gannt Chart
a graphic planning and controlled technique that maps discrete tasks on a calendar
Which of the following best describes the areas of a female's body that are used during skinfold measurement?
Chest, thigh, abdomen, triceps, suprailium, midaxilla, subscapula, and calf
What is the color of urine when an athlete is hydrated properly?
Clear to light yellow
What is the medical term that describes a dangerous increase in pressure within the muscles?
Compartment syndrome
During the PPE, a patient is shown to have vision of 20/10. What does this mean?
The patient can read the letters on the Snellen eye chart on the 10-foot line while standing 20 feet from the chart.
When should the athletic trainer refer a patient for substance abuse?
The patient has a persistent desire but unsuccessful effort to control or cut down substance use and gives up activities because of substance use.
When performing a peer review of a patient's medical condition, which of the following is true regarding the patient's confidentiality?
The peer reviewers must hold all information derived from the medical case confidential.
what is a ball and socket joint?
a ball and socket joint is ( multiaxial), rounded head and fits into a concavity, which permits movement on several axes (hip, shoulder)
processes
a collection of steps designed to direct the most important task of an organization
profession
a commitment to certain characteristics that set professionals apart from nonprofessional groups
Vision statement
a concise statement that describes the ideal statement to which an organization aspires
exertional hyponatremia
a condition involving a fluid/ electrolyte disorder that results in an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood.
WOTS UP analysis
a data collection and appraised technique designed to determine an organization's ( weakness, opportunities, threats, and strengths underlying planning)
certification
a form of title protection, established by state law or sponsored by professional associations, designed to ensure that practitioners have essential knowledge and skills sufficient to protect the public
torts
a legal wrong, other than breach of contract, for which a remedy will be provided, usually in the form of monetary damages.
exemption
a legislative mechanism used to release members of one profession from the liability of violating another professions practice act (PT, PA,etc.)
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Techniques)
a method of graphically depicting the time line for and interrelationship of different stages of a program.
what is a pivot joint?
a pivot joint is (uniaxial), a round process of bone that fits into a bony ligamentous socket allows rotation. (atlantoaxial joint)
Which of the following best explains the increased dietary protein needs for a training athlete?
Increased need for tissue repair
What are the health risks associated with drinking sugared soft drinks at least twice per day?
Increased risk of insulin resistance and diabetes
what test identifies a positive it band friction syndrome?
Ober's test Noble's test
According to the BOC Standards of Professional Practice, under whose medical direction is an athletic trainer?
Physician
contracture
abnormal shortening muscle tissue (great resistance to passive stretch). Associated with a joint that develops unyielding scar tissue because of muscle injury
How much of ethanol is metabolized in the liver?
about 90%
damage to superficial layers of skin, such as with road burn or ligature marks
abrasion
Strategies for managing risk: Transference
activities associated with high financial risk but low frequency of activity ( catastrophic sports injury) or lower financial risk but high frequency (features, joints, injuries requiring surgery)
exercise
activities the patient performs to being about a desired response.
Strategies for managing risk: Retention
activities with an acceptable level of risk that are viewed as part of the cost of doing business
indicates failure to acclimatize, may be mild to severe and often presents with headache, lethargy, nausea, confusion, unsteady gait, and dyspnea. occurs 6 - 24 hours after ascent
acute mountain sickness (AMS)
what are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis?
acute pain in heel - often first thing in the morning
insurance: riders
additional to standard insurance policy that provide coverage for conditions that are not normally covered
Roux's law of function adaptation
an organ will adapt itself structurally to an alternation, quantitative, of function
used to increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance
anabolic steroids
Characterized by a profound fear of weight gain and severe restriction of food intake. Often accompanied by abuse of diuretics and laxatives. Can cause a delay or cessation of menses.
anorexia nervosa
What are the different types of eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa binge eating
Fraud
criminal misrepresentation for the purpose of financial gain
If you are stuck in an open area during lighting, what position should you take?
crouch low with only feet touching the ground
consumable capital equipment
crutches, coolers, and kits
Myofascial Trigger Points: Active
causes pain at rest; firm pressure usually elicits a "jump sign", tender to palpation with a referred pain pattern similar to patient's pain complaint (referred pain differentiates trigger point from tender pt)
osteoblast
cells forming bone together
Healing response: Inflammatory response phase
cellular injuries result in altered metabolism and liberation of materials of materials that initiate the inflammatory response.
What are symptoms of MRSA?
cellulitis or impetigo folliculitis, especially on face, appearing like severe pustular acne furunculosis below the hairline carbuncles involving hair follicles
Altitude Illness: Pulmonary Edema S/S
dyspnea (shortness of breath), cough, headache, weakness, sometimes unconsciousness.
what is the mineral magnesium needed for?
energy-supplying reactions
Jaw pads
essential to keep helmet from racing laterally (fitting singly against cheeks)
What is the treatment for heat stroke?
evaporative cooling, rehydration, and immediate emergency transfer
what does the term therapeutic exercise indicate?
excersises that are used in rehabilitation program
Cohesive Elastic Bandage:
exerts constant, even pressure (2 layers of nonwoven rayon, separated by strands of spandex material)- coated with a substance that makes bandage adhere to itself ( nothing needed to hold in place)
Budget: Fixed budgeting
expenditure and revenues are projected on a monthly basis, thereby providing an estimate of cash flow; most appropriate for large, well-established sports medicine clinics during economic certainty
Neck protection
experts in cervical injury consider the major value of commercial and customized cervical collars to be mostly a reminder to the athlete to be cautious rather than to provide definite restrictions.
policies
express an organization intended behavior relative to a specific program subduction
Tissue properties: strain
extent of deformation of tissue under loading
Articular cartilage: elastic
external ear, eustachian tube
shoe selection: price
extra investment is worth the better performance and prevention of injury
joint sprain: grade 3
extremely painful, loss of function, severe instability tenderness and swelling
this muscle controls abduction of thigh and allows the hip to rotate internally and externally; during running, it stabilizes the pelvis
gluteus medius
CHAMPUS
government sponsored for members of the armed forces and their dependents
medicaid
government sponsored for the needy
medicare
government sponsored program for elderly people
acute exertional rhabdomyolysis: s/s
gradual onset of muscle weakness, swelling, and pain; presence of darkened urine and renal dysfunction; severe cases: sudden collapse, renal failure and death.
maximum aerobic capacity (VO2Max)
greater rate at which the body can be taken in and used
fibroblastic repair phase: revasculariation
growth of capillary buds into wounds is stimulated by lack of oxygen (after which wound can heal aerobically)
What can you feel for when palpating a patient?
hardness temperature swelling size mobility
tendinitis
has a gradual onset, diffuse tenderness because of repeated microtrauma, and degenerative changes (swelling, pain)
trans fatty acid
have physical properties resembling saturated fatty acids; increase risk of heart disease by boosting levels of bad cholesterol (Should be avoided)
Vitamin Excess: vitamin A
headache, nausea, loss of hair, dry skin, diarrhea
convective heat exchange
heat loss or gain depending on temperature of circulating medium (cool breeze versus circulating air being hotter than body temperature)
if a patient presents with a rapid and strong pulse this may indicate?
heatstorke or fear
what are disadvantages of contact lenses?
high in cost, corneal irritation due to dust, may become dislodged after bodily contact
can lead to acute neurological damage, causing seizures, coma and death
high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
can lead to acute respirator distress and death
high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)
what is a hinge joint?
hinge joints (uniaxial) petit flexion and extension only (elbow)
How is the diagnosis made that a person has been drugged with rohypnol?
history and clinical examination
medullary (marrow) cavity:
hollow tube in the long bone diaphysis; contains a yellow, fatty marrow
long bones
humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges
exertional hyponatremia is caused by?
hyper hydration, or lack of sodium in the diet, or excessive replacement of water w/o sodium
Myofascial Trigger Points
hypersensitive nodule found within a taut band of skeletal muscle and/or fascia (found most commonly in muscles involved in postural support; may also be caused by acute or repetitive trauma that stresses fibers)
Callus formation (keratoderma) is formed by:
hypertrophy of the stratum corner layer of the epidermis
transverse fx
occur in a straight line nat right angles to the bone shaft; caused by direct blow
blowout fx
occur to the wall of the eye orbit as a result of a blow to the eye.
oblique fx
occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion while other is fixed or stabilized (angle)
intrinsic ligaments
occur where the articular capsule has become thickened in some places
exertional heat exhaustion
occurs from environmental heat stress and strenuous physical exercise
contusion
occurs from sudden traumatic blow to body
depressed fx
often in flat bones; caused by falling and striking body part on unyielding surface or by being hit with hard object
Phase 7 of the healing process: leukocyte migration
once the leukocyte migration have assed to the outside of the vascular wall, leukocyte migration to the injury site occurs. this occurs in a concentration limited fashion, meaning that the number of leukocyte is highest at suites where the greatest tissue damage has occurred and is lowest where there is little or no tissue damage.
most often occur with blunt force against the globe causing a rupture through the floor or the orbital bone or a direct blow to the orbital rim
orbital fractures
Documentation: Problem - Oriented medical record
organizes information around a patients specific comoplaint
what are the treatments for patients who are pes cavus?
orthotic arch support special shoes stretching to relax taut muscles severe cases: surgical repair
what are the common causes of plantar fasciitis?
overuse excess pressure on the heel poorly fitting shoes high arch/flat feet
Registration
paid fee for being placed on an existing list of practitioners
delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
pain becomes most intense 24-48 hours after and then gradually subsides so that muscle is pain free by 3-4 days after (leads to increase muscle tension, swelling, stiffness, and inflexibility)
joint sprain: Gade 2
pain moderate loss of function, swelling, slight to moderate instability
Myofascial Trigger Points: Tender point
pain only at a site of palpation
symptoms of a DVT include:
pain or aching in the calf, especially on activity swelling
referred pain
pain that is felt at one point of the body other than its origin
what are symptoms of tendinitis?
pain with movement edema dysfunction decreased range of motion
muscle cramps
painful involuntary skeletal contractions
what are the sings and symptoms of dehydration/ electrolyte depletion?
pale skin, profuse sweating,stomach cramps, with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, president muscle cramp, dizziness, loss of coordination,
What are the symptoms of hypothermia?
pallor cold skin drowsiness alteration in mental status confusion severe shivering
Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage
part of nasal septum, larynx, trachea, bronchi, articular ends of bones
Factors limiting flexibility: muscles and their tendons (and fascial sheaths)
most often responsible for limiting ROM; over time it is possible to increase the elasticity, or the length that a given muscle can be stretched
Altitude Illness: Pulmonary Edema TX
move to lower altitude ASAP and give oxygen (rapidly resolves)
antagonist muscle
muscle being stretched in response to contraction of agonist
isometric contraction
muscle contracts to increase tension, no change in length of the muscle
concentric contraction
muscle shortens in length ad it contracts to overcome or move some resistance
heat cramps
muscle spasm related to excessive loss of water and several electrolytes ( sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) but especially sodium.
malignant hyperthermia if rectal temperature remains longer than 10-15 mins after exercise during this period what can occur?
muscle tissue is destroyed and breakdown products may damage kidneys
essential nutrients
must be supplied by the diet
closing laceration protocol
must be sutured or steer-stripped to close the wound gap, thus allowing healing by primary union. For best results, these procedures should be done within 4- 6 hours after the wound occurs.
