Bones and Skeletal Tissue

"maturation" of newly formed (noncalcified) bone matrix takes about ______

10 days

most hyaline cartilage "long bones" show primary ossification centers by

12 weeks

longitudinal canal, carrying blood vessels and nerves

central (haversian) canal

disuse such as that caused by paralysis or sever lack of exercise results in muscle and bone _____

atrophy

at birth, bones generally lack

bone markings

nonliving, structural part of bone

bone matrix

_______ causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts

calcitonin

the enzyme alkaline phosphatase encourages the deposit of ________ within the matrix of developing bone

calcium salts

tiny canals connecting lacunae

canaliculi

______ bones develop from hyaline cartilage structures

cartilage

the longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when

chondroblasts are less active mitotically the epiphyseal plates become thinner the epiphyses and diaphysis fuse

nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone

closed reduction

often seen in the brittle bones of the elderly

comminuted fracture

bone is broken through

complete fracture

a fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin surface

compound fracture

a fracture in which the bone is crushed; common in the vertebral column

compression fracture

layers of calcified matrix

concentric lamellae

a common type of skull fracture

depressed fracture

location of compact bone in an adult's bone

diaphysis

scientific name for bone shaft

diaphysis

forming the epiglottis

elastic cartilage

the skeletal of the external ear

elastic cartilage

regulates the uptake and release of calcium by bones

endocrine

in appositional growth, bone reabsorption occurs on the ________ surface

endosteal

name the membrane that lines the internal bone cavities

endosteum

composed of hyaline cartilage until the end of adolescence

epiphyseal plate

region of longitudinal growth in a child

epiphyseal plate

long bone growth during childhood and adolescence is provided by persistence of the

epiphyseal plates

location of spongy bone in an adult's bone

epiphysis

forming the intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage

astronauts must perform isometric exercises when in outer space because bones atrophy under conditions of weightlessness or lack of ________

gravity

a break common in children; bone splinters, but break is incomplete

greenstick fracture

at the ends of the long bones

hyaline cartilage

at the junction of a rib and the sternum

hyaline cartilage

most of the fetal skeleton

hyaline cartilage

supporting the trachea walls

hyaline cartilage

epiphyseal plates are made of ______

hyaline cartilages

provides vitamin D for proper calcium absorption

integumentary

when a bone forms from a fibrous membrane, the process is called ______ ossification

intramembranous

"residences" of osteocytes

lacunae

break parallels to the long axis of the bone

linear fracture

red blood cell production occurs in

liver red marrow of all bones red marrow of torso bone and femur and humerus heads

appositional growth, which continues after the cessation of longitudinal lone bone growth, means that

long bones increase in diameter

elements of matrix formation

mesenchyme osetoblasts osteoid seam calcification front osteocytes

the embryonic skeleton arises form

mesoderm

increases bone strength and viability by pulling action

muscular

conveys the sense of pain in bone and joints

nervous

bone ends are aligned

nondisplaced fracture

surgical realignment of broken bone ends

open reduction

relationship between osteoblast and osteoclast activity

osteoblast more than osteoclasts about equal osteoclasts more than osteoblasts

immature, or matrix-depositing, bone cells are referred to as _______

osteoblasts

large numbers of ________ are found in the inner periosteum layer

osteoblasts

bone cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium to the blood are called _______

osteoclasts

mature bone cells, called _____, maintain bone in a viable state

osteocytes

when trapped in lacunae, osteoblasts change into _____

osteocytes

the organic bone matrix is called ____

osteoid

when blood calcium levels begin to drop below homeostatic levels, _______ is released, causing calcium to be released from bones

parathyroid hormone

during endochondral ossification, the ______ invades the deteriorating hyaline cartilage shaft

periosteal bud

inner layer consists primarily of osteoblasts and osteogenic cells

periosteum

site of hematopoiesis in an adult's bone

red marrow

influences skeleton proportions and adolescent growth of long bones

reproductive

______ ossification centers appear in the epiphyses

secondary

also called a closed fracture

simple fracture

bone is broken clearly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

simple fracture

a common sports fracture

spiral fracture

bone breaks from twisting forces

spiral fracture

which layer is called the diploe?

spongy bone

large tubercles and/or increased deposit of bony matrix occur at sites of _____

stress and/or tension

five important functions of bones

support protection storage of minerals movement blood cell formation

activates vitamin D for proper calcium usage

urinary

site of fat storage

yellow marrow cavity