Body Systems pt 2

what destroys helper t cells?

HIV

what is the main function of the human digestive system?

Process organic molecules so they can enter cells

what sits on top of the kidneys?

adrenal glands

What is the aveoli?

air sacs at the end of the lungs in which diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide happens

what are the invading cells or particles that are eaten by macrophages?

antigens

when does a specific immune response occur?

antigens produce antibodies

Why do worms need a large surface area to breathe?

because the worm needs to absorb oxygen through its skin and give off carbon dioxide through its skin

what is the structure responsible for storing urine?

bladder

which process occurs in Bowman's capsule once the flow of blood comes to a dead end?

blood filteration

what is the name of the ball-like mixture of food and saliva?

bolus

amalyase helps break down what macronutrient in the mouth?

carbohydrates

what is the main function of the kidneys in relation with the excretory system?

cleaning the blood

which hormones take care of the endometrium to make sure the uterus builds up an area where the fertilized egg can implant?

estrogen and progestrone

2 differences between the male and female urethra.

female: shorter and seperate from the reproductive male: longer and same as reproductive

what is the function of nephrons?

filter blood

2 main steps:

filteration of blood and reabsorption of minerals and nutrients into the blood

what part of the body does a humoral response occur?

fluids

unlike sperm cells that travel alone, the ovum is surrounded by a cluster of nurse cells in a structure called the what?

follicle

where is bile stored?

gallbladder

what activates b-cells, macrophages and killer-t-cells?

helper t cells

where is the oxygen going to be stored?

hemoglobin

why do bronchus and bronchioles continue to branch into smaller and smaller tubes?

increase surface area

what are the two factors that produce most of the variation in the gametes?

independent assortment and crossing over

when the protective barrier of our skin is broken, what is the body's first response?

inflammation

what stage of immunity are you in when you are feeling sick with a cold?

initial-response

What do T lymphocytes do?

kill infected cells

which digestive enzyme helps digest fat?

lipase

large cells that circulate through the body and eat cells or particles that aren't supposed to be there are called what?

macrophages

what do the activated cells do after the helper t cells activate b cells and killer t cells?

make more of themselves

what two sections is the kidney mainly composed of?

medulla and cortex

In humans, _____ produces gamatic cells while ____ produces somatic cells.

meiosis, mitosis

long-term immunity against a particular antigen, such as a virus, is provided by...

memory b lymphocytes

what are the two things all organisms need to breathe?

moisture and suface area

menstruation

monthly shedding of the uterine lining

what does the mesoderm form?

muscle and bones

after the initial response, when our cells have a memory of a virus, the virus may get around that immunity if it...

mutates to a different shape

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron

what does the cortex contain?

nephrons

why are red blood cells red?

oxygen attaches to iron on the hemoglobin

The purpose of the respiratory system is to take in ________ and get rid of _______.

oxygen, carbon dioxide

when B-lymphocytes meet antigens, they...

produce antibodies against them

what occurs in the Loop of Henle?

reabsorption

what is the name of the structure where all the nephrons finally empty their urine?

renal pelvis

what are the folds that allow the bladder to expand?

rugae

what causes gastric acids to be produced?

simply seeing or smelling food

what is the body's first line of defense?

skin

What are capillaries?

small blood vessels that allow diffusion in and out of the blood

what disease devastated the Aztec Empire?

smallpox

how do antibodies help the macrophages?

sticking to specific antigens

in males, the production of testorstrone and sperm occurs where?

testes

why do the lungs need to have so much surface area?

the greater the surface area is, the more area there is for oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse

in reabsorption...

the substances we do not want to get rid of are taken back into the blood

what happens to water and minerals?

they come back to the circulatory system because we need them

where are t-lymphocytes made?

thymus

why are cillia (hair like cytoplasmic extensions) important to the lungs?

to move debris up and out of the lungs

what are common solid waste substances found in urine?

urea and other toxins and certain salts

waht carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?

urethra

what is the external opening called?

urethra meatus

what does the medulla contain?

urine collecting tubules

in females, the location where the fertilized eggs implants and most of the embryonic development occurs is called what?

uterus

what is the name of the small finger-like projections that help increase the surface area of the small intestine?

villi

_____ is removed from chyme in the large intestine, and ______ is added for proper excretion of waste.

water, mucus

lymphocytes are a type of what?

white blood cell

how many sperm can fertilize and ovum?

1

how many liters of gastric juices are produced per day?

1-2 liters

how long are the ureters?

10-12 inches

How many kidneys do we have?

2

how many areas is the stomach divided into?

6

TRUE OR FALSE: carbon dioxide is carried by blood cells.

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: carbon dioxide replaces the oxygen on the red blood cells when the oxygen gets off the "inner tube".

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: the large intestine has villi.

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: the small intestine is divided into 2 sections.

FALSE

what two hormones are produced by the pituitary gland are directly linked to the release of of the follicle from the ovary?

FSH and LH

TRUE OR FALSE: b-cells act in the fluids of the body, while t-cells act in the cells of its organs.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: the 2 outer layers of the esophagus are responsible for peristalsis.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: we have a normal population of bacteria on our skin that helps provide a protection against harmful bacteria.

TRUE