shoe selection: sole
must provide shock absorption and must be durable
Equipment reconditioning and recertification:
national operating committee on standards for athletics equipment (NOCSAE) has established voluntary test standards to reduce head injuries by establishing minimum safety requirements for helmets and face masks. Followed by the NCAA and NFSHSA
Vitamin Excess: Vitamin E
nausea, and diarrhea, interferes with vitamin K absorption
myopia refers to:
nearsightedness
metabolic heat production:
normal metabolic function causes production of radiation of heat; level of increase in body heat depends on intensity of physical activity
fluid and electrolyte replacement: Normal sweat loss
normal sweat loss during hour exercise: 1 hour exercise: 0.8-3L/hr (average of 1.5 L/hr) - when body weight drops by 1-2% , individual starts to feel thirsty
Frostnip affects the:
nose, ears and distal extremities
Initial symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include:
numbness tingling/burning (esp palm/thumb/index/middle fingers) eventual weakening/inability to grip Compression increases when wrist is flexed symptoms may worsen during sleep
subluxation
partial dislocation in which an incomplete separation between two articulating bones occur
static stretching
passively stretching a given antagonist muscle by placing it in a maximal position of stretch and holding it there for an extended period of time (30-60 sec, 3-4 mins)
Product liability claim can be based on : Strict Liability
patient using its products is injured, regardless of the foreseeability of risk or the care manufacture took to prevent an injury
infestation with lice is known as:
pediculosis
a technique in which fingers of one hand are laid flat against the skin and tapped with the finger tips of the opposite hand, causing sound to resonate.
percussion
what are symptoms of lice?
persistent itch, irritation, excoriation, and sometimes secondary infection
conductive heat exchange
physical contact with other objects can result in a heat gain or loss (i.e. a football player standing on turf will experience an increase in body temperature)
whats is a plane joints?
plane joints ( usually uniaxial) permit gliding or sliding movements
inflammation of the fascia along the bottom of the foot
plantar fasciitis
Heel cups can be used for?
plantar fasciitis, heel spurs, Achilles tendonitis and heel bursitis
Football helmets warning
players must be read the warning label aloud but the equipment manager and athlete has to sign a form
what is most eye protection made out of?
polycarbonate plastic
insurance: deductible
portion of any claim that is not covered by the insurance provider; the amount of expenses that must be paid out of pocket before an insurance will cover any expense
A procedure that allows the examiner to identify potential health problems related to an athlete's participation in sports
pre-participation examination
shoe selection: heel counters
prevents foot form rolling side to side at heel strike
muscle spindle
sensitive to change in muscle length; stimulation results in reflex contraction to resist stretch
extrinsic ligaments
separates from capsular thickening, located outside joint
avulsion fx
separation of a bone fragment at an attachment of ligament or tendon. Usually occur as a result of a sudden, powerful twist or stretch of a body part.
statute of limitations
set aa specific length of time that individuals may sue for damages form negligence
symptoms of tinea pedis include:
severe itching with vesicles or erosion of instep and with peeling maceration and fissures between toes dry, scaly, mildly erythematous patches on plantar and lateral foot surfaces
what equipment is required for soccer?
shin guards, cleats
if a patient presents with rapid and weak pulse this may indicate ?
shock, bleeding , or heat exhaustion
Sugars
should account for less than 15% of total caloric intake
shoe selection: arch support
should be made of some durable yet soft supportive material and should smoothly join with insole
Point-of-service plan (POS)
similar to PPOs, except that primary care physicians are assigned to patients to coordinate their care
insurance: exclusion
situations or circumstances specifically not covered by an insurance policy
inert ( non-contractile)
skin, joint capsule, ligaments, facia, cartilage, dura mater, and nerve roots
flat bone
skull, ribs, scapula
What can an athlete do to minimize the effects of travel?
sleep well the night before hydrate well prior to boarding the plane avoid drinking juices, sodas, caffeinated beverages and alcohol during flight eat and sleep on schedule that coincides with home time if possible remove shoes, stretch, and walk about periodically to improve circulation schedule rest time during the day if necessary
amphiarthrotic
slightly movable
types of synovial joints: gliding
small amount of gliding back and fourth or sideways (joints b/w carpal and tarsal bones, intervertebral jts)
Flexibility
the ability to move a joint or series of joints smoothly and easily throughout full range of motion
muscular endurance
the ability to perform repetitive muscular contractions against some resistance
cardiorespiratory endurance
the ability to perform whole body, large muscle activities for extended periods of time
practice
the action that takes place in response to administrative problems (i.e. procedures that state that machines should be calibrated once a year)
symptoms of frostnip are:
the affected parts feel numb and aches/throbs becomes hard and insensate as the tissue freezes results in circulatory impairment, necrosis of tissue, and gangrene
Phases of Repair: Epithelialization
the process of developing a membranous tissue covering (epithelium) over exposed tissue or organs is called epithelialization.
clinical supervision
the process of direct observation of an employees work, with emphasis on measurements of specific behaviors, and the subsequent development of plans to remediate deficiencies in performance
what are the minerals sodium and potassium important for?
the transmission of nerve impulses
electrotherapy
the use of electricity
what are the benefits of vitamin Folate and B12 ?
they are important for normal blood flow
Ice Hockey Helmets: stamp of approval
they must have a stamp of approval from the Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
With water soluble vitamins are used to regulate metabolism of CHO, proteins and fats?
thiamin, riboflavin , niacin, biotin, and pantothenic acid.
dehydration S/S
thirst, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, irritability, lethargy, excessive fatigue and possibility cramps
what is Epstein Barr Virus?
this is a member of the herpes group and causes infectious mononucleosis
acute exertional rhabdomyolysis
this is characterized by sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle accompanied by leakage of myoglobin and muscle enzyme into the vascular system.
Phases of Repair: hemostasis and inflammation
this phase is the same as hemodynamic, leukocyte migration, and phagocytosis pages of the inflammation response. Hemostasis is the arrest or stoppage of bleeding.
Phase 2 of the healing process: Ultrastructural changes
this refers to the breaking down and eventual disruption of the cellular membrane and its organelle.
What is the function of a Warm Up?
to prepare the body physiologically for upcoming physical work by gradually stimulating the cardiorespiratory system to a moderate degree to increase blood flow to muscles and increase muscle temperature
what is the leading preventable cause of death?
tobacco use
What is the treatment for tinea cruris?
topical antifungal ointment 2x daily for 4 weeks
Types of neurons: afferent (sensory) neurons
towards CNS
acute-onset of muscle soreness
transient, develops during/ after exercise, and accompanies fatigue
joint sprain
traumatic twisting that results in stretching or total tearing os stabilizing connective tissues
when assessing body fat using the skin fold measurement component, where should measurements be taken?
triceps biceps suprailiac subscapular areas
What is the most common running-induced bursitis?
trochanteric bursitis
characterized by pain in the lateral hip that radiates down the lateral thigh.
trochanteric bursitis
T/F Tears most commonly occur in muscle belly, musculotendinous junction, or bony attachment.
true
Ribs 1-7 are classified as?
true ribs
T/F: Contacts do not cloud during temperature changes, can be tinted to reduce glare.
ture
this injury occurs in runners who push off the foot or athletes who jump frequently, engage in martial arts or play on artificial turf
turf toe
serrated fx
two bony fragments have saw- tooth, sharp-edged fx line; usually caused by direct blow.
acute synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane
What happens to ATP storage with aerobic endurance training?
It increases.
size of the facility should be minimum of 300 sq ft. Equation of the size of the facility
( studnets at peak/ 20 per table per day)x 100 ft= total square footage
The PPE should perform the following functions:
- athletes at risk of injury or death - disqualify athletes from participation in sports only if there are compelling safety concerns or other reasons - meet regulatory and insurance requirements in order to protect the organization from liability
Eye protection:
- athletes should wear polycarbonate lenses (virtually Unbreakable)
Neuron Structure: neurilemma
- outer membran Schwann cells - not found in CNS cells
diarthrotic joints/ synovial joints
- presence of capsule or ligaments - capsule is lined with synovial membrane -opposing bone surface contains hyaline or articular cartilage - presence of a joint space (cavity) containing synovial fluid.
Neuron Structure: dendrites
- tree like appearance - impulse to cell body - receptor receive stimuli
somatic nervous system
- voluntary - effector- skeletal muscle - motor nerve travels from spinal cord skeletal muscle
the phases of repair (4)
1. Hemostasis and inflammation 2. Epithelialization 3. Proliferation 4. Remodeling
Healing response: Formation of Clot
-Release of thromboplastin (protein) from injured cell -Thromboplastin causes prothrombin to be changed into thrombin - thrombin causes conversions of fibrinogen into a sticky fibrin clot that shits off blood supply to area - clot formation begins 12 hours post injury, completed with in 48 hours
macronutrients
-carbohydrates -proteins - fats * the absorbable components of food, from which energy is delivered.
Baseball/ Softball helmet (batting)
-ear flap can provide additional protection -each batter on deck must have a helmet with a NOCSAE stamp
Healing response: vascular reaction- Chemical mediators
-histamine- released from mast cells; vasodilation, increased cell permeability, sensitize pain receptors. -leukotaxin- margination (leukocytes line up along cell walls), increase cell permeability locally to allow for diapedesis (transfer WBC through cell walls) - necrosis- phagocytic activity; amount of swelling that occurs directly related to extent of vessels damage -leukocytes release- bradykinin( ^ permeability, pain, stimulates release of prostaglandins) and prostaglandin( ^ permeability of blood vessels and tissue (^ space for WBC to move)
Healing response: vascular reaction
-immediate vasoconstriction (5-10 mins) -vascular dilation- transitory increased in blood flow - initial effusion of blood and plasma last for 24-36 hrs
Ice Hockey Helmets
-they must withstand high-velocity impacts (hits by sticks or pucks) but also high-mass-low-velocity forces (produce by running into boards or falling on ice) - needs to have a hard exterior shell and energy-absorbing liner
Face Guards: Football
-↓ face injury (lacerations, nose fx, eye injuries, etc) -Atleast 2 bars; bar attachments should be flush with helmet; 3- inch space b/w top of face guard and lower edge of helmet; more than drilling on each side (drilling by factory- authorized reconditioned)
According to the NATA position statement on safe weight loss, how many pounds can be safely lost in a week?
1 to 2 pounds per week
how many years does a plaintiff have to file for negligence under the statutes of limitations?
1-3 years, (some states allow an injured person file a suit up to 3 years after the minor turns 18 )
PNF takes advantage of 2 additional neurophysiological phenomena:
1. Autogenic inhibition- maximal isometric contraction stimulates GTO to effect a reflex relaxation of antagonist muscle even before the muscle is placed in a position of stretch 2. reciprocal inhibition- during relaxing phase, as isotonic contraction of agonist pulls extremity further into agonist pattern, a reflex relaxation of the antagonist (muscles being stretched) must occur to allow for agonist movement.
What are the three zones of injury for frostnip:
1. Coagulation (usually distal) severe, irreversible cellular damage 2. Hyperemia (usually proximal) minimal cellular damage 3. Stasis (between other two zones) severe, damage is sometimes reversible
length of application if RICES on a ankle or arm
30 mins
What are the 5 BOC Domains?
1. Injury prevention 2. Examination, assessment and diagnosis 3. immediate and emergency care 4. therapeutic interventions 5. health care administration
6 steps of purchasing
1. Request for quotation (bidding for prices) 2. Negotiation 3. Requisition: requesting for authorization to purchase the goods/ services. 4. Purchase Orders 5. Receiving 6. Accounts Payable
One station in the examination requires the athletic trainer to take the athletes' blood pressure. What is the correct order of steps to obtain a blood pressure measurement?
