book chapter 5

Which one of the following is not a way people are socialized by religion?

An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith.

From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization?

Blood type gender, class, and race DO

"What a pretty little lady!"

Bloom asserts that we are too focused on the appearance of young girls, and as a result, our society is socializing them to believe that how they look is of vital importance. All the children at Egalia are referred to with neutral terms like "friend" instead of "he" or "she." Play areas and toys are consciously set up to eliminate any reinforcement of gender expectations

Gap year

Britain it is encouraged. US it is frowned upon.

What occurs in Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level?

Children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral.

Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization?

Family

"The Life of Chris Langan, The Smartest Man You've Never Heard of"

High IQ but lousy jobs.. Chris didn't possess the set of social skills necessary to succeed on such a high level—skills that aren't innate but learned. Studied parenting skills of low and middle/high income.

Which of the following is not an age-related transition point when Americans must be socialized to new roles?

Infancy

Which of the following is a manifest function of schools?

Learning to read and write

degradation ceremony

Many individuals are resocialized into an institution through a two-part process. First, members entering an institution must leave behind their old identity through what is known as a degradation ceremony. In a degradation ceremony, new members lose the aspects of their old identity and are given new identities. THEN given new ones.

Summary of 5.3

Our direct interactions with social groups, like families and peers, teach us how others expect us to behave. Likewise, a society's formal and informal institutions socialize its population. Schools, workplaces, and the media communicate and reinforce cultural norms and values.

Girls and Movies

Pixar never produced a female lead role. Changed with Brave. Concern with culture of Disney princesses.

Summary of 5.1

Psychological theories of self-development have been broadened by sociologists who explicitly study the role of society and social interaction in self-development. Charles Cooley and George Mead both contributed significantly to the sociological understanding of the development of self. Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan developed their ideas further and researched how our sense of morality develops. Gilligan added the dimension of gender differences to Kohlberg's theory.

What is one way to distinguish between psychology and sociology?

Psychology focuses on the mind, while sociology focuses on society. Psychologists are interested in mental health, while sociologists are interested in societal functions. Psychologists look inward to understand behavior while sociologists look outward. All of the above

hidden curriculum

School and classroom rituals, led by teachers serving as role models and leaders, regularly reinforce what society expects from children. Sociologists describe this aspect of schools as the hidden curriculum, the informal teaching done by schools

How did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities?

She could not communicate at all.

summary of 5.4

Socialization is a lifelong process that reoccurs as we enter new phases of life, such as adulthood or senior age. Resocialization is a process that removes the socialization we have developed over time and replaces it with newly learned rules and roles. Because it involves removing old habits that have been built up, resocialization can be a stressful and difficult process.

summary of 5.2

Socialization is important because it helps uphold societies and cultures; it is also a key part of individual development. Research demonstrates that who we are is affected by both nature (our genetic and hormonal makeup) and nurture (the social environment in which we are raised). Sociology is most concerned with the way that society's influence affects our behavior patterns, made clear by the way behavior varies across class and gender.

Carol Gilligan

Studied differences between how boys and girls developed morality. Have different understandings of morality. Boys tend to have a justice perspective, by placing emphasis on rules and laws. Girls, on the other hand, have a care and responsibility perspective; they consider people's reasons behind behavior that seems morally wrong. Neither are better.

What did Carol Gilligan believe earlier researchers into morality had overlooked?

The perspective of females

Why do sociologists need to be careful when drawing conclusions from twin studies?

The sample sizes are often small.

Which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates?

They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation.

Why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward creativity and problem solving?

Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment.

How do schools prepare children to one day enter the workforce?

With a standardized curriculum Through the hidden curriculum By socializing them in teamwork All of the above

Moral Development

an important part of the socialization process. Refers to the way people lear what society considered to be "good" and "bad," which is important for a smoothly functioning society. Prevents people from acting on unchecked urges.

