Brain & Behavior Chapter 8

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environmental cue that resets a biological clock

A "zeitgeber" is a(n)

seasons other than migration

A decrease the amount of sleep most likely to affect the performance of migratory bird during

jetlag

A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as

interrupted or shortened REM sleep

A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have

​spends a period of time in seclusion, away from sunlight

A person's circadian activity cycle would most likely drift out of phase with the activity of other people if the person

a combination of EEG and eye-movement records

A polysommonograph displays ___

to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes

A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is

retinohypothalamic

A small branch of the optic nerve, down as the _____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN

the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity

According to the activation - synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?

enters a prolonged state of sleep

After a cut through the midbrain separates the forebrain and part of the midbrain from all the lower structures, an animal

still has rhythms, but they are less consistent

After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body

cycles back through stages 3 and 2

After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically

SCN

After isolating neuron from the rest of the brain, you find that it has a moderately stable circadian rhythm. The most likely home of this neuron is in the

relaxed wakefulness

Alpha waves are are characteristic of what type of activity?

9

Among adult humans, those who sleep _____ or more hours per night have the highest percentage of REM sleep

They sleep poorly during rest periods.

An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes periods of darkness. What is likely to happen?

a net average of all neuron's potentials

An electroencephalograph displays

about a day

Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last

just over 24 hours

Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be

acetylcholine

Cells in the basal forebrain increases arousal and wakefulness by releasing

important for strengthening memories of lists of words

Compared to REM, research suggests that NREM is

includes a larger percentage of REM sleep

Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep

irregular, low-voltage fast waves

During REM sleep, the EEG shows

REM sleep

During ___, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body's large muscles.

increased firing by GABA neurons

During sleep, what happens in the brain?

neurons are becoming more synchronized

EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because

90 minutes

For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?

​continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they

the more total sleep, the higher the percentage of REM sleep

If we compare either different species or different ages, what trend emerges?

are more likely to include complicated plots

In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams

norepinephrine

In responce to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases

acting out our dreams

It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from

narcolepsy

Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to

for a variety of activities, including sleep

Mammals have circadian rhythms

occur during NREM sleep

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors

pontomesencephlalon

One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the

staying awake

Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for

REM sleep

PGO waves are associated with

move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams

People with REN behavior disorder

strengthen the formation of new motor skills

REM sleep has shown to

PGO waves in the brain

REM sleep in associated with

periodic limb movement disorder

Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from the falling asleep are known as

increased both in the pons and the limbic system

Research found that during REM sleep, activity

expose them to bright lights while they work

Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to

most important for strengthening memories of motor skills

Research suggests that REM is

exposure of the eyes to light

Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through

Stage 2

Sleep spindles and K- complexes are most characteristics of which sleep stage?

stages 3&4

Slow-wave sleep is comprised of

zeitgebers

Social stimuli - that is, the effects of other people - are weak ____, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.​

block histamine

Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they

awakens a sleeping individual

Stimulation of the pontomesencephlalon

melatonin

The pineal gland releases ____ the hormone, which influences both circadian and cricannual rhythms.

building up during the day and declining during sleep

The protein PER and TIM, originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also, influence circadian rhythms by

are more frequent and vivid in REM sleep

The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams

men who are overweight

The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people

only one of the several systems involved in arousal

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is

pons. lateral geniculate nucleares, and occipital cortex

The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during Rem sleep is

hypothalamus

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the

stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2,3, and 4 in order

Typically, a person who falls asleep enters

hypnagogic hallucinations

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?

irregular waves with low amplitude

What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"?

generated from within

What does "endogenous" mean?

Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles.

What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?​

difficulty falling asleep

What is a likely consequence if someones temperature rhythm is phase- delayed?

consistently feeling sleepy during the day

What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?

mid to late afternoon

a human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest

sleep spindles

another aspect of sleeps contribution to memory relates to

an attack of muscle weakness while awake

what does cataplexy involve

sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

what is narcolepsy

a high level of brain activity

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?

vegetative

Somene in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior

Part of the brain is still asleep

Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening.WHY?

remain relatively stable

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would

They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours.

Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show?​

when the proteins reach a high level, they turn of the genes that produce them

The PER and Tim proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. What prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night?

Optic chiasm

The SCN is located just above the

production of proteins

The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering

reticular formation

The __ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain.

respond directly to light, but respond slowly

The circadian rhythm is reset by the ins from the ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they

ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods

The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for the shifting phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from

it is light sleep in some ways and deep in other ways

What is paradoxical sleep?

Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?

light

What is the principal zeitgeber for land animals?​

Is neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the circadian rhythms?

a couple hours before the person naturally falls asleep

When do the secretions of melatonin begin?

during both stage 3 and 4 sleep

When does sleep walking occur?

The biological clock is insensitive to most forms of interference

When studying disruptions to the biological clock in animals, what did Curt Richter find?​

Travel to the west is easier.

When traveling across time zones, how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?​

The function of sleep is similar of that hibernation

Which claim is most consistent with the evolutionary perspective of sleep?

narcolepsy

Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness

a clinico-anatomical hypothesis

Which hypothesis/theory suggests that the primary motor cortex is suppressed so arousal during sleep cannot lead to action?​

being obese

Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea

sleep

Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?​

keeping the room light when you need to stay awake

Which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag?​

periods without breathing during sleeping

Which of these is a characteristic of sleep apnea

It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment

Which statement is TRUE with regard to the duration of a self-generated sleep/activity cycle?​

slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number

With each succeeding stage of the sleep (from 1-4)

almost completely inactive during sleep

With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is

memory

Young adults deprived of a nights sleep show deficits on tasks


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