1. Select adult cuff 2. Inflate bladder to 200 mmHG 3. Place stethoscope over brachial artery at cubital fossa 4. Deflate bladder at 3 mmHg per second 5. Listen for first sound 6. Note when sound disappears 7. Record blood pressure
diastasis
1. a disjointing of two bones parallel to one another (radius/ ulna). 2. rupture of 'solid' joint (pubic symphysis); commonly occurs with a fx.
epiphyseal (growth) plates
1. cartilaginous 2. separate epiphysis and diaphysis early in life 3. both ends of the bone grow from this plate 4. replaced by bone (closed) as skeleton matures. 5. some do not close completely until age of 25
A plaintive must prove the following 5 components to prove an act of negligence:
1. conduct 2. existence of duty 3. breach of duty 4. causation 5. damage
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
1. covers articular surface of bones 2. protects from joint "wear and tear" 3. provides shock absorption 4. poor blood supply
endosteum
1. fibers membrane that lines the walls the medullary (marrow) cavity 2. contains bone forming/ rearing cells
periosteum
1. fibrous membrane that surrounds the diaphysis 2. attachement site for tendons and ligaments 3. contains bone forming/ repairing cells and blood vessels
what are the 8 phases of healing
1. injury 2.ultrastructural change 3. chemical mediation 4. hemodynamic changes 5. metabolic change 6. permeability change 7. leukocyte migration 8. phagocytosis
epiphyses
1. proximal and distal ends f a long bone 2. composed primarily of cancellous (spongy or trabecular) one that is surrounded by a layer of cortical bone. 3. wider surface area increases joint stability 4. articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the articular surface of the epiphysis
Minimizing the effects of jet lag:
1. readjust by setting up and going to bed one hour later for each time zone crossed. 2. drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration 3. traveling west: light meals early, heavy meals late; consume caffeine; exercise/ train later in day. 4. traveling east: heavy meals earlier; avoid caffeine; exercise/ train earlier in day.
What is the maximum heart rate for an athlete who is 25 years old?
195
When did was the NATA formed?
1950
FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Acts)
1974, federal law requiring student authorization to release educational records to third party and ensuring access for student to their records ( also called Buckley Amendment)
ankle of foot spica bandage size?
2 inch - 3 inch
Where does the achilles tendon injury usually occur?
2-3 cm above the area where the tendon attaches the gastrocnemius to the calcaneus
heart rate increases proportionally to excursive intensity; plateaus after?
2-3 mins
Chinstraps
2-snap, 4 snap, 6 snap 4- snap: preferred because it keeps helmet form timing forward and back
how much water does an average adult require?
2.5L/10 gasses of water per day
length of application if RICES on a finger
20 mins
__% of genital injuries result in permanent damage
20%
hypothermia :temperature loss through evaporation
20% of heat is loss thorough evaporation (66% though skin, 33% through respiratory tract)
emmetropia
20/20 vision
How long after a patient had failed a urine-specific gravity test can the patient retest?
24 hours
what is the recommended dietary amount of fiber?
25 g/day * average intake is 10-15 g/day
Glasgow Coma Scale total score ranges =
3 - 8 - coma 8 - severe head injury 9 - 12 - moderate head injury 13 - 15 - mild head injury
spiral spica bandage size?
3 inch - 4 inch
Which is the best timing and composition for a pre-competition meal?
A bowl of wheat pasta with meat sauce, low-fat milk, and orange juice four hours before the game
Which of the following findings on a female student athlete's pre-participation examination would most likely impact her ability to begin training with the cross-country team?
A hemoglobin level of 25%
A 25-year-old female patient has asked the athletic trainer to design a comprehensive nutrition program for maintaining good health. She weighs 175 pounds (79.3 kg) and is 5 feet 10 inches (82.8 cm) tall. The client has a body mass index of 25.1. Question 13 Which of the following pieces of information are additional anthropometric baseline information that the athletic trainer needs in order to assess this patient? Choose all that apply. Which of the following pieces of information are additional anthropometric baseline information that the athletic trainer needs in order to assess this patient? Choose all that apply. a. The patient's waist-to-hip ratio is .60. b. The age at which the patient had her first menstrual cycle c. The family history of this patient includes a mother with high blood pressure and a father with diabetes. d. The patient runs three miles three times per week. e. The patient does not consume alcohol. f. The patient does not use tobacco products. g. The patient does not know her current blood pressure. h. The patient does not monitor her diet. i. The patient has no health issues. j. The patient is not familiar with any of her family members' heights and weights k. The patient's lean body mass is 122.6. l. The patient's waist circumference is 36 inches (91.4 cm)
A, K, L a. The patient's waist-to-hip ratio is .60. k. The patient's lean body mass is 122.6. l. The patient's waist circumference is 36 inches (91.4 cm
When does a football helmet need to be reconditioned?
According to manufacturer's warranty
Who must be educated regarding infection-control policies and procedures?
Administration, coaches, athletes, and custodians
When putting together a fitness testing assessment, which tests should be done last?
Aerobic capacity tests
Which of the following is an intrinsic risk factor for injury?
Age
Airborne Direct Indirect Vector a. Coughing b. Mosquito bite c. Sexual intercourse d. Soiled gauze pads
Airborne = coughing Direct = sexual intercourse Indirect = soiled gauze pads Vector = mosquito bite
Which of the following is most likely to contribute to hypothermia?
Alcohol
Of the following drugs or substances, which predispose an athlete to heat illness?
Alcohol, caffeine, and asthma medications
Which items on a physical or health history form would be recognized as a concern for further investigation? a. Hemoglobinuria b. Blood pressure 160/70 Hgmm c. Anemia d. History of repeated episodes of diarrhea e. Absent testicle f. Controlled diabetes g. Furuncles
All except for F a. Hemoglobinuria b. Blood pressure 160/70 Hgmm c. Anemia d. History of repeated episodes of diarrhea e. Absent testicle g. Furuncles
Which athlete is most likely to suffer a heat-related illness?
An overweight athlete who uses a wheelchair (from a spinal cord injury) wearing a cotton shirt and taking laxatives
Stages of Proliferation
Angiogenesis: is a transiet phase during which lots of new blood vessels are formed (which later diaper) Collagen Synthesis: collagenization is the process of manufacturing and laying down collagen in the wound space. Wound contracture: pulls the sides of the wound together in an attempt to close it.
Which medical conditions are exacerbated by cold environments?
Anorexia, exercise-induced bronchos
During a high school basketball training camp, a young boy complains of knee pain after landing from a jump shot. He reports hearing a popping sound when the injury occurred. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear
What methods or procedures can be undertaken to prevent skin irritation of an athlete's ankle as part of preventive taping?
Apply lace and heel pads, then put on underwrap
It has been determined that this is a first-degree ankle sprain. The athletic trainer elects to use this injury as an opportunity to teach a student how to tape an ankle. For this closed basketweave ankle taping, match each pattern of tape application with the correct number of pieces of tape and the direction in which they should be placed. Check your answers for feedback. As many strips as it takes anterior to posterior Three inferior to superior Two in a circular pattern Two laterally and anterior to posterior a. Stirrups b. Heel locks c. Figure eights d. Closing strips
As many strips as it takes anterior to posterior = d Three inferior to superior = a Two in a circular pattern = c Two laterally and anterior to posterior = b
Which eye condition is improved by wearing contact lenses?
Astigmatism
using a stethoscope to listen to movement of air or fluid within the body and characterizing the sound according to intensity, frequency, and quality. Commonly used to assess heart and lung function, circulatory impairment and bowel sounds
Auscultation
How can an athlete who participates in an outdoor sport and is prone to anaphylactic shock brought on by bee stings help to prevent bee stings?
Avoid using deodorants and perfumes.
What instructions should an athletic trainer give to educate patients on the prevention of periodontal disease?
Brush and floss daily and have teeth professionally cleaned
what is the formula to determine BMI?
BMI = (weight in lbs x 703)/heigh in inches squared
what components should be included in the cardiac assessment to identify risks of complications or sudden deaths
BP to determine if it is elevated pulse rate - pulse rates less than 60 (sometimes as low as 48) are common in athletes who are physically fit and exercise regularly Auscultation of the heart for evidence of murmurs or abnormal beats
In which sport(s) are athletes allowed to wear a padded fiberglass cast?
Baseball, softball, football, and soccer
When making a psychosocial referral, what are the most important personal characteristics to identify in a mental health caregiver?
Being open or receptive, encouraging, and action oriented
Match each athletic ability with the corresponding assessment. Check your answers for feedback. Bench press (1 repetition) Hexagon test Partial curl-up (75-max repetition) Sit-and-reach test Standing long jump 12-minute run 40-yard (37 m) dash 300-yard (274 m) shuttle a. Aerobic capacity b. Agility c. Anaerobic capacity d. Endurance e. Flexibility f. Muscular power g. Muscular strength h. Speed
Bench press (1 repetition) = muscular strength Hexagon test = agility Partial curl-up (75-max repetition) = endurance Sit-and-reach test = flexibility Standing long jump = muscular power 12-minute run = aerobic capacity 40-yard (37 m) dash = speed 300-yard (274 m) shuttle = anaerobic capacity
If a person were to represent herself as an athletic trainer before passing her BOC certification examination, what national standard has this person violated?
Both the BOC Standards of Professional Practice and NATA Code of Ethics
Which of the national standards prohibits an athletic trainer from gambling on an athletic activity in which he or she has direct influence?
Both the BOC Standards of Professional Practice and NATA Code of Ethics
What form of mental health therapy works best for a patient who is highly resistant and has low motivation for intervention?
Brief therapy, solution focused
Match the skin color with the likely condition. Use each skin color only once. check your answers when you've finished.
Bright red = Carbon monoxide poisoning or heatstroke Pallor = Decreased circulation White translucent waxy = Frozen skin Dark red pupil = High blood pressure Jaundice = Liver disease Cyanotic = low oxygen levels
As the athletic trainer begins the assessment of this patient, which pieces of information are health information that the athletic trainer needs to know? Choose all that apply. a. The patient's goal is to be healthy. b. The age at which the patient had her first menstrual cycle. c. The family history of this patient includes a mother with high blood pressure and a father with diabetes. d. The patient runs three miles three times per week. e. The patient does not consume alcohol. f. The patient does not use tobacco products. g. The patient's current blood pressure is 136/84. h. The patient does not monitor her diet. i. The patient has no health issues. j. The patient does not take any medications. k. The patient does not use any illegal drugs. l. The patient's total cholesterol level is 220 (borderline high) m. The patient's blood glucose tolerance level is 144mgdL.
C, D, F, G, I, J, K L, M c. The family history of this patient includes a mother with high blood pressure and a father with diabetes. d. The patient runs three miles three times per week. f. The patient does not use tobacco products. g. The patient's current blood pressure is 136/84. i. The patient has no health issues. j. The patient does not take any medications. k. The patient does not use any illegal drugs. l. The patient's total cholesterol level is 220 (borderline high) m. The patient's blood glucose tolerance level is 144mgdL.
In the cervical spine what is considered the atlas?
C1
what makes up the Atlantoaxial joint?
C1 and C2
In the cervical spine what is considered the Axis?
C2
Where does the brachial plexus arise from?
C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1
carbohydrates
CHO intake should account for 5-60% of total caloric intake ( most efficient source of energy)
A patient needs a diet to prevent the trigger of diarrhea. What substances and foods should be eliminated from the patient's diet?
Caffeine, fructose, lactose, and sorbitol
Patients with large waist circumference are at a higher risk for what type of disease?
Cancer
Phases of Repair: Phases of Remodeling
Contracture: is the first process, is the collapsing of the capillary arcade. Restructuring: the second process,the collagen itself is restructured. This occurs concurrently with contraction. The collagen fibers are reorganized form the haphazard way the were laid down to parallel arrangement.
Breast protective devises should support:
Cooper's ligaments
How can the distance of a lightning strike be determined if a lightning detector is not available?
Count the number of seconds from the strike to the sound of thunder. The number of seconds divided by 5 equates to the number of miles.
What sport can an athlete participate in if he or she has an acute venous thromboembolism and is taking anticoagulants?
Cross country
What are the 5 C risk factors for CA-MRSA?
Crowding Contact Compromised skin Contaminated surfaces Cleanliness
Which type of glenohumeral shoulder stabilizer is best for a football player in hot, humid weather?
Cuff-type stabilizer
A patient with a forearm contusion requires a hard-shell pad. What is the best way to construct this pad to ensure pressure is taken off the area of the contusion during competition?
Cut a felt piece the size of the contusion. Heat the thermoldable plastic, place the malleable plastic over the felt, and wrap in place. Once it cools, remove the felt and cut a doughnut hole of softer foam; place it over the edges of the contusion. Cut foam to cover the plastic shell.