Charles Cooley

asserted that people's self understanding is constructed, in part, by their perception of how others view them. "the looking glass self"

The long road to adulthood or millennials

because of recession of 2008. "The traditional cycle seems to have gone off course, as young people remain untethered to romantic partners or to permanent homes, going back to school for lack of better options, traveling, avoiding commitments, competing ferociously for unpaid internships or temporary (and often grueling) Teach for America jobs, forestalling the beginning of adult life"

Freud

believed that personality and sexual development were closely linked. Psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

preparatory stage

children are only capable of imitation: have no ability to imagine how others see things

play stage

children begin to take on the role that one other person might have

game stage

children learn to consider several roles at the same time and how those roles interact with each other.

Lawrence Kohlberg

developed a theory or moral development that includes three levels: 1. preconventional 2. conventional 3. postconventional

mass media

distribute impersonal information to a wide audience, via television, newspapers, radio, and the Internet.

generalized other

finally, children develop, understand, and learn the idea of the GENERALIZED OTHER- the common behavioral expectations of general society. By this stage of development, an individual is able to imagine how he or she is viewed by one or many others. thus to have a self.

Jean Piaget

focused on the role of social interactions in their development. Recognized that the development of self evolved through a negotiation between the world as it exists in one's mind and the world that exists as it is experienced socially.

Socialization, as a sociological term, describes

how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values

peer group

is made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests. Peer groups provide adolescents' first major socialization experience outside the realm of their families. studies have shown that although friendships rank high in adolescents' priorities, this is balanced by parental influence.

resocialization

old behaviors that were helpful in a previous role are removed because they are no longer of use. Resocialization is necessary when a person moves to a senior care center, goes to boarding school, or serves time in jail.

Siociology or psychology: what's the difference?

psychologists are focused on how the mind influences that behavior, while sociologists study the role of society in shaping behavior. Emile Durkheim first to make this distinction.

Instituionalized agents

school, workplace, religion, government, mass media

The Harlows' study on rhesus monkeys showed that:

social comfort is more important than food

Chris Langan's story illustrates that:

socialization can be more important than intelligence.

George Herbert Mead

studied the SELF- a person's distinct identity that is developed through social interaction. In order to engage in this process of self, and individual has to be able to view him or herself through the eyes of others. stages: prepatory, play, game, generalized other

conventional

teen years. youngsters become increasingly aware of others' feelings and take those into consideration when determining what's "good" and "bad."

nurture

that we are a result of the relationships and caring that surrounds us.

nature

that who we are is based entirely in genetics. Our temperaments, interests, and talents are set before birth.

family

the first agent of socialization. Mothers and fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus members of an extended family, all teach a child what he or she needs to know.

anticipatory socialization

the preparation for future life roles. Examples would include a couple who cohabitate before marriage or soon-to-be parents who read infant care books and prepare their home for the new arrival.

Socialization

the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society. It describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values. Socialization is not the same as socializing (interacting with others, like family, friends, and coworkers); to be precise, it is a sociological process that occurs through socializing.

Controversial textbooks

the textbooks glossed over negative events in Japan's history at the expense of other Asian countries. One major criticism is that they do not mention that, during World War II, the Japanese forced Korean women into sexual slavery. The textbooks describe the women as having been "drafted" to work, a euphemism that downplays the brutality of what actually occurred. Some Japanese textbooks dismiss an important Korean independence demonstration in 1919 as a "riot." In reality, Japanese soldiers attacked peaceful demonstrators, leaving roughly 6,000 dead and 15,000 wounded. the protest affirms that textbooks are a significant tool of socialization in state-run education systems.

Erik Erikson

theory of personality development based on Freud, but believed the personality continued to change over time and was never truly finished. Gave credit to more social aspects.

postconventional

when people begin to think of morality in abstract terms, such as Americans believing that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. At this stage, people also recognize that legality and morality do not always match up evenly

preconventional

young children, who lack a higher level of cognitive ability, experience the world around them only through their senses.