Brain and Behavior ch 6 Oye

Because blood vessels and ganglion cell axons are almost absent near the _______, it has nearly unimpeded vision.

Fovea

The ability of some women to detect slightly finer discriminations of color than other women is most likely due to having:

Two types of long wavelength cones

Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.

V1

Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy.

V4

Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?

Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?

nigh-active species are more likely than day species to have:

a greater rod to cone ratio

light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to:

all-trans-retinal

Various types of ______ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.

amacrine cells

cells in the retina that provide connects among themselves, as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells are known as:

amacrine cells

in comparison to cones, rods:

are more sensitive to dim light

The ability that you have to determine that your eyes are moving, instead of the room that you are in, is a function of which brain area?

area MST

What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?

bar or edge in a perticular orientation

In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to _________

bipolar cells

Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from:

bipolar cells that receive input from cones

the name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the

blind spot

based on the relative distribution of the three kinds of cones in the retina, which color of road sign would be most difficult to see from a distance?

blue

Light from above our head strikes the:

bottom half of the retina

Within the cerebral cortex, the pathway in the visual system responsible for color information also seems to be responsible for what other information?

brightness

What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?

complex

A cell that responds best to a bar of light throughout a large area of its receptive field, without a strong inhibitory area at one end is most likely

complex cell

which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?

cones

According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by:

contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of others

An individual suffers damage to the temporal cortex, but maintains an intact parietal cortex. This may result in an inability to:

describe the size or shape of the object they see

Once within the cerebral cortex, the parvocellular pathway continues as a pathway sensitive to:

details of shape

The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the:

dorsal stream

Neurons whose responses indicate a particular feature of a stimulus, such as the presence of a bar, line, or edge are referred to as:

feature detectors

Most neurons in the inferior temporal cortex that respond to a particular shape will be LEAST likely to respond to a:

figure-ground reversal

____ cells axons makeup the optic nerve.

ganglion

the bipolar cells send their messages to _______, located closer to the center of the eye

ganglion

the optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

ganglion

in humans the optic nerves from the two eyes follow what pathway?

half of the axons from each eye cross to the other side of the optic chiasm

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

horizontal cells

A ____ cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field.

hypercomplex

When individuals with intact brains recognize faces, activity:

increases in the fusiform gyrus

Which of the following has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?

inferior temporal cortex

What of the following characterizes the fovea?

it has the greatest perception of detail

why are men more likely to experience color vision deficiency than women?

it is a sex-linked genetic disorder

which of the following is TRUE related to peripheral vision?

it is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surround by other objects

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

lateral geniculate and superior colliculus

Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired?

lateral inhibition

The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of:

lateral inhibition at the retina

light is focused as it enters through which of the following structures?

lens and the cornea

In the visual system of the mammalian cerebral cortex, the dorsal stream is specialized for detecting ____, and the ventral stream is specialized for detecting ____.

location;shape

The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to:

long and medium wavelength cones making the same photopigments

If you wanted to see a faint star at night, you should

look slightly to one side

In the case of blindsight, losing conscious visual perception would most likely be associated with:

loss of visual imagination

The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to:

magnocellular neurons in the periphery

What is the relationship of color blindness between males and females?

males are more likely to be color blind

Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex it:

may return to the primary visual cortex

One might find cells that respond best to the movement of an object relative to its background in the:

medial superior temporal cortex

Ganglion cells near the fovea in humans and other primates are called ___________ ganglion cells

midget

Why does the periphery of the retina detect faint lights better than the fovea does?

more receptors converge their input onto each bipolar cell

a person with damage to V1 but not V5, would be able to perceive,

motion but not shape or color

Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of:

motion perception

once within the cerebral cortex, the primary magnocellular pathway divides, with a ventral branch carrying information related to

movement

Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?

occipital lobe

After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?

opponent process theory

_____ modify the ________ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light

opsins; photopigments

The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the:

optic chiasm

If we compare the receptive fields of two simple cells in the primary visual cortex, chosen at random, in what way are they most likely to differ?

orientation (angle) of the line they respond to

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision:

our perception of color depends on the relative activity of the three types of cones

The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the:

parietal cortex

Rods are to _______ as cones are to ______

periphery; the fovea

______ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light

photopigments

Damage to the fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex results in:

prosopagnosia.

A man has suffered brain damage taht has left him unable to recognize the faces of his wife and children, although he can identify them by their voices. What is his condition?

prospagnosia

light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the:

pupil

An individual suffers damage to the parietal cortex, but maintains an intact temporal cortex. This may result in an inability to:

reach out and grasp an object

in what order does visual information (not light) pass through the retina?

receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Color constancy is the ability to

recognize color despite changes in lighting

What difficulty does someone with prosopagnosia have?

recognizing faces

difficulty distinguishing between _____ and _____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.

red; green

Cells in the inferior temporal cortex respond vigorously to their preferred shape:

regardless of its exact size or shape on the retina

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:

relative activity of short, medium and long wave lengths

color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ________ theory of color vision

retinex

What are the two kinds of receptors in the retina?

rods and cones

In comparison to rods, cones are more:

sensitive to detail

most visual researchers suggest that area V1 neurons respond most strongly to

spatial frequencies?

Which of the following would most strongly excite a simple cell in the primary visual cortex?

square picture frame

The primary visual cortex is also known as the:

striate cortex

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the:

thalamus

In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.

thalamus; cortex

Blindsight refers to:

the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field.

if you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?

the fovea

Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?

the lateral geniculate

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in ____.

the left eye

Light from the right half of the world strikes what part of the retina

the left half

All of the following are reasons why the fovea is well-suited for highly detailed vision EXCEPT:

the optic nerve connects there

the blind spot in each eye is blind because

there are no receptors there

How do the receptive fields of the inferior temporal cortex compare to those of the primary visual cortex?

they are sensitive to larger more complicated patterns

What would an investigator find concerning the properties of cells in a single column of the visual cortex?

they have receptive fields at the same angle of orientation

The primary visual cortex sends most of its information:

to area V2

At the level of rods and cones the ________ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells the ______ theory seems to fit best

trichromatic; opponent process

Cells in the ____ prevent us from confusing eye movements with object movements.

ventral part of the MST

The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the:

ventral stream

An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:

visual agnosia

To what does "shape constancy" refer?

we can recognize objects even at different orientations

What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?

whether it can respond equally to bars and edges in more than one location

according to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by:

which neurons are more active

What is perceived when all types of cones are simultaneously and equally active?

white