What recommendations should the athletic trainer make to prevent the spread of skin diseases? Select all that apply. a. Athletes must shower before practices. b. Apply antibiotic ointment to lesions. c. All clothing and equipment should be disinfected weekly. d. Clean all locker rooms, showers, and practice facilities daily. e. Athletes must take supplements. f. Athletes must shower after practice. g. Cover all lesions.
D, F, G d. Clean all locker rooms, showers, and practice facilities daily. f. Athletes must shower after practice. g. Cover all lesions.
How often should weight room equipment be inspected for damage, loose screws, and cables?
Daily
What exercise most likely needs the support from a weight belt?
Deadlift with heavy load
This condition can be induced by sitting for long periods of time without activity.
Deep Vein Thrombosis
An athlete playing which football position is most likely to have a cervical spine injury resulting from head-down contact?
Defensive back
Which of the following football players should wear cantilevered shoulder pads?
Defensive linemen
Which best describes the female athlete triad?
Disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis
Of the following, which is most likely to cause an increased frequency of muscle twitches to potentially cause muscle cramps?
Diuretics
What is the best way to determine medical history and the nature of the current emergency of an unconscious patient?
Do a head-to-toe examination checking for grimaces or moans and a medical alert tag.
A patient asks the athletic trainer to modify a piece of equipment that does not fit properly. What should the athletic trainer do to limit liability?
Do not modify the equipment and do not allow the patient to play with the improperly fitted equipment.
Which of the following is an indication that an athlete is suffering from a chronic injury instead of an acute injury?
Dull ache when the body is at rest
Which form of stretching has been found to improve running performance?
Dynamic
examples of elector therapy
EMS, iontophoresis, TENS, and diathermy
What is the best way to prevent infectious diseases among athletes?
Each athlete has his or her own water bottle.
What is the best way to prevent hyponatremia?
Eat foods with sodium.
How can athletic trainers assist in reducing the risk of overuse injuries in youth?
Encourage youth to participate in a variety of sports.
the form of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, flavorings and some medications. It is a multi system toxin and CNS depressant
Ethanol
Which heat-loss mechanism is the most effective in warm, humid weather?
Evaporation
What must the athletic trainer check before administering an OTC medication?
Expiration date of medication
Which form of communication is best for interaction because it has the lowest risk of interference?
Face-to-face
In aging populations, which type of muscle fibers are lost most frequently?
Fast-twitch type IIa and type IIx fibers
A patient who is 18 years of age chooses to participate in athletics against medical advice. What law, act, or statute gives the patient the legal right to participate?
Federal Rehabilitation Act
Athletes in which of the following sports are required by the NCAA and NFHS to wear mouth guards?
Field hockey, tackle football, ice hockey, and lacrosse
proper crutch fitting
First: 2-3 inches between the axillae and the axillary pads. Second: adjust the hand piece to ~30 degrees and the wrist is in a comfortable weight-bearing position. the three pint giant is preferred.
Which of the following would NOT contribute to the development of a heat-related illness during exercise?
Frequent water breaks
Divides the body or parts into anterior (front) and posterior (rear) sections - example: arm during backstroke in swimming
Frontal (coronal)
Which condition is likely to result from a sedentary lifestyle along with high intake of sugar?
Gallbladder problems
A patient with insulin dependency is moving to a high-altitude area to exercise. What must the patient know about glycemic control at high altitudes?
Glucose monitors have problems with reliability at high altitude.
This muscle originates below the iliac crest and inserts at the top of the greater trochanter
Gluteus medius
what is the common name for inflammation of the medial epicondyle on the inside of the elbow?
Golfer's elbow little leaguers elbow thrower's elbow
caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and should be suspected with urinary infections
Gonorrhea
Grades of Strains
Grade 1- some fibers stretched/ torn; some TTP and pain with AROM; painful movement but ROM WNL Grade 2- several fibers have been torn, active contraction is very painful, palpable divot/ depression; swelling and possible discoloration due to capillary bleeding. Grade 3- complete rupture of muscle; significant impairment or total loss of movement; pain quickly subsides
An athlete with known diabetes mellitus has a hypoglycemic reaction during an athletic event. What should be done to begin treatment?
Have the athlete drink 4 ounces of juice or soda, then reassess in 15 minutes
During soccer practice, a player falls against the goal post and has a large laceration on his arm that is bleeding. Which of the following is the most appropriate immediate treatment of the injury?
Have the goalie apply pressure to the wound using a clean cloth while retrieving a pair of gloves
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate step to take when initiating treatment for cold injury to the feet?
Have the individual place the feet near a space heater to help gradually thaw the feet
Which exposed body part is most likely to lose body heat more quickly?
Head
What is an adverse effect of using growth hormones?
Heart disease
What are the three types of heat-related illnesses?
Heat stress Heat exhaustion Heat stroke
HIPAA ( Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
Helps employees transfer their health insurance when they switch employers, ensures that their health info will remain private and give people more access to their own healthcare administration
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that any employee who is at risk for exposure to blood-borne pathogens must be offered a vaccination for which of the following conditions?
Hepatitis B
How can tendons, ligaments, and fascia be encouraged to improve net growth?
High-intensity loading
What is the examiner looking for during the PPE when a client does the duck walk?
Hip, knee, and ankle motion
What positive test identifies a deep vein thrombosis?
Homan's sign
To prevent the spread of infectious disease, what type of cleaning agent should be used on wrestling mats?
Hospital broad-spectrum disinfectant
What are the 12 cranial nerves (in order)
I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Throchlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal
What cranial nerve would you assess for smell?
I. Olfactory (ask athlete to close their eyes and identify the smell)
What cranial nerve would you assess for vision?
II. Optic (test visual acuity and ability to recognize color)
What cranial nerve would you assess for eye muscles and pupil response?
III. Oculomotor (use penlight, assess size, shape, reaction to light and accommodation of pupils)
What cranial nerve would you assess for upward movement of the eye?
IV. Trochlear (have person follow your finger in a vertical plane)
contagious itchy bacterial infection of the skin, commonly on the face or hands causing clusters of blisters or sores
Impetigo
When wrapping a hip flexor strain, what is the position of the patient who is being wrapped?
Involved leg is in a neutral position with the knee slightly bent
How long does it take for a strenuously exercising athlete to deplete the glycogen content of the liver?
It takes about 2 hours.
The sciatic nerve arises from?
L4, L5, S1, S2, & S3
Which is the best condom to use for preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (also known as sexually transmitted infections)?
Latex with a reservoir tip
What are the classifications of Le Fort Fractures?
Le Fort I - horizontal (low downward force) Le Fort II - pyramidal (low or mid maxilla force) Le Fort III - transverse (force to bridge of nose or upper maxilla)
Using the abdominal quadrants shown in the photo as a guide, choose one of the four quadrants for each of the organs listed.
Left kidney = ULQ appendix = LRQ gall bladder = URQ stomach = ULQ spleen = ULQ left ureter = LLQ right ureter = LRQ
Which of the following is considered an open kinetic chain exercise?
Leg (knee) extension on a machine
Unhappy/Terrible Triad
MOI: valgus force with foot planted in slight ER Damage: MCL , ACL, and medial meniscus
In training room design, it is important to have signage. Which of the following signs need to be in the training room?
Location of the AED
At what age is peak strength most likely attained in untrained males and females?
Males between 20 and 30 and females by 20
A genetic disorder of the connective tissue that may put athletes at risk. Connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, heart valves, and blood vessels, are often defective and weak
Marfan's Syndrome
What types of meals cause dehydration?
Meals high in protein and low in carbohydrate
divides the body or parts into right and left sections - example: movement of criterion arm during serve in tennis pulling arms upward
Median (mid-sagittal)
This nerve branches from the brachial plexus, travels down the arm and forearm through the carpal tunnel.
Median Nerve
What foods have a low glycemic index (less than 55)?
Milk and grapefruit
Regardless of sex, which intrinsic characteristics predispose a patient to overuse injury?
More explosive strength, tall stature, less static strength, ligamentous laxity, and large Q angle
At what point on the body mass index (BMI) scale is there often an increased risk of health problems associated with excess body fat?
More than 25
This committee researches and establishes standards regarding protective equipment.
National Operating Committee on Standards of Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE)
When can a multiple adaptor be used safely with electrical modalities?
Never
To prevent overuse injuries in pediatric patients, how much of a weekly increase in training should occur?
No more than a 10% increase in training time, distance, repetitions, and intensity per week
How often should an athlete who participates in wrestling have weigh-ins in the off-season?
No more than once per week
A patient has a mild form of congenital heart disease. What limitations will this patient have in athletic participation?
No sport restrictions
Which sport, if any, should an athlete with an active case of herpes be disqualified from?
No sports with mats or contact sports until not contagious
During the PPE, what is the predictability of future cardiac events if an electrocardiogram is performed?
Not likely to detect future events regardless of the use of the electrocardiogram.
What professional can be involved in medical history review for the PPE?
Nurse
What are the training guidelines when the temperature is 80 to 90 °F (26.6-30 °C) with humidity less than 70%?
Observe overweight athletes for signs of heat illness.
A coach has requested information about the status of an athlete's injury. What should the athletic trainer do with such a request?
Obtain written authorization from the athlete to disclose the information.
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
How often should coaches review film of football games to educate athletes regarding their head contact position?
Once a week
An athletic trainer who has been convicted of a felony can apply for reinstatement of membership after what period of time?
One year after final ruling, court decisions, or completion of sentence or parole
Which muscle fibers experience adaptation in response to resistive exercise?
Only those involved in the resistive exercise
Weight-bearing forces on bone cause which type of cells to activate to increase bone size?
Osteoblasts
Which of the following strengthening exercises requires a spotter?
Overhead triceps extension
What condition is associated with adrenal exhaustion?
Overtraining
Healing response: Phagocytosis
PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophils) are first on scene- good at killing bacteria, but not good at dealing with interstitial debris; eventually die off and create a toxic environment. -Mononuclear phagocytes/ Macrophages are next -Once debris is removed: - blood coagulates, exudates coagulates to form a network of fibrin to localize injury - epithelial cells migrate align edges of wound/ injury and fibroblast enter to regrow capillaries
What is a PICO question?
Patient Intervention Comparison Outcome
Of the following, which best describes an effective asthma management plan based on the NATA position statement?
Patient goals, proper use of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) monitoring, guidelines on medications based on peak flow meter (PFM) readings, emergency contact numbers, and avoidance of triggers
Which of the following training activities is the best implementation of the SAID principle (specific adaptation to imposed demands) for a high jumper?
Performing plyometric depth jumps
What is the treatment of choice for lice?
Permethrin 1% (Nix)
This nerve branches from the sciatic nerve and travels down the leg.
Peroneal Nerve
condition characterized by a very high arch, which can be genetic or acquired through trauma or neuromuscular disease
Pes cavus or claw foot
What is the proper technique for cleaning medical instruments?
Place instruments in approved instrument-cleaning solution for a minimum of 10 minutes.
Which is the best instruction for using crutches to go down stairs?
Place the crutches on the first step down. The injured leg remains over the crutch tips, and then the non-injured leg swings through to the step down.
What piece of equipment is most likely to be carried by an athletic trainer to be used in conjunction with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
Pocket mask
What is the primary method for developing both speed and agility?
Proper mechanics
Of the following braces, which is most appropriate for preventing medial collateral ligament sprains in collision sports?
Prophylactic lateral knee brace
What is the role of nutrition in tissue synthesis?
Proteins are basic building blocks of bones, muscles, and skin.
A patient with a suspected eating disorder comes to the athletic trainer for assistance. What is the best course of action to care for this patient?
Refer the patient to a disordered-eating specialist for assessment.
