Body Regulation

Set point

- a single value that the body works to maintain

poikilothermic

- body temperature matches the temperature of the environment. - lack physiological mechanisms of temperature regulation such as sweating and shivering - example: desert lizard moves between sunny areas, and burrows to maintain body temperature

Proprioceptors

A receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body

Huntington's

A severe neurological disorder that starts with facial twitches and arm jerks Gradual, extensive brain damage, especially in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus but also in the cerebral cortex Suffer psychological disorders such as depression, sleep disorder, memory impairment, anxieyt, delusions Results from a dominant gene on chromosome #4 Drugs that interferes with RNA that enables expression of huntington gene

neuromuscular junction

A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber Each muscular fiber has one junction

mirror neuron

Active both during perparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or similar movement In part of frontal cortex, become active when people smile or see someone else smile, and they respond especially strongly with other people Activated by reminder of action

Prefrontal cortex

Active during a delay before a movement Stores sensory information relevant to movement Important for considering the probable outcomes of possible movements Damage to this area, many movements would be illogical or disorganized (showering with clothes on)

Primary motor cortex

Axons extend to the brainstem and spinal cord, which generate the impulses that control muscles

flexor muscle

Brings muscle in Brings hand toward shoulder

extensor muscle

Contracts muscle out Muscle straightens arm

homeostasis

Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes to keep body variables within a fixed range. Homeostatic processes in animals trigger psychological and behavioral activities that keep certain variables within a set range. In many cases, the range is so narrow that it is referred to a set point.

Cerebral cortex

Important for complex actions such as talking or writing Important to test person's ability to walk impaired by alcohol

Supplementary motor cortex

Important for planning and organizing rapid sequence of movement Habitual action, such as turning left when you get to a corner, the supplementary motor cortex is essential for inhibiting that habit when you need to do something else

posterior parietal cortex involved in movement

Keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world Important in planning movements People with damage have trouble finding objects in space, after describing their appearance accurately

leptin

Leptin is a protein produced by fatty tissue and believed to regulate fat storage in the body. Leptin signals your brain about your fat reserves, providing a long-term indicator of whether you have been overeating or undereating. Each meal also releases leptin, so the amounts circulating leptin indicates something about short term nutrition as well. When leptin levels are high, you act as if you have plenty of nutrition. More fat cells = more leptin.

Premotor cortex

Most active immediately before a movement Receives information about the target to which the body is directing its movement, as well as information about the body's position, as well as information about the body's current position and posture

Muscle spindles

Receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch Whenever the muscle spindle is stretched, it sensory nerves send a message to a motor neuron in the spinal cord, which in turn sends a message back to the muscles surrounding the spindle, causing a contraction.

Golgi Tendon Organs

Respond to increases in muscle tension Act as a brake against excessively vigorous contraction Detect the tension that results during muscle contraction

Vertebrae muscles

Smooth muscle, found in the intestines and other organs, consisting of long, thin cells Skeletal, or striated, muscle consists of long cylindrical fibers with stripes Cardiac muscle, found in the heart, consists of fibers that fuse together at various points(contract together)

Parkinson's

Symptoms Rigidity, muscle tremors, slow movements, and difficulty initiating physical and mental activity Causes Gradual, progressive death of neurons Prognosis Some have a gene that causes it Some connection to drug use (heroin) Treatments L-Dopa Treatment Reaches the brain, where neurons convert it to dopamine. Main treatment for parkinson's Antoxidants to decrease further damage Drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes accounts for the vast majority of people who have diabetes-90 to 95 out of 100 people. In type 2 diabetes, the body isn't able to use insulin the right way. This is called insulin resistance. As type 2 diabetes gets worse, the pancreas may make less and less insulin. This is called insulin deficiency

Homeothermic

Use physiological mechanisms to maintain a nearly constant body temperature despite changes in the temperature of the environment. Example: sweating, shivering,

How is fever initiated in response to bacterial or viral infections

When bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other intruders invade the body, they mobilize leukocytes to attack them. The leukocytes release proteins called cytokines to attack the intruders. Cytokines stimulate the vagus nerve, which sends signals to the hypothalamus, increasing prostlandins. Stimulation of a particular kind of prostaglandin receptor in one nucleus of the hypothalamus is necessary for fever. Certain bacteria grow less vigorously at high temperatures than at a normal mammalian body temperatures.

insulin feedback system

When glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases the hormone insulin, which causes cells to store the excess glucose as fats and glycogen. The entry of glucose into cells suppresses hunger and decreases eating, thereby lowering the glucose level.

Osmotic thirst

certain neurons detect their own loss of water. This is the result of having a high concentration of sodium. It best relieved by drinking water.

antagonistic muscle

moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles that move in opposing ways

preoptic area

responsible for thermoregulation and receives nervous stimulation from thermoreceptors in the skin, mucous membranes, and hypothalamus itself. It is self-monitoring because

Type 1 diabetes

the body's immune system destroys the cells that release insulin, eventually eliminating insulin production from the body. Without insulin, cells cannot absorb sugar (glucose), which they need to produce energy.

basal ganglia involved in movement

voluntary movement - procedural movement

Hypovelemic thirst

when you lose water as well as being sufficient in sodium. (Low blood volume). Best relieved by drinking water containing solutes.

allostasis

which means the adaptive way in which the body changes its set points depending on the situation.