This drug is a CNS depressant that causes muscle relaxation, slurred speech and reduces inhibitions. The effects occur within 20 - 30 minutes of ingestion but may persist for 8 - 12 hours
Rohypnol
Altitude Illness: Acute mountain sickness S/S
S/S- headaches, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance , and dyspnea (unpleasant breathing) for up to 3 days.
these fractures involve the cartilaginous epiphyseal plate near the ends of long bones in children who are growing
Salter-Harris fractures
Which of the following is the best description of static neck stretching of the sternocleidomastoid muscles?
Sitting with the head and neck upright, turn the head to the right and then left using submaximal concentric muscle action.
For which of the following sports does NATA neither endorse nor discourage use of helmets or headgear?
Soccer
The SAID Principle
Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands- when the body is subject to stress and overloads of varying intensities, it will gradually adapt over time to overcome to whatever demands are in place
Which of the following is a sociocultural factor for disordered eating?
Sport type
What are the personal qualities of an Athletic Trainer?
Stamina and ability to adapt, empathy, sense of humor, communications, intellectual curiosity, ethical practice, professional membership.
A patient with limited range of motion in the hamstring muscle needs a stretch to perform at home to improve flexibility. Which of the following best describes an effective hamstring stretch?
Standing with affected leg on a table that is hip height, then leaning forward toward elevated leg
The workspace station of the athletic trainer needs to fit the individual. Which best describes an ergonomically fit space?
The chair allows for the feet to touch the floor.
Which of the following conditions has a genetic component?
Substance abuse
Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate?
Sweet potato
caused by the spirochete Treponema palladium. has an incubation period of 3 weeks
Syphilis
A patient with iron-deficient anemia will require what form of nutrition?
Taking oral iron supplements with vitamin C
What is the most common assessment tool for sexual maturity?
Tanner's 5 stages of assessment
By sport-specific rules, which sport(s) have bleeding time-outs?
Tennis and wrestling
inflammation of the lateral epicondyle is known as ____ and affects the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle
Tennis elbow
When designing equipment, which factor can help reduce potential injury?
The absorption of energy
What is the best plan for an athlete who has been diagnosed with overtraining syndrome?
The athlete can be active but not in his chosen sport, and he must decrease activity by half.
Which of the following best describes how to fit an ice hockey helmet?
The helmet should fit snuggly on the forehead, top, and sides of the head.
Laundry bins with wheels are preferred over stationary baskets in facilities. What is the reason for wheeled bins rather than stationary ones?
They are more ergonomically oriented
What is a concern associated with using BMI to assess athletes who have high lean body mass?
They can be classified as obese based on the index.
Which of the following types of skin is most likely to be sunburned?
Thin and white in color
An athletic trainer may have been exposed to a bloodborne pathogen. How long must documentation of this exposure be kept?
Thirty years from the date of the end of employment
This nerve branches from the sciatic nerve, travels down the back of the leg, through the popliteal fossa at the back of the knee and terminates at the plantar side of the foot.
Tibial nerve
What special tests would be positive if a person is suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome?
Tinel's sign Phalen's test Oriental Prayer test
What is the primary purpose of research in injury surveillance?
To discover injury patterns and be able to modify rules and behaviors to prevent injury
What is the purpose of certification and licensure?
To protect the public
What is the purpose of obtaining baseline neurological screening of the brain?
To track a patient's recovery from injury
Divides the body or parts into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections - example: bat swing in baseball movement of criterion arm in bball jump shot movement of criterion arm in forehand drive (tennis)
Transverse (horizontal)
What special test evaluates for weakness of the gluteus medius?
Trendelenburg test
T/F ligaments are strongest in their middle and weakest at their ends.
True
T/F: Annual updates are required by the NCAA before participation in intercollegiate sports programs
True
T/F: The athletic trainer should ensure that a procedure is in place to check the field before use
True
T/F: traveling north to south has no effects on the body?
True
T/F: Treatment for mononucleosis is mcnally supportive as there is no treatment for the virus
True treatment includes rest, acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and adequate fluid intake
Which of the following diseases or conditions requires the standard precaution that the athletic trainer wear a mask covering the nose and mouth?
Tuberculosis
How often should the athletic trainer educate tackle football players on the risks of head-down contact in a season?
Twice: once at the beginning and midway through the season
slater harris fx
Type 1: separation of the phys plate Type 2: separation of the growth plate and small part of metaphysis Type 3: fx of the phys Type 4: fx of prtion of physis and metaphysis Type 5: crushing force (growth deformity)
This nerve branches from the brachial plexus and travel down the arm from the shoulder, traveling along the anterior forearm beside the ulna, to the palm of the hand.
Ulnar nerve
Which characteristic is a likely predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Unrealistic expectations about one's own abilities or distorted self-image
What cranial nerve would you assess for chewing and sensory examination?
V. Trigeminal (with eyes closed, person indicates the part of the face being touched)
What cranial nerve would you assess for lateral movement of the eyes?
VI. Abducens (have person follow your finger in a horizontal and vertical axis (W) check for nystagmus or deviation
What cranial nerve would you assess for the ability of a person to frown?
VII. Facial (have patient frown, smile and puff out cheeks, checking for symmetry)
What cranial nerve would you assess for balance and hearing?
VIII. Vestibulocochlear (tandem gait and Romberg's test. Hearing is checked with person's eyes closed and rubbing fingers together next to their ear. Have them identify which side they hear the noise. )
Which nutritional factor positively influences bone density?
Vitamin D intake
Select the answer that best describes the NCAA recommendation for reducing cold stress.
Warm up thoroughly.
When can the athletic trainer breach confidentiality?
When another person is in clear and imminent danger
When is the best time for an athlete to exhale during weightlifting?
When the athlete is in the concentric phase of the lift
In a clinical setting, when can a client be billed for reimbursement?
When the athletic trainer corrects the form of the client doing exercise
What is the NOCSAE standard for football helmets regarding eye protection?
Wire face mask and a polycarbonate eye shield
When is heat syncope most likely to occur?
Within the first five days of practice before acclimatization occurs
Which sport has athletes who tend to be nutritionally compromised as a result of the need to strive for a lean body?
Wrestling and gymnastics
Increase in muscles temperature results in?
^ elasticity (degree muscles can be stretched), ↓viscosity (rate which muscles can change shape)
code of ethics
a systemized set of standards or principles that define ethical behavior appropriate for profession; moral values determine the standard or principles
primary coverage
a type of health / medical/ accident insurance that beings to pay for covered expenses immediately after a deductible has been paid
mission statement
a written expression of an organizations philosophy, purpose, and characteristics
Licensure
limits AT to those who have met minimal requirements established by state board.
ethical design making:formalism
most likely to followed by ATs who see a clear professional duty that they believe should be implemented universally
Third-party reimbursement
the process by which medical vendors receive reimbursement from insurance companies for services provided to policyholders
a type of training utilized to increase the production of energy to meet demands of athletic activities, such as running, swimming and cycling
aerobic endurance training
Common Cold Injuries: Frost Nip- TX
affected areas can be treated with early sustained pressure of hand (without rubbing), by blowing hot breath on the spot, or by placing fingers in armpits
TX: for exertional heatstroke
agressive and immédiate whole-body cooling - cool environment, strip of clothing, immerse athlete in cool water bath (35-58 F); try to lower rectal temperature to 101F; call EMS
football helmets
all helmets must have NOCSAE certification (not necessarily fail-safe, however- exterior warning label)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
all nerves outside the CNS
PNF stretching
all techniques involve some combination of alternating contraction and relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles and all use a 10 sec push phase followed by a 10 sec relax phase
Budgeting: Line item budgeting
allocates a fixed amount of money for each sub function of a program (difficult to move the money to another sub section of the program)
Budgeting: Lump sum budgeting
allocates a fixed mount of money for an entire program without specifying how the money will be spent; gives freedom to spend where it is needed most
Budgeting: Performance budgeting
allocates funds for discrete activities;not commonly used due to expense and difficulty of analyzing specific activities cost
types of synovial joints: Ball and socket
allow all possible movement (glenohumeral and hip joint)
What is the treatment after warming and debridement of clear blisters from hypothermia?
aloe vera cream every 6 hours to blistered areas dressings, separation of digits tetanus prophylaxis
microtrauma
also known as overuse, cyclic loading, or friction injury, is caused by small or low grade stress that wears away the tissue over time. Microtrauma is classified as chronic injury.
Muscle Spasm: clonic
alternating involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation in quick succession
the distal tibia and fibula is stabilized by the:
anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
what is the treatment for folliculitis?
antibacterial soaps and topical and oral antibiotics
Vitamin Excess: Vitamin D
appetite loss, weight loss, failure to grow
hydrotherapy
application of water
amino acids
are basic units that make up proteins; most proteins are made up of approx 20 amino acids
proteins
are major structural components of the body ( intake should be 15-20% of total caloric intake)
Plastic lenses
are popular because they are light weight, can be made be made scratch resistant.
minerals
are stored in the body ( especially liver and bones)
apophyseal injury
are traction epiphyses in contrast to the pressure epiphyses of the long bones (severs disease, Osgood-Schlatter's disease)
Saturated fatty acids
are usually from animals (bad!)
heat syncope
associated with rapid physical fatigue during overexposure to heat. * caused by peripheral vasodilation of superficial vessels, hypotension, or a pooling of blood in extremities, which result in dizziness, fainting, and nausea
standard of reasonable care
assumes that an individual is neither exceptionally skillful nor extraordinarily skillful nor extraordinarily cautious, but is a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence.
Altitude Illness: Pulmonary Edema
at altitudes of 9000-10000 ft. lungs accumulate a small amount of fluid w/I alveolar walls. Most individuals: fluids absorb in a few days ( for some, continue to collect and forms pulmonary edema)
increased cardiac output
at rest: 5L/ min blood pumped through heart (exercise: increase to 20-30L/min)
exertional hyponatremia: TX
athlete should be transported directly to medical facility
tinea pedis is commonly referred to as:
athletes foot fungal infection of the feet and toes
neoprene braces with medial/ lateral supports:
athletes who have injured collateral ligaments and want support
gradual acclimatization: identifying susceptible individuals
athletes with large muscle mass, overweight individuals (18% greater heat production), poor fitness levels, history of heat illness
fluid and electrolyte replacement:
average adult doing minimal physical activity requires at least 2.5L of water
Strategies for managing risk: Avoidance
avoid risky activity (especially when negative consequences of activity have high cost)
tissue that is separated from its base and lost without adequate base for attachment
avulsion
Types of neurons: efferent (motor) neurons
aways form CNS
what is the treatment for chlamydia?
azithromycin 1 g orally in one dose OR doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for 1 week avoid sexual contact for 1 week
what equipment is required for baseball?
batting helmets, mouth guards, shin guards, chest protector, and protective mitt
gradual acclimatization
becoming accustomed to heat and also getting used to exercising in hot temperatures
How can you tell hypothermia is occurring?
begins with shivering as the body's core temperature drops
Tissue Stress: Stretching
beyond yield point leads ti ruoture of soft tissue or fx ( sprains, strains, avulsion fx)
affects 2-5% of females and includes grossly overeating, often resulting in obesity, depression and shame
binge eating
hemorrhaging
bleeding
What are the causes of a ruptured achilles tendon?
blunt trauma to the tendon excessive forced dorsiflexion of the ankle injury to a taut tendon
what is the function of bone?
body support, organ protection, movement (joint and levers), calcium storage, hematopoiesis ( form of blood cells)
what is a condyloid joint?
bondyloid joints are (biaxial) permits flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction ( metacarpalphalangel)
Wolf's law
bone in a healthy person will adapt to the load under its placed
longitudinal fx
bone splinting along its length, often result of jumping and stress directs up long axis
Phase 6 of the healing process: permeability changes
both histamine and bradykinin increase the permeability of small blood vessels (the same ones involved in hemodynamic changes)
Tissue properties: viscoelastic
both viscous and elastic properties, allowing for deformation
what sports should athletes with one eye be excluded from:
boxing wrestling full-contact martial arts
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
osteoclasts
breakdown or reabsorbs bone tissue
open spaces surrounding areas of sports activity within a facility. needed because athletes leave the playing area at high speed
buffer zone
what are benefits of vitamins c?
building bone, teeth, maintaining connective tissue, and strengthening the immune system.
osteoblast
builds bone
binge eating followed by vomiting, often along with use of diuretics, enemas and laxatives. gastric acids can damage throat and teeth
bulimia nervosa
Football pads: cantilevered
bulkier (blocking and tackling), front and rear panels have been extended
Contact lens: scleral type
covers the whole entire front of the eye
non-expendable supplies
can be reused ( comparison wraps, scissors, neoprene sleeves)
expendable supplies
can not be reused ( tape, bandages, hydrogen peroxide)
ectopic calcification (myositis ossificans)
can occur in a muscle that directly overlies a bone 9quadriceps and brachial muscles) osteoid material that resembles bone rapidly accumulates. subside complete in 9-12 months or may mature into classified area.
insurance: copayment
capped contribution defined in the policy and by an insured person each time a medical service is accessed. It must be paid before any policy benefit is payable by an insurance company
equations for cardiac output
cardiac output= increased stroke volume x decreased heart rate
Strategies for managing risk: Reduction
careful development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies and procedures and reduce risks.
Occurs when the median nerve is compressed within the compartment formed by ligaments and bones, between the forearm and the hand.
carpal tunnel syndrome
impacted fx
caused from fall of height (force directed up long axis). Requires immediate splinting by athletic trainer and traction by physician to ensue normal length pf injured limb.
Exertional heatstroke
characterized by CNS abnormalities and potential tissue damage resulting from significantly elevated body temperature
Phase 3 of the healing process: Chemical mediation
chemical mediators; such as histamine, bradykinin, and cytokines, are activated by ultrastructural changes. They signal the rest of the body that cells have been damaged, there by mobilizing the body resources to respond.
what is the most common STD in the US
chlamydia
ethical design making:utilitarianism
choosing a course of action that benefits the greatest number of people
fasciitis
chronic inflammation of fascia that supports and separates muscle
synarthrotic
classified as immovable
ICD-9-CM (international classification of diseases)
coding systems applied to illness, injures, and other medical conditions to standardize the language associated with third party reimbursement
CPT ( current procedural terminology)
coding systems applied to specific medical procedures to standardize the language associated with third party reimbursement
sulfur dioxide (SO2)
colorless gas that is component of burning coal or petroleum, lungs to rid themselves of foreign matter, shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to lung diseases.
carbon monoxide poisoning (CO)
colorless, orderless gas; reduced Hb ability to transfer oxygen and restrict release of oxygen to the tissue; interferes with performance in exercise and also virus psychomotor, behavioral and attention-related activities
Common Cold Injuries: Frost Nip
commonly occurs when there is a high wind, severe cold, or both; most often affects ears, nose, cheeks, chin, finger and toes.
luxation
complete dislocations, presenting a total disunion of bone apposition
causes the muscle to shorten, as occurs when the muscle is used to lift a weight, as with a bicep curl
concentric contraction
what should an athlete engage in to minimize injury and maximize performance?
conditioning
exercise is an essential factor in fitness for?
conditioning, injury prevention and injury rehabilitation
crushable chemical pack
consist of thin-walled vinyl pouch of a liquid packed within a stronger, larger vinyl pouch of dry crystals. when squeezed with sufficient force, the smaller inner pouch is broken leaking fluid into the larger, outer pouch is broken, leaking its fluid into the larger, outer pouch.
Phases of Repair: Proliferation
consist of three major events: angiogenesis ( growth of new blood vessels), collagen synthesis (also known as collagenization), and wound contraction (the drawing together off new wound edges)
Phases of Repair: Remodeling
consist of twi processes the cause the scar to become smaller, more pale (in light-skinned people), and stronger: contraction and restructuring.
Medical insurance
contact between policyholder and insurance company to reimburse a percentage of the cost of the policyholders bills (usually after policyholder has paid a deductible)
localized response to contact with an allergen, resulting in a rash that may blister and itch
contact dermatitis
Insurance: policy
contract between an insurance company and an individual organization
occurs when friction or pressure causes damage to underlying vessels
contusion
how do you treat heat syncope?
cool the athlete and hydrate
What is the treatment for heat exhaustion?
cool the body and replace sodium and fluids, must be prompt in order to prevent heat stroke. careful monitoring (reactions may be delayed)
what ligament do Sports Bras protect?
coopers ligament
Flash to Bang:
count # of seconds from sighting of lightning to hearing the thunder, divide by 5. - flash to bang count 30: lightning 6 miles away (inherit danger) - count of 15: lightning is 3 miles away ( everyone should leave and seek shelter) * 30 mins must pass since last lightning strike before resuming play.
dressing
covering, protective or supportive, that s applied to an injury or wound.
articular cartilage
covers ends of long bones; provides protection during movement, cushion against blows
Contact Lens: corneal type
covers just the iris of the eye
tenosynovitis
inflammation of synovial sheath surrounding a tendon
hypothermia :risk
dampness/ wetness further increase risk of hypothermia
how long is the fibroblastic repair phase
day 4- week 6
neuritis
inflammation of the nerve
Common Cold Injuries: Deep frostbite
deep tissue are also frozen; medical emergency requiring prompt hospitalization. Tissue is initially cold, hard, pale, or white and numb. - rapid rewarming ( hot drinks heating pads, or hot water bottles at 100-110F) (during the process, tissue will become blotchy red, swollen, and very painful (later injury may become gangrenous, causing a loss of tissue)
Opperational planning
defines organizational activités in the short term, usually no longer than 2 years
osteoarthritis
degeneration of articular or hylaine cartilage (may be worn away to point of exposing, eroding, and polishing the underlying bone)
osteochondrosis
degenerative changes in the ossification centers of the epiphysis of the bone. Suggested cause is aseptic necrosis (circulation to epiphysis has been disrupted)
AROM/ dynamic flexibility
degree to which a joint can be moved by a muscle contraction (usually midrange)
PROM/ static flexibility
degree to which a joint may be passively moved to the endpoints in the ROM
The medial aspect of the ankle is stabilized by the:
deltoid ligament
periosteum
dense, white, fibrous membrane covers long bones (except at joint surface)
erros ad omission liability insurance
designed to cover school employees, officers, and the district against suits claiming malpractice, wrongful actions, errors and omissions, and acts of negligence
Cycling helmets
designed to protect the head during one single impact (football, hockey, and baseball helmet are more durable) - many states require cycling helmets, especially by adolescents.
Carcadian dysrhythmia (jet lag)
desychronization of the athletes biological and physiological time clock. Refers to the physical and mental effects caused by traveling rapidly across several time zones.
Documentation: Computerized documentation
difficult to maintain confidential ( harder to safeguard digitally stored data)
symptoms of iliotibial band syndrome include:
diffuse burning pain at lateral knee (usually after running or cycling for a few minutes) pain occurs earlier when inflammation increases
athletes with malignant hyperthermia should be?
disqualified from exercising in hot, humid environment.
astigmatism
distortion of vision
mesocycle
division of macrocycle ; may last for several weeks or even months
Myofascial Trigger Points: Latent
does not cause pain unless pressed upon, but may restrict movement or cause muscle weakness
cause the muscle to lengthen, as occurs when lowering the weight
eccentric contraction
Tissue properties: yield point
elastic limit of tissue
Tissue properties: mechanical failure
elastic tissue is exceeded, causing tissue to break.
hyperthermia
elevated body temperature
types of synovial joints: ellipsoidal
elliptical convex head in an elliptical concave socket (wrist)
developmental supervision
emphasis collaboration between supervisors and supervises to help them solve problems and develop professionally
inspection production supervision
emphasis the use of formal authority and managerial prerogatives to improve employee efficiency and efficacy. ( focus on achieving goals and attainment of program mission)
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum (often contusions) manifest as skin rigidity over underlying muscles
who is most likely to suffer form her cramps?
fairly fit athlete who is not acclimated to the heat
ribs 10-11 are classified as?
false ribs
hypertropia
farsightedness
fast twitch fiber- type IIb
fatigue rapidly, short term, high intensity anaerobic activity
what are the macronutrients and their calorie equivalents
fats = 9 cals/gram (30% of the diet) carbohydrates = 4 cals/gram (55% of the diet) proteins = 4 cals/gram (15% of the diet)
Who are the most common victims of the date rape drug?
females
Budget: Spending-reduction model
financial crisis model: requires reallocation of institutional funds, resulting in reduced spending levels of some programs. should identify areas that could be cut without serious impact.
ribs 8-12 are classified as?
flash ribs
count the seconds from the lightning to the sound of thunder an divide by 5
flash-to-bang method
types of synovial joints: Hinge
flexion and extension
What are the symptoms for heat exhaustion?
flu-like aching, nausea, and vomiting, headaches, dizziness, and hypotension with cold clammy skin and diaphoresis. excessive sweating and temp <106 degrees
muscle stiffness
fluid that collects in muscle during and after exercise are absorbed into the blood stream at a slow rate (muscle becomes swollen, shorter, and thicker; thus resists stretching) Tx: lite exercise, massage , passive mobilization
bacterial infection of the hair follicles, often on the face, resulting in pustules, erythema, and crusts that are painful and itchy
folliculitis
what equipment is required for football?
football helmet, mouth guard, shoulder, hip and tailbone padding, thigh guards
gradual acclimatization should last?
for a 7-10 day period
what is water needed for?
for energy production, and normal digestion, temperature control, elimination of waste products
Tissue Stress: bending
force on a horizontal beam/bone that places stress within structures causing it to bend or strain
Tissue Stress: Shearing
force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue ( blisters, abrasion, vertebral disk injury)
Tissue Stress: Tension
force which pulls or stretch tissue ( muscle strain and ligaments)
licensure
form of state credentialing, established by statute and intended to protect the public, that regulates the practice of at race or profession by specifying who may participate and what duties they may perform.
CMS 1500
form that private-practice clinics should use when filing a claim; originally developed for medicare
fiber
forms the structural parts of plants and is not digested by humans
Sugars: monosaccharides
found in fruits, syrup, and honey ( ex- glucose)
diarthrotic
freely movable
radiant heat exchange
from sunshine (effects greater in sunlight than in shade); on a cloudy day, the body emits radiant heat energy (thus radiation may result in decreased body temp)
____ is a superficial freeze injury that is reversible
frostnip
malignant hyperthermia
genetically inherited muscular disorder that causes hypersensitivity to anesthesia and extreme exercise in hot environments- causes muscle temperature to increase faster than core temperatures and causes symptoms similar to heatstroke
what determines the VO2 max?
genetics
examples of cryotherapy
ice massage, ice packs, ice slashes/ ice immersion, part go contrast therapy, cold whirlpool and vapocoolant spray
Golgi tendon organ
if a stretch is maintained for 6 sec, GTO responds to change in length and increase in tension by causing a reflex contraction of the antagonist muscle
anaerobic
if intensity is high enough that there is insufficient oxygen to meet demands
aerobic
if the intensity is low enough that oxygen can be supplied to meet demands
Hypothermia may be a result of:
immersion in cold water exposure to cold temperatures metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, hypoadrenalism) CNS abnormalities (head trauma, Wernicke disease)
macrotrauma
impact injury or contact injury, is caused by a large insult and result in immediate tissue disruption
BOC Domain: 2. Examination, assessment and diagnosis
implementing system, evidence- based examinations and assessments to formulate valid clinical diagnosis and determine patients plan of care.
what is a saddle joint?
in saddle joints (biaxial), saddle shaped heads hermit mo cement in two different planes ( the thumb- carpometacarpal joint, trapezium and the first metacarpal)
glucose not needed immediately is stored as glycogen where?
in the muscle and liver (later converted to glucose for transfer to blood to meet the body's energy needs)
where is ATP produced?
in the muscles tissue form glucose and glycogen
Fiber: soluble
includes gums and pectins( oatmeal , legumes, some fruit)
greenstick fx
incomplete break in bone that have not completely ossified; often occurs on convex bone surface while concave surface remain intact.
Factors limiting flexibility: skin
inelastic scar tissue may form at the site of a tearing incision or laceration , which does not stretch well
Phase 1 of the healing process: Injury
inflammation is initiated by an injury, an occurrence that impairs the structure or function of tissue and thereby alters the cells ability to carry out its normal homeostatic mechanisms.
myositis
inflammation of muscle tissue (more specifically, fibrositis or connective tissue inflammation)
what is the immediate treatment for a heat cramp?
ingestion of large quantities of fluids, mild prolonged stretching with ice massage.
frequency of application of RICES
initial application: 5-10 mins right after the injury Second application: 30-60 mins later
what findings may result in an athletes exclusion of sports
injuries latent conditions such as cardiac abnormalities physical disabilities that pose a danger to the person or others renal disease uncontrolled hypertension staph infection/MRSA disagreement among physicians failure of reasonable accommodations to eliminate risk contagious disease that poses a risk to others
what injuries of the lower extremity are most common?
injuries to the knees and ankles
UB-92/CMS 1450
insurance claim form that hospitals should use
disability insurance
insurance designed to protect an athlete against future loss of earnings because of a disabling injury or sickness
Self-Insurance
insurance of oneself or ones interests by maintaining a fund to cover possible losses rather than by purchasing an insurance policy
secondary coverage
insurance that begins to pay for covered expenses only after all others sources of insurance coverage have been exhausted; also known as excess insurance
BOC Domain: 5. Healthcare administration and professional responsibility
integrating best practice in policy construction and implementation, documentation, basic business practice to promote optimal patient care and employee well-being.
BOC Domain: 3. Immediate and emergency care
integrity best practice in immediate and emergency care for optimal outcomes.
Most sprains are______ injuries with tearing of the lateral ligaments
inversion
insurance: premiums
invoiced cost of n insurance policy
dynamic and ballistic stretching
involves a bouncing movement in which repetitive contractions of agonist muscle are used to produce quick stretches of the antagonist muscle
Common Cold Injuries: Superficial Frostbite
involves only the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Skin appears pale, hard, cold, and waxy; palpating will reveal a sense of hardness but with yielding of underlying deeper tissue structures. - when rewarming: the area will feel numb; the will sting and burn; may later produce blisters/pain
Healing response: Chronic Inflammation
involves replacement of leukocytes with macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells; these cells accumulative in a highly vascularized and innervated loose connective tissue matrix ini the area of injury
female athletes develop amenorrhea when their body attempts to conserve stores of _____
iron
clotting
is a multistage process that results in fibrin and platelets, both of which are blood components, closing a damage blood vessel.
Cool Down
is a period that enables the body to cool and return to a resting state ( should last 5-10 mins)
gel pack
is a reusable type of cold pack, consisting of water mixed with a antifreeze, such as alcohol, and a gel substance, in a vinyl pouch bag. The alcohol keeps the water from freezing solid, and the gel gives it body so the water does not slosh around in the pack. they are cooled in a freezer about 1F (-17C) They are dangerous!
artificial ice pack
is a vinyl sheet divided into a series of cells 1x 1.5 (3x4 cm), the cells are filled with water and a group of cells are enclosed in a nylon covering. Are frozen in a freezer at 1F ( ~17C)
swelling
is an increase in tissue volume owing to extra fluid and cellular material in the tissue.
liability
is being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person.
what are negative side effects of anabolic steroids for men
liver disorders cardiovascular disorders increased aggressiveness and libido decreased sperm count gynecomastia (breast development)
crushed ice pack
is crushed ice, typically from an ice machine, in a plastic or cloth bag. Ice packs are typically 30F (-1C) to 32F (0C) when applied to the body. there the most effective types of clod modality because it goes thorough phase changes therefor extract great amounts of heat from the body.
catastrophic insurance
is designed to provide lifelong medical, rehabilitation, and disability benefits for the victim of devastating injury (takes effect after 25,000 in medical bills have been reached)
edema
is the accumulation of fluid portion of blood in tissue
negligence
is the failure to use ordinary or reasonable care.
Phase 8 of the healing process: phagocytosis
is the process of digesting cellular debris and other foreign material into pieces small enough to be removed from the injury site via lymph vessels.
occur without muscle movement, as when attempting to push or pull an immovable object, tightening the muscle, or holding an object out in front of the body so that the weight pushes down but the muscles' opposing force keeps the object stable
isometric
Contractions involve movement of the muscle when pushing or pulling. Usually balance concentric and eccentric contractions
isotonic
___ is a disturbance in the circadian rhythm of walking and sleeping when traveling from one time zone to another
jet lag
cardiac dysrhythmia
jet lag
tinea cruris is commonly referred to as:
jock itch
where are the most common locations of bursitis
knee, shoulder, elbow
tear in the skin resulting from blunt force
laceration
the point at which aerobic activity becomes anaerobic
lactate threshold
power
large amount of force generated quickly
examples of light therapy
laser, light therapy, infrared
This ligament connects the femur to the fibula
lateral collateral ligament
Photochromic lens
lenses will become colored tinted when exposed to UV rays
Football pads: Noncantilevered:
less restrictive on shoulder motion ( QB, receivers)
what is the recommended dietary amount of fats?
less than 30% of total calories should be from fat ( less than 10% should be saturated fat)
what is released in the inflammatory response phase?
leukocytes and other phagocytic cells and exudates are delivered to injured tissue - tends to localize or dispose of injury byproducts (blood and damage cells) through phagocytosis
product liability
liability of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture of any product for damage caused by the product ( manufacture of component parts, assembling manufacturers, wholesaler and retail store owner)
malpractice
liability- generating conduct associated with the adverse outcome of patient treatment.
endosteum
lies the medullary cavity
____ kills about 100 people per year, and injuries 400-500
lightning
what are negative side effects of anabolic steroids for women?
liver disorders cardiovascular disorders increased aggressiveness and libido inhibition of formation of follicles and irregularities of menstrual cycle, including amenorrhea hypertrophy of the clitoris acne hair loss and male pattern balding with increased facial hair breast atrophy masculinization of body, features, and lowering of voice
epiphysis
located at the end of long bones (bulbous shape- muscle attachments)
osteocytes
located within the lacunae (small cavities within a bone)
shoe selection: shoe uppers
made of some combo of nylon and leather; should be lightweight, quick drying and well ventilated.
Starches: complex carbohydrates
made up of long chain of glucose units (rise, Potatoes, bread)
diaphysis
main shaft of long bone (hollow, cylindrical, covered by compact bone)
ethical design making: ethical egoism
make decisions that result in greater benefit to yourself
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)-mandatory medical examination of student athletes?
mandates that all student athletes undergo a complete medical examination within six months of starting any type of required preseason conditioning, practice, or competition.
express warranty
manufactures label statement that product is safe ( i.e label on football helmet)
examples of mechanotheraoy
massage, mobilization, intermittently compression, continuous passive motion, traction, whirlpool, and ultrasound
Factors limiting flexibility: fat
may act ad a wedge between two lever arms, restricting movement (i.e abdomen fat and trunk flexion)
what are benefits of antioxidants?
may prevent premature aging, certain cancers, heart diseases, and other health problems.
How is skeletal maturity assessed?
measurement of the hand and wrist as well as weight/height for age
globe temperature
measures the sun's radiation and has black metal casing around the end of a thermometer
Documentation: Focus Charting
medical record that registers a patient complaint date, the health care practitioners actions, and the patient response
what are .fibrocartilage disk referred to as?
meniscus
Documentation: Narrative charting
method of recording the details of a patients assessment and treatments using a detailed, prose- based format.
dehydration (mild hydration)
mild hydration is defined as loss of <2% of body weight
Sugars: disaccharides
milk sugar (lactose) and table sugar (sucrose) are combinations of monosaccharides
Phase 4 of the healing process: hemodynamic changes
mobilize and transport blood borne defense components to the injury site and secure their passage through vessel walls into the tissue.
fast twitch fiber- type IIa
moderate resistance to fatigue ; short term, high intensity anaerobic activity
examples of thermotherapy
moist heat packs, warm. whirlpool, paraffin wax path, ultrasounds, pulsed shortwave diathermy and ultraviolet.
An infectious disorder caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
mononucleosis
health insurance
more comprehensive; reimburse cost of preventative as well as corrective medical care
slow twitch fiber - type I
more resistan to fatigue; longer time to generate contraction; long duration, aerobic activity
Factors limiting flexibility: neural tissue
morphological changes in neural tissue may result from acute compression, chronic repetitive micro trauma, muscle imbalance joint dysfunction, or poor posture (causes irritation, inflammation)
fats
most concentrated source of energy; some dietary fat is. needed to make food more flavorful and for fat- soluble vitamins.
Water
most essential nutrient; accounts for 60% of bodyweight.
What should be included in the medical history?
previous hospitalization/surgeries current or chronic illnesses and medical conditions current medication and history of illicit/illegal drug use (Epi-pen, allergies) exercise-induced symptoms history of hypertension history of neurological disorders, pinched nerve, seizures, head injury history of menses, including onset, last period and frequency ortho injuries, past or present
Fiber: insoluble
primarily cellulose (whole grain breads, bran cereals)
What are the three phases of syphilis?
primary secondary tertiary
cardiac output is the?
primary determinant of the maximal rate of oxygen consumption
Phase 5 of the healing process: metabolic changes
primary injury and the bodys response to it, caused additional ultrastructural damage in the site. this additional insult is called secondary injury because it occurs as a result of primary injury. Thus the total injuries include tissue debris from both primary and secondary injury.
what are the treatment options for syphilis?
primary, secondary, early tertiary: benzathine penicillin G 104 million units IM in one dose tertiary: benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM weekly for three weeks
smog
produced by combination of carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide (emanates from combustion of fossil fuel such as coal)
Product liability claim can be based on : breach of warranty of fitness
product is food to be unfit for the purpose for which it was intended
exertional hyponatremia: S/S
progressively worsening headache; nausea and vomiting; swelling of hands and feet; lethargy, apathy or agitation; low blood sodium (<130 mmo1/L) can compromise CNS
BOC Domain: 1. Injury and illness prevention and wellness promotion:
promoting health lifestyles behaviors with effective educational and communication to enhance wellness and minimize the risk of injury.
Mouth Guards
protect teeth and intraoral mouth guard absorbs the shock of chin blows and helps prevent possible cerebral concussion; minimize lacerations to lip and cheek and mandible fx.
neoprene sleeves:
provide some support for patellofemoral conditions
Good Samaritan law
provides limited protection against legal liability to any person who voluntarily chooses to provide first aid
procedure
provides specific directions for members of an organization to follow
what are the two types of corrective vision surgeries?
radial keratectomy (RK), laser institu keratomileusis (LASIK)
acute tenosynovitis
rapid onset articular crepitus, and diffused swelling
What is the treatment for freeze injuries?
rapid rewarming with warm water bath (104-106 degrees), 10-30 minutes or until the frostbitten area is erythematous (red) and pliable
Muscle Spasm: reflex
reaction caused by trauma of the musculoskeletal system
types of synovial joints: saddle
reciprocally concave on convex (carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
Equipment reconditioning and recertification: Recommendations of NOCSAE
recommendations periodically reconditioning and rectifying used helmets (every 2 years if no warranty)
dry bulb temperature (DBT)
records from standard mercury thermometer
what are the sings and symptoms for exertional heatstroke?
rectal temp > 104, flushed and hot skin with sweating about 75% of the time, shallow and fast breathing, rapid and strong pulse, nausea, vomitng, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, decreased BP and
heat rash
red, raised rash with sensation of prickling and tingling during sweating; usually occur when skin is continuously wet with unevaporated sweat; generally localized to areas covered by clothing; continually toweling body can help prevent rash from developing.
what are the 5 sings of inflammation?
redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), increased temperature (calor), and loss of function (functio laesa)
omega 3 fatty acids
reduce the likelihood of diseases ( heart disease, stroke, hypertension)
BOC Domain: 4. Therapeutic Interventions
rehab an reconditioning injuries, illness, and general medical conditions with the goal of achieving optimal activity level based on core concepts using the applications of therapeutic exercise, modality devices, and manual techniques.
treatment for exertional heat exhaustion
remove from activity, remove clothing , lie down with legs elevated, cooling efforts, rehydration, or IV fluids, AT should monitor the HR ,BP, and core temp
What is the treatment for heat stress?
remove from heat, cool, hydrate, and replace lost sodium
dehydration TX
repack fluids and move to cool environment (sports drink that contains CHO and electrolytes). should not return to activity until normal body weight (fluid replacement should not exceed fluid loss)
fluid and electrolyte replacement: prevention
replace fluids (do not rely on thirst as an indicator)
Budget: spending-ceiling model
requireds justification only for those expenses that exceed those of the previous budget cycle (aka incremental model) often rests in falling behind due to prices of supplies rising faster than inflation
Budget: Variable Budget
requires adjustment of monthly expenditures so that they do not exceed revenues, rarely used by schools based programs (very difficult to estimate cost in advance)
Budget: Zero-based budgeting
requires justification for every budget line item without reference to previous spending patterns; requires documentation of actual program needs and development of priority ( rank each item)
eccentric contraction
resistance is greater than the muscular force being produced, and muscle lengthens while continuing the contract
what is the treatment for plantar fasciitis?
rest until symptoms subside night splints orthotics stretching exercises for achilles tendon/plantar fascia strengthening exercises for lower leg for stabilization
RICES
rest, ice, compression, elevation, stabilization
State certification
restricts the performance of AT functions to only those certified
Common Cold Injuries: Frostbite- chilblains
result for prolonged and constant exposure to cold for many hours. Skin redness, tingling, swelling, and pain in toes and fingers. Caused by problems of peripheral circulation.
If an athlete with sickle cell disease experiences chest or abdominal pain and pain in the joints, he or she may be at immediate risk for which of the following complications?
rhabdomyolysis
Muscle Spasm: tonic
rigid muscle contraction that last a period of time
Product liability claim can be based on : Negligence
risk of injury from use of product was foreseeable and company did not exercise due care in reducing or eliminating risk
this drug is commonly referred to as the date rape drug or roofie
rohypnol
what motions occur in the Atlantoaxial joint?
rotation
types of synovial joints: pivot
rotation about an axis (cervical atlas and axis, proximal ends of radius and ulna)
what are the cardinals signs of inflammation
rubor -redness calor- hot edema- swelling dolor- pain funca laesa- function loss
spiral fx
s- shaped separation , common in football and skiing sudden rotation of the body with foot planted)
How is mononucleosis spread?
saliva and airborne droplets (occurs most often in teenagers and young adults)
what are symptoms of tinea cruris?
scaly, itching, erythematous rash that may contain papule or vesicle ad is usually bilateral and symmetrical
ergonomics
scientific study of human work
How can you prevent callus formation?
soaking feet and using callus files to reduce thickness wearing double socks to cushion the sole of the foot wearing properly fitted shoes applying emollients to feet and hands to prevent friction and keep skin supple wearing protective gloves, tape, or moleskin to protect palms from friction
joint sprain: Grade 1
some pain, minimum loss of function, mild TTP, little or no swelling, no laxity
damage to a joint, with a partial rupture of the supporting ligaments, usually caused by wrenching or twisting, related to a fall
sprain
exemption
state realizes that AT perform functions similar to those of other licensed professional
sovereign immunity
states that neither the government nor any individual that is employed by the government can be held liable for negligence
Hilton's Law
states that the joint capsule, the muscle moving in that joint, and the skin overlying the insertion of the muscles have the same nerve supply.
What are symptoms of turf toe?
stiffness pain swelling at injury site pain with active flexion and extension of great toe
overstitching of a part of the musculature that causes microscopic tears in the muscle or tendon, usually resulting from excess stress or overuse
strain
strain
stretch, tear, or rip in muscle, fascia, or tendon
bandage
strip of cloth of other material used to cover a wound or hold a dressing in place - Gauze- roller bandage for holding dressing in place, padding to prevent blisters, sterile pads. -cotton cloth- used primarily for cloths ankle wraps and for triangular/ cravat bandages.
contractile
structures of muscle, tendon, or bony insertion
Bursitis
sudden irritation can cause acute bursitis; overuse of muscles or tendon as well as constant external compression/ trauma may result in chronic bursitis.
What are the symptoms of heat stress?
swollen hands and feet, itchy skin, sunburn, heat syncope (pale moist skin, hypotension) and heat cramps
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
system whereby insurance claims can be submitted electronically; also known as paperless claims system
What are signs and symptoms of Marfan's Syndrome?
tall, thin stature with loose joints, with the long bones disproportionately long scoliosis flat feet pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) or pectus excavatum (funnel chest) long, narrow face with high-arched roof of mouth and crowding of teeth dislocation of lenses of eyes and sometimes retinal detachment, myopia aortic valve disorders with heart murmur stretch marks abdominal/inguinal hernia sleep apnea (rare)
What are the symptoms for heat stroke?
temperature greater than 106. may result in seizures, neurological damage, multiple organ failures and death.
chronic tenosynovitis
tendons become locally thick-end, with pain and articular crepitus present during movement
osteoclast
the break down of bone
Usual, customary, and reasonable (UCR)
the charge consistent with what other medical vendors would assess
macrocycle
the complete training period
Hypothermia occurs when:
the core body temperature falls below 95 degrees
comparative negligence
the degree to which a plaintiff contributed to the harm caused by a defendant. Example: failing to follow instructions, failing to perform rehabilitation. Courts determine the degree (%) to which the AT and plaintiff contributed to the harm.
Tissue properties: stress
the internal reaction or resistance to an external load
muscular strength
the maximum force that can be applied by a muscle during a single maximal contraction
agonist muscle
the muscle that contracts to produce the movement
Tissue properties: Load
the outside force or forces acting on tissue
Equipment reconditioning and recertification: Condition of helmet determined by-
type of helmet, amount, and intensity of usage.
Preferred provider organization (PPO)
type of insurance plan that provides financial incentives to encourage policyholders to use medical vendors approved by the company
health maintenance organization (HMO)
type of insurance plan that requires policyholders to use only those medical vendors approved by the company. All medical services are coordinated by a primary care physician, who acts as a gatekeeper to specialty services.
Documentation: Charting by exception
type of medical record that notes only those patient response that vary from predefined norms (makes records keeping more efficient and less time consuming, inappropriate for recording initial injury evaluation, has many potential uses for recording treatment and rehab; requires strict treatment protocols)
Fee-for-service / indemnity plan
type of traditional medical insurance whereby patients are free to seek medical services from any provider; plan covers a portion of cos covered procedures and patient is responsible for the balance
registration
types of state credentialing that requires qualified members of a profession to register with the state order to practice (some allow a grace period during which AT may practice without being registered)
cryotherapy
use of cold (usually between 32 F and 70 F; 0C and 21 C
light therapy
use of electromagnetic radiation
mechanotherapy
use of motion, force or pressure
Rehabilitative braces:
used following surgery to allow for controlled progressive immobilization (hinges)
dynamic splint
used for to provide long duration tension on healing structures (usually a tendon) so that it can return to normal functio.
Protective knee brace:
used prophylactically to prevent injuries to MCL in contact sports (little data to support)
what is an elbow figure 8 bandage spica?
used to secure a dressing in cubital fossa or prevent full extension; 3 inch wrap; athlete flexes elbow b/w 45-90 ° of flexion.
thermotherapy
uses of superficial and deep heat (usually between 98.6F and 109.4 F; 37 C and 43C
wet bulb temperature (WBT)
uses wet wick or piece of gauze wrapped around end of thermometer that is swung around in the air
Factors limiting flexibility: bony structures
usually bony prominences stop movements at normal endpoint (or OCD in elbow limits ROM)
unsaturated fatty acids
usually from plants and are liquid at room temperature (GOOD!)
non-consumable capital equipment
usually not removed from ATR (ice machine, tx table , modalities)
What steps can you take to prevent heat loss?
utilize WBGT provide adequate hydration 16 fl oz before/8 fl oz every 20 mins during/ and 16 fl oz for every 1 lb lost during activity Allow time for acclimatization (7-10 days) Monitor for signs of hypothermia 10 min break every hour Promote evaporation (change wet t-shirts) Provide shelter
what test would be positive for a LCL injury?
varus stress test
what is Klenbocks disease
vascular necrosis or osteocondritis of the lunate
irregular bone
vertebral column, and skull
Articular cartilage: Fibrous
vertebral disk, pubic symphysis, and menisci of knee joint
Vitamins: water-soluble
vitamin C and B- complex vitamins
Vitamins: Antioxidants
vitamin C, Vitamin E, and beta-carotene
Vitamins: fat soluble
vitamine A,K,D,E ( found in fatty portions of foods and in oils; possible to consume excess amounts and show the effects of vitamin poisoning
increased stroke volume
volume of blood pumped in each beat
should be the first part of any training exercise, performed for 15 - 30 minutes to increase circulation and muscle elasticity and prevent injury
warm-up exercises
Warming the air next to the body Exhaled moisture Loss of heat to the environment because the body is hotter than the air Transfer of heat when there is a temperature difference between the body and an outside surface a. Evaporation b. Conduction c. Radiation d. Convection
warming the air next to the body = convection exhaled moisture = evaporation loss of heat to the environment because the body is hotter than the air = radiation Transfer of heat when there is a temperature difference between the body and an outside surface = conduction
atrophy
wasting away of muscle tissue ( main cause is immobilization, inactive, or loss of nerve stimulation)
evaporative heat
water is transported to surface via sweat glands, where it evaporates, taking large quataties of heat with it ( body highly dependent in sweat if air temperature > body temperature)
micronutrients
water, minerals and vitamins * these are necessary for regulating normal body functions.
What symptoms may a person with mononucleosis present with?
weakness, headache, fever, persistent sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes in neck and axillae, enlarged tonsils, generalized red macular rash, enlarged spleen
What safety measures can be taken against hypothermia?
wearing appropriate clothing warm-ups to increase circulation begin exercises slowly & avoid slippery surface remove wet clothing promptly avoid accumulation of moisture in clothing wearing clothes in layers ensure head and neck are well covered wearing mittens/gloves moisture wicking socks (wool/polupropylene) avoid alcohol
Which direction of travel seems to cause more problems with jet lag?
west to east
Type of Torts: malfeasance act of commission
when an individual commits an act that is not legally his to perform
Type of Torts: nonfeasance act of omission
when an individual fails to perform a legal duty
misfeasance
when an individual improperly does something they have legal right to do
when is heat loss evaporation impaired?
when relative humidity reaches 65%, it is virtually impossible when the humidity reaches 75%
When should emergency medical treatment be initiated for a person who has ingested ethanol?
when the person exhibits an altered mental status, nausea and vomiting, semi-conscious or unconscious
When does frostbite occur?
when the tissue begins to freeze, usually signaled by burning pain and numbness in the affected area
where is the bone the weakest?
where the long bone suddenly changes shape and direction
examples of hydrotherapy
whirlpool and aquatic therapy pools, and ice slush/ ice immersion
Tissue Stress: compression
with enough energy, crushes tissue (force can no longer be absorbed) ex: contusion
functional knee braces:
worn during and following rehab period to provide support during fictional activities
short bones
wrist and ankle
commuted fx
≥3 fragments at fx site. caused by hard blow or fall in awkward position. Difficult healing situation because of displaced bone fragments (soft tissue b/w them - incomplete healing)